CDMA-Guidelines V4

CDMA Fundamentals & UMTS Planning
Guidelines
Introduction
Part One:
W-CDMA Fundamentals for Radio Network
Planners
CDMA Access Scheme
The Uplink:
Figure of Merit
Cell Coverage & Capacity
Admission Control
The Downlink:
Load Control
Cell Breathing
Hand-Over Schemes
Power Control
Understanding the Link Budgets
W-CDMA Fundamentals & UMTS Planning Guidelines, EARS g.s.
Surkamp, 1.7.2001

Guidelines
Part Two:
UMTS Simulations and Case Studies
Homogeneous Network
Leipzig Network
Traffic Analysis
Pilot Network Cologne
Part Three:
Resulting UMTS Design Guidelines
Equivalent minimum predicted level

Cell Coverage
Downtilt
Sector Orientation
Part Four:
Co-Siting Options, Antenna Configurations
Introduction
Part 1: W-CDMA Fundamentals for radio network

planners
Only some W-CDMA aspects, which will give the necessary background to
understand the simulations are discussed here. Its not a W-CDMA training
session! For further information about CDMA: see last page.
Part 2: UMTS Simulations and Case Studies

The basis of part two is a set of roughly 45 different simulated scenarios in
the Leipzig environment. Also some results were taken from the first UMTS
simulations of the Cologne area.
Part 3: Resulting UMTS Design Guidelines

The motivation of the simulations is to identify the most critical planning
mistakes. This part gives a breakdown on the results and draws conclusions.
Part 4: Co-Siting Options, Antenna Configurations

A list of possible dual-mode site configurations is given here.
Part One
Introduction
Part One:
W-CDMA Fundamentals for Radio Network
Planners
CDMA Access Scheme
The Uplink:
Figure of Merit
Admission Control
The Downlink:
Load Control
Cell Breathing
Hand-Over Schemes
Power Control
Understanding the Link-Budgets
Multiple Access Scheme
Bandwidth:
the shared resource in FDMA

*divide spectrum into narrow
bandwidth carriers
*exclusive assign carriers to each
physical link
time
power
*capacity limitation:
bandwidth
*hard capacity limit
*Example: C-Netz
f1
f2
f3 f4
f5
f6
frequency
Time & Bandwidth:

FDMA-TDMA
the shared resources in
*divide spectrum into narrow

power
bandwidth carrier &...
time
*...further sub divide the time domain

*exclusive assign carriers &
timeslots to a connection
*capacity limitation: bandwidth &

number of timeslots
*hard capacity limit
f1
f2
f3 f4
f5
*Example: GSM
f6
frequency

Power:
the shared resources in W-CDMA

*divide spectrum into wide
bandwidth carriers
*physical links use same RF-carrier
at the same time
time
power
*codes are used to discriminate

between links
*capacity limitations:
DL: Max. BS transmit power
UL: MS power, Max. noise rise
Max. TX-power
cn
Available codes, less critical
.
.
.
c4
c3
c2
c1
f1
*Examples: IS 95, 3G UMTS

f1+
frequency
The Uplink: Figure of Merit

Uplink, RX at Node B :
Simplified principle W-CDMA-equation:
(received power at BS)
ES
Eb
R
N 0 I total ES
E [dB]
Desired signal:
Es
after de-spreading
before de-spreading
Eb/N0
UserX
Usern
User3
User2
Itotal
User1
Other Cell Interference
Thermal Noise
f1
R (Data Rate)
f1+
The other-cell interference has

big impact on capacity!
f
Chiprate
Uplink: Cell Coverage & Capacity

The cell-coverage depends on: Capacity depends on:
I: other to own cell interference
number of users,
load
active services
max. MS power
max. noise rise:

other cell interference
own cell interference
planned cell size

Your Eb/N0 is too
low: Power up!
(received power at BS)
E [dB]
Max
Noise
Rise
required Eb/N0
Network
design!!
actual Eb/N0
Usern
User3
User2
I can not! I am on
full power already!
User1
Other Cell Interference
Thermal Noise
f1
f1+
Uplink: Admission-Control
Admission-control based on BS RX-power measurements:
Before any MS will get the permission to access a UMTS-cell, the BS has to
estimate the increase in noise rise:
If
Itotal-old + Iestimated > Max. planned noise-rise then reject call or

admit only lower service!
BS noise rise
Note:
DL-load control checks
the expected power
rise instead!
3dB
Itotal-old
Iestimated
Max. planned
noise rise
L
50%
load
10
The Downlink, Cell Coverage

