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Fluid Mechanics Lab

Subject Code: MEL 3211


Group Topic for Design Experiment :Design &
development of convergent & divergent (c-d)
nozzle.
Group Members (Name and Registration No.) :
Sambit Sahoo:- 1471091005.
Bibhudutta Moharana:- 1471091007.
Tusar K. Mohanta:- 1471091008.

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Index
Aim of the Experiment
Experimental Set Up
Application of the Experiment
Theories and Formulas (Efficiency, Flow Rate, Pr. Drop etc.)
Calculation Table from Experimental Data
Plotting and Conclusion
Objective of the design experiment/project
Process parameters (Input)
Brief theory on the project topic
Steps for carrying out the project
How ABET outcomes B, G and K for the experiment and Project are satisfied?

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Aim of the Experiment

To verify Bernoullis
theorem in convergent &
divergent of (c-d) nozzle.
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Experimental Set Up

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Application of the Experiment


Bernoulli's principle can be used to calculate the lift force on an air
foil, if the behaviour of the fluid flow in the vicinity of the foil is
known. For example, if the air flowing past the top surface of an
aircraft wing is moving faster than the air flowing past the bottom
surface, then Bernoulli's principle implies that the pressure on the
surfaces of the wing will be lower above than below. This pressure
difference results in an upwards lifting force.
In Bunsens burner, the gas escapes through the fine nozzle with a high
velocity. It results in lowering of pressure in the neighbourhood of the
nozzle. Due to decrease in pressure inside the burner, the atmospheric
air enters through the holes . The air and the gas mixture rising up
produce a flame, when ignited.
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Theories and Formulas


Bernoullis principle can be derived from the principle of conservation of energy. This
states that, in a steady flow, the sum of all forms of mechanical energy in a fluid along a
streamline is the same at all points on the streamline. This requires that the sum of
kinetic energy and potential energy remain constant. Thus, an increase in the speed of
fluid occurs proportionately with an increase in kinetic energy, and a decrease in its
static pressure and potential energy. Bernoulli's principle can also be derived directly
from Newton's 2nd law. If a small volume of fluid is flowing horizontally from a region
of high pressure to a region of low pressure, then there is more pressure behind than in
front. This gives a net force on the volume, accelerating it along the streamline

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Theories and Formulas


Bernoulli equation is derived under the following assumptions:
fluid is incompressible ( density r is constant );
flow is steady, i.e. the fluid velocity at a point cannot change with time.
flow is frictionless (t = 0);
friction by viscous forces has to be negligible.
Then, it is expressed with the following equation:

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Calculation Table from Experimental Data

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Plotting
Distance ~Total energy head
20.3
20.2
20.2
20.1
20
19.9
Total energy heAD

19.8

19.8

19.7
19.6

19.6

19.5
19.4
19.3

23
Distance From inlet (X in cm)

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30.5

Conclusion
By using Bernoulli equation to calculate the velocity, it can be said that
the velocity of fluid increase as the fluid is flowing from a wider to
narrower tube and the velocity decrease in the opposite direction. This
also indicates that the pressure of fluid decreases as the velocity
increases.

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Objective of the Design Experiment/Project

Design and Development


of a Convergent &
Divergent nozzle.

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Brief theory on the project topic 1


Bernoulli's theorem is same as the principle of conservation of energy.
It states, in a steady flow, the sum of all forms of energy in a fluid
along a streamline is the same at all points on that streamline. This
requires that the sum of kinetic energy, potential energy and internal
energy remains constant. Thus an increase in the speed of the fluid
implies an increase in both its dynamic pressure and kinetic energy
occurs with a simultaneous decrease in the sum of its static pressure,
potential energy and internal energy.

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Brief theory on the project topic 2


()
= + +

=/ 2+
/+ ^2/2+

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Process Parameters

Inlet pressure-1.0 Mpa(g).


Inlet temperature-1000K.
Inlet velocity-100m/s.
Exit Mach number: Should not exceed 3.
Exit pressure:0.0 Mpa(g).

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Steps for carrying out the Project


All the information are collected from the cengel and cimbala book of
3rd edition and some of the slides from websites.
Datas collected from the above sources are briefly collected and
studied the theories and formula.
A skeletal procedure was done for the project and also the parameters
are considered.
The setup was done on solidworks.
All the theoretical are calculated from the given parameters.
Using the ANSYS software the practical value is taken out from the
setup and the comparision between theoritical and practical value is
done.

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How ABET outcomes B, G and K are satisfied


for the Experiment and Project?

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