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Attribute Data
Data that is discrete
Discrete data is based on counts.
Assumes integer values
Variables Data
X-bar and R chart is used to monitor mean
and variance of a process when quality
characteristic is continuous.
Continuous values (variables data) can
theoretically assume an infinite number of
values in some interval.
Time
Weight
Ounces
Diameter
Notation
X quality characteristic
n sample size
k number of samples
X sample mean ( X - bar)
X
Notation
X sample mean of X ( X - bar)
X mean of the Xs
X is also called
" X double bar, "
the estimated process mean, or
the overall mean
Notation
R Sample Range
Maximum value - Minimum value
R
R Mean of ranges
k
Example of Notation
A company monitors the time (in minutes) it
takes to assemble a product.
The company decides to sample 3 units of the
product at three different times tomorrow:
9 AM
12 Noon
3 PM
Hour
X1
X2
X3
9:00 AM
12
12 Noon
10
3:00 PM
Example of Notation
Hour
Assembly Time
(minutes)
Sample
Mean, X
Sample
Range, R
X1
X2
X3
9:00 AM
12
21/3 = 7
12 4 = 8
12 Noon
10
24/3 = 8
10 6 = 4
3:00 PM
15/3 = 5
92=7
Sample Means
X
X
n
First Sample
X
n
5 12 4 21
7
3
3
Sample Means
Second Sample
X
n
6 8 10 24
8
3
3
Third Sample
X
n
9 4 2 15
5
3
3
X
k
785
3
20
3
6.7
Sample Ranges
R Maximum Value - Minimum Value
First Sample :
R 12 4 8
Second Sample :
R 10 - 6 4
Third Sample :
R 9-2 7
Mean of R
R
R
k
847
3
19
3
6.3
Underlying Distributions
Underlying Distributions
Underlying Distributions
Therefore,
Std of X
n
n
Std of X
Underlying Distributions
Sampling
distribution
of X
Distribution
of X
Distribution of X
M
M
LCL
M UCL
M
M
M X
m
m
Distribution of X-bar
n
M
M
LCL
M UCL
M
M
M X
m
m
Since we are plotting sample means on the Xbar chart, the control limits are based on the
distribution of the sample means.
UCL X 3
n
LCL X 3
n
LCL
X 3
n
UCL
X 3
n
LCL X 3
n
UCL X 3
n
LCL X A2 R
UCL X A2 R
3
A2 R
n
A2 is a factor that depends on the n, the sample size,
and will be given in a table.
Hour
X1
X2
X3
10 am
17
13
1 pm
15
12
24
4 pm
12
21
15
10 am
13
12
17
1 pm
18
21
15
4 pm
10
18
17
What is n?
What is the k?
X1
17
X2
13
X3
X
6 36/3 =12
R
11
1 pm
15
12
24 51/3 =17
12
4 pm
12
21
15 48/3 =16
10 am
13
12
17 42/3 =14
1 pm
18
21
15 54/3 =18
4 pm
10
18
17 45/3 =15
8
X = 92/6 R = 51/6
= 15.33 = 8.5
LCL X A2 R
UCL X A2 R
A2
1.88
1.02
0.73
0.58
LCL X A2 R
15.33 1.02(8.5)
6.66
UCL X A2 R
15.33 1.02(8.5)
24.0
10
Hour
Hour
2
Day
R Chart
Monitors the process variability (the variability
of X)
Tells us when the process variability has
changed or is about to change.
R chart must be in control before we can use
the X-bar chart.
R Chart
D3
D4
2
3
4
5
0
0
0
0
3.27
2.57
2.28
2.11
n3
D3 0
D4 2.57
LCL 0(8.5)
0
UCL 2.57(8.5)
21.85
R
LCL
UCL
R-bar
10
10
Hour
Hour
2
Day
Interpretation of R Chart
Since all of the sample ranges fall within the
control limits, the R chart is in control.
The standard deviation is stable and
predictable and can be estimateddone in
next section.
This does not necessarily mean that the
amount of variation in the process is
acceptable.
Interpretation of R Chart
Continuous improvement means the company
should continuously reduce the variance.
Since the process variation is in control,
management action is required to reduce the
variation.
LCL
Time
Sampling
Distribution
UCL
x-Chart
LCL
Does not
reveal increase
UCL
R-chart
Reveals increase
LCL
UCL
Detects shift
x-Chart
LCL
UCL
R-chart
LCL
Does not
detect shift
Mean=
Target
LSL
Lower
control
limit
Upper
control
limit
USL
Underlying Distributions
Sampling
distribution
X
of X
Distribution
of X
LSL
LCL
USL
UCL
Random Variation
(Process in Control)
Operators
(workers)
Management