Cell coverage depends on:
(BS TX Power)
E
Remaining BS Power
Max. BS TX power
Pilot power (cell-range, SW-Parameter!)
Number of users
Network
Active services
design!!
Location of users
MS RX interference level (other cells not in
active set)
MS in HO
Max. BS-TX-Power
Usern
User4
User3
User2 -- near the site, low data
rate
User1 --- far away, high data-rate
PCCH (Control Channels)
f1
f1+
11
Cell Breathing Effects of W-CDMA

Uplink and downlink cell coverage vs. load:
Max. Path Loss
dB
Load Measures:
Uplink: Noise Rise
Downlink: Power Rise
160
150
140
One after the other MS at the cellborder is no longer able to

overcome the increasing
interference (noise-rise!) at the BSreceiver.
Uplink
Coverage is uplink limited

When the BS meets its DPCH max. power,
the cell collapses quickly!
Downlink
130
10
20
30
40
80& UMTS Planning Guidelines, EARS g.s.
W-CDMA Fundamentals
50
60
70
Load (%)
12
General W-CDMA Handover Scheme
Pilot Eb/N0
Pilot Eb/N0 Cell A
MS in soft-HO (A, B)MS in soft-HO (B, C)

t
remove_hysteresis
handover_hysteresis
replace_hysteresis
Pilot Eb/N0 Cell B
Pilot Eb/N0 Cell C

add cell B
replace cell A remove cell C

with cell C
Active set not full: If PilotCell BEb/N0 > best_pilot - handover_hysteresis for t, then add cell B
time
Active set is full: If PilotCell CEb/N0 > PilotCell AEb/N0 + replace_hysteresis for t, then replace cell A with
cell C
If PilotCell CEb/N0 < best_pilot - handover_hysteresis for t, then remove cell B
13
Hand-Over Types
Soft Hand-Over
Uu
RNC
RNC
Uu
Iu PS
Iub
SGSN
Iub
handover area
Iur
14
Hand-Over Types
Softer Hand-Over
Iub
Uu
RNC
Iu PS
handover area
SGSN
handover area
handover area
15
Hand-Over Types
Hard Hand-Over
C1
C2
Iub
Uu
Iub
handover area
RNC
Iu PS
SGSN
16
Delayed / Asymmetric Handover

Noise rise at BS 2
Noise rise at BS 1
BS 2 added to the
active set;
BS 2 sends power
control commands
time
time
Think: what happens in case of

a missing cell in a HO table??
BS2
BS1
17
W-CDMA UL-Closed Loop Power Control

Principle
Outer power control loop:
Checks the signal quality
(FER), performed in the RNC
after soft HO combining,UL+DL.
if FER above threshold:
increase target Eb/N0!
if FER below threshold:
decrease target Eb/N0!
Inner / fast power control loop:

Checks measured Eb/N0 against
target Eb/N0 @1500 times per
second, 1dB step size, UL+DL.
if measured Eb/N0 above target
Eb/N0 :
decrease TX power!
if measured Eb/N0 below target
Eb/N0 :
increase TX power (power control

