(Generator and Motor)

Elements

Characteristic part of device which possesses its own energy or

dissipates the energy
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Devices

A group of electrical elements for a particular purpose, especially a piece of

mechanical or electronic
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Machines

Machine is a device which is having moving parts

All machines are devices but all devices are not machines

Electrical Machines

Generator

AC generator
DC motors

Transformer

DC generator

Motor

AC motors

Generator
Machine which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Generator is a transducer
It works on the principle of Faradays Law of electromagnetic
Induction.

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Construction of Generator
Stator and rotor
Stator is a stationary part of the machine.
Rotor is a rotating part of the machine.
Stator usually carry armature of generator some time
magnetic field too.

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Rotating armature is used only for DC generator since it is impossible to get DC

output when the armature is stationary.
Rotating field is advantageous for AC generator specially in the plant with high
voltage level like 11kV and up.
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AC Generator

Fixed Armature type

Armature type

Salient pole rotor type

Rotating

non-salient pole type rotor

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Stator

Stator core is made up of silicon steel or CRGO( cold rolled grain

oriented )
Lamination (0.35mm) are stamped out in complete ring (for smaller
machine) or in segment (for larger machine)
Inner periphery slot for accumulation of armature winding
The hole structure is held in frame made up of a cast iron
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Salient or Projected pole type

Cylindrical or non salient pole type

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Applications of Generator

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Motor is a device which converters electrical energy into mechanical energy

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Principle of Operation

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Construction of Motor (3 Induction Motor )

The stator is the outer most component in the motor.

Almost same for any given synchronous motor or a generator

It is made up of number of stampings, which are slotted to receive the windings

The three phase windings are placed on the slots of laminated core and these
windings are electrically spaced 120 degrees apart.
The leads are taken out and brought out to the terminal box mounted on the motor
frame.

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Squirrel cage rotor

This kind of rotor consists of a cylindrical
laminated core
Core carries heavy bars of copper or
aluminum or its alloys
End rings are welded or electrically braced
or even bolted at both ends of the rotor
End rings and the rotor conducting bars
are permanently short-circuited
Rotor conductors are arranged in skew
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Slip Ring Rotor or Wound Rotor

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Application of Squirrel cage motor

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Application of slip ring motor

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AC Motor
Single phase

Universal

Induction
Squirrel cage
1.Split phase

Synchronous
Phase wound
Repulsion

2.Capacitor run
3.Capacitor start
rotor

Poly-phase
Induction

Hysteresis

Squirrel cage

Reluctance

Phase wound

Synchronous
1.Hysteresis
Reluctance
2.Permanent
Magnet
3.Wound

4.Capacitor start/run

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Synchronous Motor
This motor rotates in constant speed irrespective of
load condition
Rotor frequency synchronized with supply frequency
Construction is almost similar to that of a 3 phase
induction motor except the rotor is given dc supply
Application
1.Synchronous motors find applications in all industrial applications
where constant speed is necessary
2.Improving the power factor as synchronous condensers
3. used for electric clocks
4.Larger high-speed motors are popular in the natural-gas pipeline
system

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Stepper Motor
It is a DC motor that rotates in steps.
speed of rotation depends on the
rate of electrical signals are applied.
direction of rotation is dependent on
the direction pattern of pulses.

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Application

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Universal motor

The universal motor can operate on both AC and DC

power
AC series motor
Universal motors have high starting torque, can run at
high speed, and are lightweight and compact

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Application of Universal Motor

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Split phase induction motor

have low starting current and moderate

starting torque
40 to 250 W (3450 to 865 rpm)
Application- fans
blowers
centrifugal pumps
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washing machine

Capacitor start IM
The starting torque in this
case is much larger than that
in a split phase motor
capacitor is of the order of
50F to a few hundred F
available up to 6 KW

Capacitor run IM
Run capacitors are rated in a range of 1.5 to 100 F
with 370 V or 440 V

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Capacitor start Capacitor run IM

The ability to start heavy loads
Higher efficiency and power factor
Uses : in compressors, conveyors, pumps etc
available up to 6 KW

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Shaded Pole Motor

N pole shifts from non shaded to shaded part

Simple and robust because there is no centrifugal
switch
Available in a range of 3 W to 125 W.
Low starting torque
Application : employed in small instruments,
hair dryers, toys, record players,
small fans, electric clocks etc.

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Linear Motor

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DC Generator

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Stator

Yoke or frame acts as a cover of generator

and carries magnetic flux .
In small generator, yoke are made of cast
iron( cheaper and heavier)
In large generator yoke is made up of light
cast steel or rolled steel.

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Poles
Core is made up of silicon steel , these core may be single solid
piece or laminated pole.
The thickness of the lamination is in the range of 0.04" to
0.01".
Lamination is to reduce the eddy current loss
The field coils or pole coils are wound around the pole core.
Field coil placed between yoke and pole shoes

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The purpose of armature core is to hold the

Rotor

armature winding.
High permeability silicon steel stampings
Generation of emf takes place in armature in case of
generator
Carry the supplied current in case of motor
Wave winding high voltage
Lap winding high current (more than 500A)

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Commutator

Its acts as a rectifier

Its

convert

alternating

emf

into

unidirectional emf
Segments copper
Insulator mica
Each Commutator segment connected
with armature conductor by means of
copper lug or strip
Facilitate collection of current from
armature

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Carbon Brush
Brushers are stationary and resting on
Commutator
Brushes- carbon
Springs tension can adjusted
Collects the current from rotating part
and makes available to stationary part

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Application of DC
Generator

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DC Motor
DC motor is a machine which convert unidirectional electrical
energy into mechanical energy.
Construction of DC motor and DC generator is same.

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This motor has high starting torque,

wide range of speed control;
this motor can not be started with no load as the speed may be
dangerously high
Application:

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--Shunt motor has medium starting torque, constant

speed.
--Wide range of speed control is possible.
-- It can run without load

Applications

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Permanent Magnet DC Motor or PMDC Motor

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References
[1] http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/05/classification-of-electric-motors.html
[2] http://yourelectrichome.blogspot.in/2011/09/constrution-of-synchronous-generator.html
[3] http://www.brighthubengineering.com/diy-electronics-devices/43725-slip-ring-induction-motors-basics/?cid=parsely_rec
[4] http://www.electricallife.com/synchronous-motor/
[5] http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_13/9.html
[6] http://www.electrical4u.com/induction-motor-types-of-induction-motor/
[7] http://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/02/universal-motor-construction-working.html
[8] http://woodgears.ca/motors/dc.html
[9] http://www.homofaciens.de/technics-synchronous-motor_en_navion.htm
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