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CHEMICAL

ROCKET
PROPULSION

INTRODUCTION
Rockets in which thrust is provided by the

product of a chemical reaction, usually


burning (or oxidizing) a fuel.
A chemical reaction combines two or more

kinds of chemicals and makes a different


chemical as a product.

CLASSIFICATION
TYPE OF PROPELLANTS:
SOLID PROPELLANT

ENGINE REQUIREMENTS

LIQUID

Thrust- time profile

GASEOUS

No. of thrust chambers

HYBRID

Total impulse
Number of restarts
Engine mass, size etc.

LIQUID PROPULSION
SYSTEM

A liquid propellant rocket propulsion system

is commonly called a rocket engine.

PARTS:
Tanks
Piping and feed mechanism
Pressurization systems
Valves and pumps
Combustor
nozzle

FEED MECHANISM
Pump feed system
Gas pressure feed system

THRUST CHAMBER / THRUSTER


Injector
Combustion chamber
nozzle

FUNCTIONS
Rise pressure of
propellant
Feed to thrust chamber

FUNCTIONS
Fuel metered
Injected
Atomized
Mixed
Burned to hot gases
Expelled through nozzle

THRUST CHAMBER CLASSIFICATION


1. COOLED

- Propellant (fuel) is circulated


through cooling jackets around TC
and nozzle to absorb heat
2. RADIATION COOLED
Use Niobium metal, which radiates
away excess heat
3. UNCOOLED / HEAT ABSORBING

PROPELLANTS
They are the working substance of rocket engines, constitute

the fluid that undergoes chemical and thermodynamic changes.


The term liquid propellant embraces all the various liquids

used and may be one of the following:


1. Oxidizer (Liquid oxygen, Nitric acid etc.)
2. Fuel (Liquid Hydrogen, alcohol etc.)
3. Chemical

compound or mixture of oxidizer


ingredients, capable of self-decomposition.

4. Any of the above, but with a gelling agent.

and

fuel

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
PROPELLANT
Bipropellant
and a fuel.

-two separate liquid propellants, an oxidizer

Monopropellant -oxidizing agent and combustible matter in


a single substance, decompose and yield hot combustion gases
when heated or catalyzed.
cold gas propellant N2 is stored at very high pressure (roll
and
attitude control)
cryogenic propellant
(vented tanks for storage)

-liquified gas at low temperature

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
PROPELLANT
Storable propellants
-liquid at ambient
temperature and can be stored for long periods
Space storable Propellant

-remains as liquid in
the environment of space, the storability depends on
the specific tank design, thermal conditions, and tank
pressure.

An example is ammonia, liquid Fluorine oxidizer, or

halogenated oxidizers.
Gelled propellant

-thixotropic liquid with a gelling


additive forming jelly or thick paint.

MIXTURE RATIO

= mass flow rate of oxidizer


= mass flow rate of fuel

PROPELLANT FEED
SYSTEMS
Two principal functions
to raise the pressure of the propellants
to feed them to one or more thrust chambers.

These functions comes either from a high-pressure gas,


centrifugal pumps, or a combination of the two.
TWO TYPES
1. Pressure feed system
2. Pump feed system

Parts
1. Piping
2. Series of valves
3. Provision for filling and removing
4. Control devices to initiate, stop
and regulate flow & operation

1. Pressure feed system


He gas is generally used for
pressurization

Hybrid rocket pressurization

1.PRESSURE FEED SYSTEM


ADVANTAGE: SIMPLICITY
DISADVANTAGE: TANKS MUST HAVE THICK WALLS TO
WITHSTAND HIGH PRESSURE AND ARE HEAVY

APPLICATION:
OMS (ORBITAL MANEUVER SYSTEM)
RCS (REACTION CONTROL SYSTEM)

2. Pump feed system

PUMP FEED SYSTEM


FEATURES:
Propellants are stored at relatively low pressures in thin-walled

tanks.
Pressurized by pumps before injection into the thrust chamber
Pumps are driven by Electric motors, Batteries or Turbines that

are powered by burning small amount of propellant.


Space Shuttle main engines: 2 low pressure booster pumps to

boost inlet pressure for two main turbo pumps. Propellants are
fed into combustor at pressures of 440 atm or higher.
Difference between injection pressure (440 atm) and chamber

pressure (bout 210 atm) enhance propellant spray and mixing.

Tank arrangements for large turbopump-fed


liquid propellant rocket engines.

FEATURES OF FEED SYSTEM


Enhance Safety:
SNIFF DEVICES: To detect leak of hazardous vapours
CHECK VALVES: To prevent back flow
RELIEF VALVES:

To prevent over pressurization of feed lines and

propellant tanks

Provide Control:
Sensor to measure temp., pressure, valve position, throttle etc.
Fault detection, identification and automatic remedy (shut-off &

isolation valves)
High tank expulsion with minimum residual or unavailable propellant.

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