1500 UL power controlheadroom)!
commands per
second are fast enough to
compensate fast fading.
18
DL: Power Control

Power control is more efficient for slow moving mobiles:
20
5
dB
dB
-10
-20
transmit power
3 km/hr ray leigh channel
-30
dB
dB
10
-5
-10
transmit power
90 km/hr Rayleigh Channel
-15
-40
0.05
0.1
0.15
s
econds
Seconds
0.2
0.25
0.14
0.145
0.15
0.155
seconds
0.16
0.165
0.17
Seconds
19
The Link-Budgets
Each service and each load scenario has a own link budget:
Service
Tx Output Pw r [dBm ]
Com biner loss [dB]
Cable/conn, loss [dB]
Antenna gain [dB]
EiRP [dBm ]
Required Eb/No [dB]
The rm al noise [dBm /Hz]
Inform ation rate [dB Hz]
Noise figure [dB]
Receiver noise [dBm ]
Rx se nsitivity [dBm ]
LNA-NoiseFigure Gain [dB] (GSM only)
Cable loss [dB] (LNA)
Antenna gain [dBi]
Rx air sensitivity [dBm ]
GSM /UMTS Uncom m on Planning Param eters
Noise rise 30% load [dB]
Soft HO diversity gain [dB]
Pow er control he adroom [dB]
GSM /UMTS Com m on Planning Param ete rs
Path loss 30% load [dB]
Body loss [dB]
Urban Lognorm al fading m argin [dB]
Urban Pre diction error m argin [dB]
Urban Indoor penetration loss [dB]
Path loss urban 30% [dB]
Circuit Switched / UL
GSM 1800 Voice,12,2kbps
64 kbps
144k bps 384kbps
30
21
21
21
21
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
27
21
21
21
21
Packet Switched / UL
64 kbps
144kbps 384kbps
21
21
21
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
21
21
21
.-.
.-.
.-.
.-.
.-.
-109
3
0
18
-130.0
9.9
-174
40.9
4
-129.1
-119.2
7.2
-174
48
4
-122.0
-114.8
6.4
-174
51.6
4
-118.4
-112.0
6.8
-174
55.8
4
-114.2
-107.4
4.2
-174
48.0
4
-122.0
-117.8
3.4
-174
51.6
4
-118.4
-115.0
3.8
-174
56
4
-114.0
-110.2
1
17
-135.2
1
17
-130.8
1
17
-128.0
1
17
-123.4
1
17
-133.8
1
17
-131.0
1
17
-126.2
.-.
.-.
.-.
1.5
5
0
1.5
5
0
1.5
5
0
1.5
5
0
1.5
0
0
1.5
0
0
1.5
0
0
157
159.7
155.3
152.5
147.9
153.3
150.5
145.7
10
6
20
10
6
20
10
6
20
10
6
20
10
6
20
10
6
20
10
6
20
10
6
20
117
119.7
118.3
115.5
110.9
116.3
113.5
108.7
20
The Link-Budgets
Understanding the link budget - the parameters:

Required Eb/N0:
Energy per user bit divided by the noise spectral density. Function of FER,
outer power control loop.
Thermal Noise Density:

NTh=K*T* -174dBm/Hz
Information Rate:
Function of data rate IR= 10*log(R) R: Bit Rate
Noise Figure:
Equipment parameter. 4dB to 5dB
21
UMTS Link-Budgets
Understanding the link-budget - the parameters (cont.):

Noise rise:
Planning Parameter. Reflects the planned max. load, e.g. 3dB equals
50% load (other and own cells)
Soft HO diversity gain / macro diversity gain:

Handovers -soft and softer- give a gain against slow fading because the
slow fading is partly uncorrelated between the cells.
Power control headroom / fast fading margin:

Some headroom is needed in the MS transmission power for maintaining
adequate closed loop fast power control (to fill the fast fading gaps)!
22
UMTS Link-Budgets
Its not possible to generate a general DL link-budget:
Downlink Eb/Io concept is not useful
different fading channels for different locations!!
Need to know the non-orthogonality

depends on user location!!
Power resource is what defines both coverage and capacity, difficult

to distinguish
never the same, users permanently change service and location
Soft capacity
a cell coverage and capacity depends on the actual load of the
neighboring cells
Time and resource consuming Monte-Carlo Simulations are one way out...
23
Part Two
Part Two:
UMTS Simulations and Case Studies
Homogeneous Network
Leipzig Network
Traffic Analysis
Part Three:

Cell Coverage
Downtilt
Sector Orientation
Part Four:
Co-Siting Options, Antenna Configuration
24
Case Studies, Monte-Carlo Simulation:

Traffic (Leipzig):
Key:
orange: UL blocking:
BS Noise Rise
red:
UL blocking:
MS EIRP limit
pink:
DL blocking:
DPCH Power
white: O.K.
Traffic Scaling (64kbps):
100%: 3 Erlangs/km
300%: 9 Erlangs/km
500%: 15 Erlangs/km
700%: 21 Erlangs/km
900%: 27 Erlangs/km
25
Network Simulation, Case Studies

All simulations were carried out in the Leipzig area with the
Leipzig GSM traffic-layer from ......
One carrier had been used for all simulations.
However, to demonstrate the impact of various network
designs, some simulations were done with a artificial,
perfectly regular network structure.
The following slides show the Handover Status Plot of
some simulated networks.
Legend:
26
Case Studies:
30m_6Tilt
Homogeneous radio
network:
Leipzig Clutter
Leipzig Traffic Layer
all antennas at 30m
sector orientation:
0
120
240
tilt: 6 (4el.; 2 mech.)

regular grid (1200m)
antenna type: K741 784
Handover Status Plot:
27
Case Studies:
50m_3Tilt
Homogeneous radio
network:
Leipzig Clutter
Leipzig Traffic-Layer
all antennas at 50m
sector orientation:
0
120
240
tilt: 3 (4el.; -1
mech.)
28
Case Studies:
30m_6Tilt-O
Homogeneous radio
network:
Leipzig Clutter
Leipzig Traffic-Layer
all antennas at 30m
sector orientation:
0, 120, 240
or
60, 180, 300

