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HUMA
NBIOLOGY
BIOS135
JENNIFER
LASKOWSKI
Body Membranes
Functions of body membranes
Cover body surfaces
Line body cavities
Form protective sheets around organs
Cutaneous Membrane
Cutaneous membrane skin
Dry membrane
Outermost protective boundary
Mucous Membranes
Surface epithelium type depends on site
Stratified squamous epithelium (mouth, esophagus)
Simple columnar epithelium (rest of digestive tract)
Mucosa of
nasal cavity
Mucosa of
mouth
Esophagus
lining
Mucosa of
lung
bronchi
(b) Mucous membranes line
body cavities open to the
exterior.
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Serous Membranes
Specific serous membranes
Peritoneum
Abdominal cavity
Pleura
Around the lungs
Pericardium
Around the heart
Parietal
peritoneum
Visceral
peritoneum
Parietal
pleura
Visceral
pleura
Parietal
pericardium
Visceral
pericardium
Ligament
Joint cavity
(contains
synovial fluid)
Articular (hyaline)
cartilage
Fibrous
layer
Articular
Synovial
capsule
membrane
Integumentary System
Integumentary system includes:
Skin (cutaneous membrane)
Skin derivatives
Sweat glands
Oil glands
Hair
Nails
Skin Functions
Aids in loss or retention of body heat as controlled
by the nervous system
Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid
Synthesizes vitamin D
Cutaneous sensory receptors detect touch,
temperature, pressure, and pain
Skin Structure
Epidermisouter layer
Stratified squamous epithelium
Cornified or keratinized (hardened by keratin) to
prevent water loss
Avascular
Most cells are keratinocytes
Dermis
Dense connective tissue
Vascular
Hair shaft
Dermal papillae
Epidermis
Papillary
layer
Dermi
s
Pore
Appendages of
skin
Eccrine sweat gland
Arrector pili muscle
Sebaceous (oil) gland
Hair follicle
Hair root
Reticular
layer
Hypodermis
(subcutaneous
tissue)
Nervous structures
Sensory nerve fiber
Lamellar
Hair follicle
receptor
corpuscle
(root hair plexus)
Skin Structure
Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is deep to
dermis
Not technically part of the skin, but shares some of
the skins protective functions
Anchors skin to underlying organs- mostly??
Composed mostly of adipose tissue
Serves as a shock absorber and insulates
deeper tissues that reduces heat loss
Question
1. Which layer of the skin- dermis or epidermis- is
better nourished?
Melanin
Pigment (melanin) produced by melanocytes
Color is yellow to brown to black
Mostly in the stratum basale
Amount of melanin produced depends upon
genetics and exposure to sunlight
Merkel cells
Associated with sensory nerve endings for touch
Stratum spinosum
Prickle cell layer- due to look
Several layers thick
Network of cells formed by intermediate filaments
attached to desmsomes
Stratum corneum
The average persons skin sheds some 50,000
dead cells every minute and 18kg (40lb) of these
skin flakes.
Beauty is skin deep when we look at someone,
nearly everything we see is dead!
Keratinocytes
Desmosomes
Epidermal
dendritic cell
Stratum corneum. Cells are dead;
represented only by flat
membranous sacs filled with
keratin. Glycolipids in extracellular
space.
Stratum granulosum. Cells are
flattened, organelles are deteriorating;
cytoplasm full of granules.
Stratum spinosum. Cells
contain thick bundles of
intermediate filaments made of
pre-keratin.
Merkel
cell
Sensory
Melanocytes Melanin nerve
granules ending
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Dermis
Questions
1.While walking barefoot in a barn, Jeremy stepped on a rusty nail that
penetrated the epidermis on the sole of his foot. Name the layers the
nail pierced from the superficial skin surface to the junction with the
dermis.
Since the sole of the foot has thick skin, the layers from most superficial to
deepest would be the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum
granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale.
2. The stratum basale is also called stratum germinativum, a name that
refers to its major function. What is that function?
The stratum basale undergoes almost continuous mitosis to replace cells
lost by abrasion.
Dermis
Two layers
1. Papillary layer (upper dermal region; areolar CT)
Projections called dermal papillae
Capillary loops
house pain receptors (free nerve endings) and touch
receptors
Fingerprints are identifying films of sweat
Dermis
Two layers
2. Reticular layer (deepest skin layer; 80%)
Blood vessels
Cleavage lines which represent separations between
underlying collagen fiber bundles.
Sweat and oil glands
Deep pressure receptors (lamellar corpuscles)
Dermis
Overall dermis structure
Collagen and elastic fibers located throughout
the dermis
Collagen fibers give skin its toughness
Elastic fibers give skin elasticity
Figure 4.5 Light micrograph of the two regions of the dermis (100).
Epidermis
Papillar
y layer
Reticula
r
layer
D
e
r
m
i
s
Questions
1. Which layer of the dermis is responsible for
producing fingerprint patterns?