29
Georg
GeorgSurkamp:
Surkamp:
Spectrale
Case
Studies,
Spectrale
Effizienz(kbps/km/MHz):
Effizienz(kbps/km/MHz):
Statistics:
30m_6Tilt:199.68
Blocking
Rates:
30m_6Tilt:199.68
Blocking, Totals
90
System Blocking:
30m_3Tilt:44.16
30m_3Tilt:44.16
Totals
50m_6Tilt:
50m_6Tilt:65.28
65.28
80
B lo ckin g [% ]
70
UL-Noise Rise Limit (3dB)

50m3Tilt:
13.44
50m3Tilt:
13.44 Power Limit
DL-DPCH
UL-MS EIRP Limit (21dBm)
60
30m_6Tilt
50
30m_3Tilt
40
50m_6Tilt
30
50m_3Tilt
20
10
Remember? The DL is the

capacity-limiting link!
100
300
500
Traffic Load [%]
Blocking Cause: DPCH Power Limit
14
12
10
Blocking [%]
8
6
4
80
1.4
70
1.2
60
50
40
30
20
2
0
100
300
500
700
Traffic Load [%]
900
0.6
0.4
0.2
300
500
Traffic Load [%]
700
900
0.8
10
100
700
Blocking Cause: MS-EIRP Limit
Blocking [%]
Blocking, Cause: Noise Rise

Limit
Blo ckin g [% ]
900
100
300
500
Traffic Load [%]
700
900
30
Case Studies, Statistics:

MS in HO-Status
HO-Behaviour:
Due to cell shrinking, the HOareas shrink (and so the no.

of MS in HO-status) with
increasing load.
MS in Handover [%]
every single MS in any of the

possible HO status causes
additional (DL-) load due to a
second or even third
activated link. This is
welcomed as the so called
macro-diversity gain. But
large HO-areas reduce
network capacity. Design
target: 45%
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
30m_6Tilt
50m_6Tilt
30m_3Tilt
Network Type
MS in HO
50m_3Tilt
30m_6Tilt
50m_3Tilt
80
70
MS in HO [%]
MS in HO (%):
80
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1
5
Traffic Scaling Factor
31
Case Studies: Pole-Capacity

The W-CDMA tool also calculates the other to own cell interference factor on a per cell basis.
This figure can be used to calculate the expected pole-capacity of each cell for UL or DL:
or:
i:
other to own interference
v:
voice-activity factor = 1 for data
:
orthogonality = 0 for UL, ~0.6 for
DL
:
load factor=1 (100%, pole
capacity)
/R: for 64kbps= 60
Eb/N0: for 64kbps=7.2dB or12
5.25
.43
1 i
N0 1
1
R Eb
N0 1
N
1

1 i
R Eb
N Pole ,UL , 64 kbps
1 i
Network design and traffic distribution!!

32
Case Studies, Pole-Capacity, 64kbps CSUL

50m_3Tilt
30m_6Tilt:
Legend:
4 Pole Capacities, Centre Sites:
Pole Capacities, Centre Sites:red:
01
04
12
orange:
yellow:
light green:
green:
dark green:
5
6
7
8
9,10
01
02
02
05
13
04
12
05
13
06
06
For the e-plus bc. a pole
capacity of 9 users is assumed.
33
Case Studies, Pole-Capacity, 64kbps CSUL

Global average pole capacity and i (other- to own Cell
interference) of simulated networks:
10
0.8
0.7
pole-capacity
0.6
7
6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
1
0
30m_6Tilt
Pole-Capacety
50m_6Tilt-O
30m_3Tilt
Netw ork Type
0
50m_3Tilt
34
Case Studies: Inhomogeneous Antenna

Height:
Antennas on Site HN02 Antennas on Site HN02 at Antennas on Site HN02 at
average height-15m (15m)
at average height (30m) average height+20m (50m)
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Basis network: 30m_6Tilt

35
Pole-Capacity, Inhomogeneous Antenna

Height:
Antennas on Site HN02 Antennas on Site HN02 at Antennas on Site HN02 at
at average height (30m)average height+20m (50m)
average height-15m (15m)
7
12
7
13
7
02
8
12
6
05
8
13
7
06
7
02
7
Fig. 1
06
7
Fig. 2
12
7
05
8
13
8
02
8
04
10
5
5
7
6
6
7
8
7
4
5
6
6
04
10
01
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
7
6
04
10
7
01
6
6
6
8
7
7
6
01
6
05
8
06
7
Fig. 3
30m_4Tilt, Pole-capacities for 64kbps CS, UL