2. Which tissue of the hypodermis makes it a good
shock absorber?
3. You have gotten a paper cut.
It is very painful,
but it doesnt bleed.
Has the cut
penetrated into the dermis or just the epidermis?
1. Pupillary
2. Fatty tissue in the hypodermis
3. Because there is no bleeding, the cut has penetrated
into the avascular epidermis only.
Stretch marks
Extreme stretching of the skin- like in pregnancy,
can tear the dermis, leaving striae.
Ulcers
Ulcers
Skin Color
Three pigments contribute to skin color:
1. Melanin- made of tyrosine aa
Yellow, reddish brown, or black pigments
2. Carotene
Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables
Accumulates in stratum corneum and in fatty tissue
Converted to vit A
3. Hemoglobin
Red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries
Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring
Questions
1. Melanin and carotene are two pigments that
contribute to skin color. What is the third
and where is it found?
2. What is cyanosis and what does it indicate?
3. Which alteration in skin color may indicate a liver
disorder?
1. hemoglobin, the pigment contained in red blood cells
found in blood vessels of the dermis.
2. a bluish cast of the skin that indicates that hemoglobin
in the red blood cells in the dermal capillaries is
poorly oxygenated.
3. Jaundice.
Hair
Hair follicles
Nails
Hair shaft
Dermal papillae
Epidermis
Papillary
layer
Dermi
s
Pore
Appendages of
skin
Eccrine sweat gland
Arrector pili muscle
Sebaceous (oil) gland
Hair follicle
Hair root
Reticular
layer
Hypodermis
(subcutaneous
tissue)
Nervous structures
Sensory nerve fiber
Lamellar
Hair follicle
receptor
corpuscle
(root hair plexus)
Sweat
pore
Eccrin
e
gland
Sebaceou
s gland
Sebaceous
gland duct
Dermal connective
tissue
Hair in
hair follicle
Secretory cells
(a) Photomicrograph of a
sectioned sebaceous gland
(100)
Mostly water
Salts and vitamin C
Some metabolic waste
Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only)
.Function
Helps dissipate excess heat
Excretes waste products
Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth
Sweat
pore
Eccrin
e
gland
Sebaceou
s gland
Dermal connective
tissue
Eccrine
gland duct
Secretory cells
(b) Photomicrograph of a
sectioned eccrine gland
(205)
Questions
1. Which cutaneous glands are associated with hair
follicles?
2. When Jim returned home from a run in 87 degree
weather, his face was dripping with sweat.
Why?
3. Are sebaceous glands found in thick skin?
Why/not?
4. Sebaceous (oil) glands and apocrine glands are
associated with the hair follicles.
5. His sympathetic nervous system activated his eccrine
sweat glands and caused heat-induced sweating in order
to cool the body.
6. No. The palms of the hands and soles of the feet are thick
skin areas. It would be dangerous to have oily soles, and
oily palms would decrease the ability of the hands to hang
Hair
follicle
Fibrous
sheath
Epithelial
sheath
Hair papilla
containing
blood vessels
Cuticle
Cortex
Medulla
(b)
Hair
Questions
1. Why is having your hair cut
painless?
1. There are no nerves in a hair, so cutting hair is
painless.
Lateral
nail fold
Lunule
(a
)
Free
of
Body edge
nail
of
nail
(b
)
Cuticle
Root of nail
Proximal
nail fold
Nail
matrix
Rule of Nines
Each area represents about 9 percent of total body
surface area
The area surrounding the genitals (the perineum)
represents 1 percent of body surface area
ONLY FOR 2ND DEGREE OR HIGHER
Head
Right arm
Left arm
Chest
Abdomen
Upper back
Lower back
Right thigh
Left thigh
Right leg (below
the knee)
Left leg (below
the knee)
+1% for
genitals
Severity of Burns
First-degree burns (partial-thickness burn)
Only epidermis is damaged
Skin is red and swollen
Burns of increasing
severity, from top to
bottom: first-degree,
second-degree,
third-degree.
(b
)
Critical Burns
Burns are considered critical if
Over 25 percent of body has second-degree burns
Over 10 percent of the body has third-degree burns
There are third-degree burns of the face, hands, or
feet
Critical Burns
A patient has burns on the front of both arms
and her entire chest above her costal
margin. What is the most accurate estimate
of the amount of body surface burned
Cold sores
Caused by virus
Impetigo
Caused by bacterial infection
Psoriasis
Cause is unknown
Triggered by trauma, infection, stress
Skin Cancer
Cancerabnormal cell mass
Classified two ways
1. Benign
Does not spread
2. Malignant
Metastasizes (moves) to other parts of the body
ABCD Rule
A Asymmetry
Two sides of pigmented mole do not match
B Border irregularity
Borders of mole are not smooth
C Color
Different colors in pigmented area
D Diameter
Spot is larger than 6 mm in diameter
E = Evolution