36
Case Studies, Inhomogeneous Antenna

Height:
Sites with antennas above the average antenna height suffer more BS
noise rise, causing early blocking in their coverage area:
Site HN02, Noise Rise
8
Noise-Rise (dB)
7
6
Antenna Height: 50m
(average height+20m )
5
4
3
3dB Noise-Rise
Antenna Height: 30m
(average height)
2
1
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Load-Factor (in % of present GSM-load)

37
Case Studies: Enhancing Capacity with a 6

Sector Site:
8
8
7
8
8
10
10
10
10
HN02: 3-Sector Site

8
8
9
9
10
3
8 7 10
10
4
7
8
10
4
9
8
7
8
PoleCapacity
10
4
7
8
10
10
10
HN02: 6-Sector Site
38

Sector Site:
HN02 - 3 Sector Site:
Pole Capacity:
Site: 9+10+8=27 Users / Site
Cell Average: 9 User / Cell
HN02 - 6 Sector Site:

Pole Capacity:
Site: 9+9+10+7+8+7=50 Users /
Site
Cell Average: 8.33 User / Cell
Other Cells:
Some surrounding cells lost capacity
MS in Handover:
Planet could not resolve inner HOareas properly. However, due to the
additional cells more MS are
expected to be in softer-HO. This
might consume some % of the
gained capacity (ffs).
39

Sector Site:
Result:
Transforming a 3 sector site into a 6 sector site almost doubles
its capacity:
the individual cells have a slightly lower pole capacity but the coverage area
shrinks
due to a higher number of cells, more MS might be in softer HO
The impact of such a site rebuild on the surrounding network is

minor. Some cells might loose capacity.
6 sector sites can be implemented on demand. There is no need
to build 6 sector sites now, except maybe for fairs (CeBit...)
Attention:
Consider the necessary additional hardware and antennas
Consider the higher gain of this antennas (coverage, downtilts)
Consider the HO-areas
40
Leipzig Network, Optimisation of Tilts

Standard Antenna with 2 Downtilt
Standard Antenna with individual

optimised downtilt
41
Optimisation Impact @ 100% Traffic,

64kbps:
Downtilts individually optimised:
UL:
All downtilts set to 2

UL:
Averages:
i=1.351
Pole Capacity=5.28 User/Cell
Averages:
i=1.079
Pole Capacity=6 User/Cell
DL:
DL:
Averages:
DPCH-Power=0.75
Watt/Channel
PA-Power=7.276 Watt
Averages:
DPCH-Power=0.57 Watt/Channel
PA-Power=6.48 Watt
MS in Handover = 41.9%
MS in Handover = 51.8%
Further optimisation necessary to:
-improve coverage!
-improve HO situation in the city centre!
42
Case Studies, Kln - Pilot Network

Kln, City Center:
Kln traffic layer x 5
antenna heights:
as existing GSM antennas

sector orientation:
as existing GSM sectors

Note: More than 75% of MS
are
in handover! Huge 3state handover areas!
43
Summary:
Isolated high sites are causing a lot of interference, for
themselves and others.
Excessive coverage and large cell-overlaps cause large
handover areas, in particular 3-stage handover areas.
Areas with large cell-overlabs require higher CCCH (DPICH)
and DPCH power - which kills capacity.
Networks with wide cell overlaps suffer from a high i; the
other to own cell interference.
Interference costs capacity!
Other cell interference
Own cell interference
44
Conclusions:
Create a clear radio network!
the antenna heights within a site-cluster should not differ by more
than 10m.
keep the distance between sites as regular as possible (acc. to
clutter).
rotating antennas (e.g. to create a homogeneous area-coverage or to
cover hot-spots) is not critical.
Define clear servers! Prevent excessive overlap!

use sector antennas only! Always!
use antennas with variable electrical downtilt for accurate tuning
and for easy & quick optimisation.
consider mechanical uptilt to reduce back-lob interference.
in dense areas use antennas with small opening angles, 65 is a
good default value.
do not allow overreach (take care of street-canyons, varying building
heights, valleys...)
45
Conclusions:
Take care of the traffic-distribution!
cover high traffic areas by pointing the sector antennas towards
them.
create a clean network around high traffic areas to archive good
capacity!
Remember: a UMTS-site near a strategic -point does not guarantee
a good service! UL-noise-rise-blocking is location-independent!
Generate handover tables very carefully!

consider street-canyons
isolated coverage spots
A further Network-Layer is not foreseen yet!

both FDD-channel pairs are intended to be used for macrocells
adjacent channel near-far problematic not fully understood yet
46
!! Warning !!
The radio-network capacity depends on careful network
planning:
Adding capacity by adding (more than one) TRXe is not
an option!
The radio-network performance depends on careful network

planning:
You can not tune the radio-network with softwareparameters much!
The interference, which kills capacity, depends on careful

network planning:
Reducing cell size by reducing CPICH power is not the
way to reduce interference.
47
!! Warning !!
The interference, which costs capacity, depends on careful
network planning:
Changing channels to reduce interference is not
possible!
Careful interference planning is always required. A site

near a strategic location does not guarantee a good
service:
Blocking due to BS-noise-rise is location
independent!
48

Guidelines
Part Two:
UMTS Simulations and Case-Studies
Homogeneous Network
Leipzig Network
Traffic Analyse
Part Three:

Cell-Coverage
Downtilt
Sector Orientation
Part Four:
49
Situation at E-PLUS:
Planning-Tool:
All W-CDMA-planning tools are buggy at the present
stage!
EPOS V6.0 will not be available until August(?) 2001!
Its necessary - and possible - to start UMTS-planning with
the present MSI-Planet-Versions:
Use Planet to predict coverage for a reference service (64kbps CS,
UL)
50
Site Selection:
To minimise invest, present and planned GSM-sites must be
re-used for UMTS (=dual mode sites).
This means re-using of...
Building / Mast
Antenna-poles
Equipment-room / container
Cable ways
...whenever possible!
51
Cell Coverage - Network Capacity - Optimisation
The E-Plus GSM-network is still a coverage-limited network.
Hence precise coverage calculations to minimise interference
were not critical up to now.
The UMTS-network will also be coverage-limited initially.
However, the cell-range must be calculated carefully - without
reducing network-coverage! A poor network design will not be
a problem during the first time of operation, when theres only
little traffic. As soon as traffic volume and bit rates increase such a network will degrade quickly! Huge time consuming
and costly optimisation-efforts are required then!
52
Planning Proposal:
Equivalent minimum predicted level:
Up to EOY 2007 the latest traffic-models show only very few cells
with more than 30% load on both carriers! Hence the 30% load
link-budgets are taken.
In Planet set the BS-Power to 42dBm. Planet then calculates (flag
setting) the EIRP using cable loss (1dB) and antenna gain.
The table below shows the resulting required equivalent minimum
predicted levels for 64kbps CS, indoor-coverage:
Load: 30%, Service: 64kbps CS, indoor

clutter type
urban
sub-urban
open
max. path-loss*
102dBm
112dBm
112dBm
min. level
-60dBm
-70dBm
-70dBm
* Path-loss from
link-budget
+ cable-loss (1dB)
- antenna gain (17dBi)
53
Planning Proposal:
Cell coverage, site height:
Since the site-locations and (often) the antenna heights will be given by
the present GSM sites, its most important to:
calculate the necessary downtilt of every sector according to its
designed coverage area! But do not reduce network-coverage
artificially.
taken in account a cluster of sites, the height of a unique site must
not differ more than 10m within this site-cluster.
!!Check very, very carefully any UMTS-site on locations, where the
coverage can not be controlled sufficiently by applying tilts and the
antenna height can not be reduced; e.g. very high sites,
sites with high effective antenna heights, or
sites with antenna heights far above the
surrounding average antenna height.
A site cluster is defined here as a
site with its surrounding sites:
54
Planning Proposal:
Downtilt calculation:
The calculated initial cell-radius should be about 75% of the inter-sitedistance:
0.5 OV
0.75 * ISD
total _ downtilt arctan
with:
BS 1
ISD: inter-site-distance
total_downtilt
OV: vertical antenna

opening angle
h: eff. antenna height
OV
total_downtilt:
mech. downtilt + el. downtilt
mechanical uptilt =
negative mechanical downtilt
75% of inter-site-distance
55
Planning Proposal:
Sector orientation:
cover known high-traffic areas with minimal path-loss! Point the
antennas toward this hot-spots!
try to prevent larger handover-areas at hot-spots e.g. commercial-areas.
prevent coverage holes.
S1
S3
Node B
high-traffic area
many MS in
softer HO-area HO-status
S2
MS need more
TX power (lower
antenna gain)
Not good: causes a lot of

additional interference due
to many MS in handover!
56

Guidelines
Part Two:
UMTS Simulations and Case-Studies
Homogeneous Network
Leipzig Network
Traffic Analyse
Part Three:

Cell-Coverage
Downtilt
Sector Orientation
Part Four:
57
Antenna Co-Siting Options for GSM-UMTS

Part 4:
Co-Siting Options
the following presentation specifies options in the antenna

deployment at existing GSM sites that are upgraded on
UMTS
the order of the following slides represent the priority
for more information ask:
Dirk Schnare
or
Radio Systems / EAS
Mobil:
0177-448-3533
Email:
dirk.schnare@eplus.de
Georg Surkamp
Radio Network Planning /
EAR
Mobil: 0163-850-7000
Email:
georg.surkamp@eplus.de
58
Antenna Co-Siting Options for GSM-UMTS

Minimum Antenna Separation:
35dB isolation needed
0,5m horizontal antenna separation
required for parallel mounted 65 antennas,
transmitting in same direction (2m for 90
antennas)
65
65
vertical separation on one pole is

not critical
for other scenarios use IsolationstoolV1.1,
presented by Mr. Schnare! This tool includes
also a complete matrix of required antenna
isolations for GSM900, GSM1800 and UMTS
equipment.
0.5m
UMTS
0,1m
Use isolation-tool here, to calculate

necessary antenna separation!
GSM 900,
GSM 1800
or UMTS
GSM 900,
GSM 1800
or UMTS
59
How many UMTS antennas are

necessary??
In General:
Example:
four way diversity
Only one X-pol. antenna

per UMTS-sector is
required at first
However:
In future four way-diversity
requires e.g. two UMTS Xpol. antennas per sector
a site upgrade to a 6sector site requires at least
six UMTS X-pol. antennas
UMTS BTS
its a good idea to provide

for 6 UMTS antennas in the
contracts...
60
Co-Siting UMTS Option 1a:
GSM BTS
UMTS
GSM BTS NODE-B
61
Co-Siting UMTS Option 1a:

Additional antennas for the UMTS network, GSM vertical
polarised antenna-system remains untouched.
+ flexible and independent GSM / UMTS site-configuration
+ MHA can be used for GSM and UMTS
+ minimum cable / filtering losses
- additional antennas necessary
- additional RF-cables required
- GSM-TX filter necessary (to be investigated)
Remark: most antenna manufacturers develop only dual
polarised antennas (polarisation diversity)
62
Co-Siting UMTS Option 1b:
GSM BTS
GSM BTS
UMTS
NODE-B
63
Co-Siting UMTS Option 1b:

Additional antennas for the UMTS network, GSM dualpolarised antenna-system remains untouched.
- additional antennas necessary
Remark: most antenna manufacturers develop only dual
polarised antennas (polarisation diversity)
64
Co-Siting UMTS Option 2:

Wide-band
X-pol antenna
GSM BTS
GSM BTS
UMTS
NODE-B
65

Existing vertical polarised antennas are exchanged by one
GSM X-pol. antenna and one UMTS X-pol. antenna.
- GSM antenna system must be replanned and reworked outage time, performance degradation?
- UMTS (old GSM) antenna pole probably not on optimal spot
66
Wide-band dual
X-pol antenna
GSM BTS
GSM BTS
UMTS
NODE-B
67

The existing GSM X-pol antenna is exchanged by a dual-band
X-pol. antenna.
+ no additional antenna necessary
+ separate elect. Tilt of GSM / UMTS antenna system is possible
- UMTS /GSM network can no longer be planned and optimised
separately (sector-orientation)!
- dual-band antenna bigger than single-band X-pol antenna wind load, weight (width of antenna almost doubles)
68
Wide-band
X-pol antenna
GSM BTS
GSM BTS
UMTS
NODE-B
69

The existing GSM X-pol antenna is exchanged by a wide-band
X-pol. antenna.
+ no additional antenna necessary
+ size of wide-band X-pol. same as common GSM X-pol.
antenna
- UMTS /GSM network can no longer be planned and optimised
separately!
- additional duplexer necessary (insertion loss)
70
Co-Siting UMTS Option 5 :

for
example
In case of no RFcables can be added!
UMTS
NODE-B
GSM BTS
DC for MHA
separated from coax
for one system
71

No RF-cables can be added!
+ flexible and independent GSM / UMTS antennaconfiguration possible
+ MHA can be used, if separate DC is provided to one MHA
- separate DC must be provided to the GSM- or UMTS-MHA
- two additional duplexers are required (2 x insertion loss)
- GSM-TX filter necessary (could be integrated in duplexer)
72
Co-Siting UMTS Options, Priority 6:
In case of no RFcables and antennas

can be added!
Wide-band
X-pol antenna
Duplex filter
GSM BTS
GSM BTS
UMTS
NODE-B
73

Nothing can be added to the antenna system!
+ ??? (is there any)
- no GSM-MHA and no UMTS-MHA possible
- UMTS /GSM network can no longer be planned or
optimised separately!
- two additional duplexers are required (insertion loss)
- GSM-TX filter necessary
74
Sample Datasheets of UMTS

Antennas
On the following slides some datasheets of UMTS antennas
are presented:
Wide-band antennas (useable for GSM and/or UMTS)
Dual-System Antenna (containing 2 separate dipolesystems for GSM and UMTS
various gain types
take these sheets for preliminary planning (radio planning
and mechanical planning)
75
Standard Gain Antenna with adjust. electr.

Tilt
Wide-band
X-pol antenna
76
High Gain Antenna with adjust. electr. Tilt
Wide-band
X-pol antenna
77
Dual-System Antenna with adjust. electr. Tilt

Dual-band
X-pol antenna
78
Thats it!
Thank you!
Literature:
WCDMA For UMTS
Radio Access For Third Generation Mobile Communications
by Harri Holma and Antti Toskala
John Wiley & Sons, LTD, http://wiley.com
.comISBN 0 471 72051 8
Georg Surkamp
HVD-EARS
Tel.:
0211 448-3998
Mobile:
0163 8507000
Georg.Surkamp@eplus.de
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CDMA Fundamentals & UMTS Planning

W-CDMA Fundamentals & UMTS Planning Guidelines, EARS g.s.

CDMA Fundamentals & UMTS Planning

Equivalent minimum predicted level

Part 1: W-CDMA Fundamentals for radio network

Part 2: UMTS Simulations and Case Studies

Part 3: Resulting UMTS Design Guidelines

Part 4: Co-Siting Options, Antenna Configurations

W-CDMA Fundamentals & UMTS Planning Guidelines, EARS g.s.

Multiple Access Scheme

the shared resource in FDMA

W-CDMA Fundamentals & UMTS Planning Guidelines, EARS g.s.

Multiple Access Scheme

Time & Bandwidth:

the shared resources in

*divide spectrum into narrow

bandwidth carrier &...

*...further sub divide the time domain

*capacity limitation: bandwidth &

W-CDMA Fundamentals & UMTS Planning Guidelines, EARS g.s.

Multiple Access Scheme

the shared resources in W-CDMA

*codes are used to discriminate

Available codes, less critical

*Examples: IS 95, 3G UMTS

W-CDMA Fundamentals & UMTS Planning Guidelines, EARS g.s.

The Uplink: Figure of Merit

W-CDMA Fundamentals & UMTS Planning Guidelines, EARS g.s.

The other-cell interference has

Uplink: Cell Coverage & Capacity

max. noise rise:

planned cell size

(received power at BS)

W-CDMA Fundamentals & UMTS Planning Guidelines, EARS g.s.

Itotal-old + Iestimated > Max. planned noise-rise then reject call or

The Downlink, Cell Coverage

W-CDMA Fundamentals & UMTS Planning Guidelines, EARS g.s.

Cell Breathing Effects of W-CDMA

One after the other MS at the cellborder is no longer able to

Coverage is uplink limited

General W-CDMA Handover Scheme

MS in soft-HO (A, B)MS in soft-HO (B, C)

Pilot Eb/N0 Cell B

Pilot Eb/N0 Cell C

replace cell A remove cell C

W-CDMA Fundamentals & UMTS Planning Guidelines, EARS g.s.

W-CDMA Fundamentals & UMTS Planning Guidelines, EARS g.s.

W-CDMA Fundamentals & UMTS Planning Guidelines, EARS g.s.

Delayed / Asymmetric Handover

Think: what happens in case of

W-CDMA UL-Closed Loop Power Control

Inner / fast power control loop:

increase TX power (power control

DL: Power Control

W-CDMA Fundamentals & UMTS Planning Guidelines, EARS g.s.

W-CDMA Fundamentals & UMTS Planning Guidelines, EARS g.s.

Understanding the link budget - the parameters:

Thermal Noise Density:

W-CDMA Fundamentals & UMTS Planning Guidelines, EARS g.s.

Understanding the link-budget - the parameters (cont.):

Soft HO diversity gain / macro diversity gain:

Power control headroom / fast fading margin:

W-CDMA Fundamentals & UMTS Planning Guidelines, EARS g.s.