Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Diseases
Dr. Rahul Netragaonkar
Associate Professor
Dengue
Plague
Yellow fever
Onchocerciasis
Loaiasis
West African
Trypanosomiasis
Typhus
Q fever
Louse-borne
relapsing fever
Leischmaniasis
Vectors of malaria
Anopheles culicifacies is the main vector of
malaria
1.Feeding habits
It is a zoophilic species
When high densities build up relatively large
numbers feed on men
2.Resting habits
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Contd.
3.Breeding places
Breeds in rainwater pools and puddles,
borrow pits, river bed pools, irrigation
channels, seepages, rice fields, wells, pond
margins, sluggish streams with sandy
margins.
Extensive breeding is generally
encountered following monsoon rains.
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Contd.
4.Biting time
Biting time of each vector species is determined
by its generic character, but can be readily
influenced by environmental conditions.
Most of the vectors, including Anopheles
culicifacies, start biting soon after dusk.
Therefore, biting starts much earlier in winter
than in summer but the peak time varies from
species to species.
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12
Contd.
2. Vector Control
(i) Chemical Control
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Contd.
(ii) Biological Control
Use of larvivorous fish in ornamental tanks,
fountains etc.
Use of biocides.
( iii) Personal Prophylactic Measures that
individuals/communities can take up
Use of mosquito repellent creams, liquids, coils,
mats etc.
Screening of the houses with wire mesh
Use of bed nets treated with insecticide
Wearing clothes that cover maximum surface area
of the body
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Contd.
5. Environmental Management & Source
Reduction Methods
Source reduction i.e. filling of the
breeding places
Proper covering of stored water
Channelization of breeding source
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Contd.
6.
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Investigation of all Malaria DeathsAll cases suspected to have died due to malaria are to be
investigated
Monitoring and control of all epidemics and
focal out breaks of malaria
Any increase in the number of fever cases suggestive of
malaria should be promptly investigated and
measures to contain the outbreak should be
instituted.
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National
Filaria Control Program
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REVISED STRATEGY
Annual Mass Drug Administration with single
dose of Diethyl carbamazine(DEC)was taken up
as a pilot
During 2004 about 400 million population were
brought under MDA.
This strategy is to be continued for 5 years or
more to the population excluding children
below two years, pregnant women and
seriously ill persons in affected areas to
interrupt transmission of disease.
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Contd.
Vector control through anti larval
spray at weekly intervals.
Biological control through
larvivorous fishes
Environmental engineering through
source reduction and water
management
Information, education and
communication
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What is Kala-azar?
Kala-azar is a slow progressing indigenous
disease caused by a protozoan parasite of
genus Leishmania
In India Leishmania Donavan is the only
parasite causing this disease
The parasite primarily infects
reticuloendothelial system and may be
found in abundance in bone marrow, spleen
and liver.
Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL)
is a condition when Leishmania donovani
invades skin cells, resides and develops
there and manifests as dermal leisions.
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Kala-Aar spread
Currently Kala-Azar is
endemic in
33 Districts of Bihar
3 Districts of Jharkhand
10 Districts of West Bengal
&
2 Districts of UP
Started as a Centrally
Sponsored
Programme in1990-91
It was merged with
NVBDCP in 2003-04
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Diagnosis
Clinical:
A case of fever of more
than 2 weeks duration
not responding to
antimalarials and
antibiotics. Clinical
laboratory findings may
include anemia,
progressive leucopenia
thrombocytopenia
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hypergammaglobuline
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37
Contd.
Also occurs in advanced stage of AIDS
All co-infected patients are not
symptomatic
Diagnosis may be altered because
symptoms may be of short duration; fever
and spleen may not be marked;
Leishmania antibodies may be
undetectable.
However peripheral blood smears of
buffycoat and blood culture may yield
good results
Response to treatment is poor; drug side38
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effects may be more and relapses may be
Control Strategy
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Strategy contd.
Programme strategy included:
- Vector control through insecticidal residual spray
41
Control of Dengue/DHF
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WHAT IS DENGUE
44
Dengue/DHF
There was a major out break of Dengue
/DHF in Delhi in 1996
Since than many focal outbreaks have
been reported from different areas of the
country mainly from urban areas.
This disease has been included in NVBDCP
in 2003 -04
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Control Strategy
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Strategy contd.
Programme strategy included:
- Vector control through Insecticidal residual
spray (IRS )with DDT up to 6 feet height from the
ground twice annually
- Early Diagnosis and Complete treatment
- Information Education Communication
- Capacity Building
Programme intensified in 1991-92 which led to
improved case registration through primary
health care system
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Japanese encephalitis
control
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Japanese encephalitis
Japanese Encephalitis is a viral disease
It is transmitted by infective bites of
female mosquitoes mainly belonging to
Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Culex vishnui and
Culex pseudovishnui group. However,
some other mosquito species also play a
role in transmission under specific
conditions
JE virus is primarily zoonotic in its natural
cycle and man is an accidental host.
JE virus is neurotorpic and arbovirus and
primarily affects central nervous system
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Contd.
Japanese Encephalitis is becoming a health
problem in a number of States especially in AP,
TN, Kerala, Karnataka , WB, Assam, Bihar, &
Haryana,
There was no national programme for this
disease and the affected states were managing
the problem with the technical Assistance from
the centre
This disease was included under the NVBDCP
in 2003-04
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How JE is transmitted?
Japanese encephalitis is a vector borne
disease.
Several species of mosquitoes are capable
of transmitting JE virus.
JE is a zoonotic infection. Natural hosts of JE
virus include water birds of Ardeidae family
(mainly pond herons and cattle egrets). Pigs
play an important role in the natural cycle
and serve as an amplifier host since they
allow manifold virus multiplication without
suffering from disease and maintain
prolonged viraemia.
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Contd.
Due to prolonged viraemia, mosquitoes
get opportunity to pick up infection from
pigs easily.
Man is a dead end in transmission cycle
due to low and short-lived viraemia.
Mosquitoes do not get infection from JE
patient
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56
Contd.
In acute encephalitic stage, symptoms noted in
prodromal phase convulsions, alteration of
sensorium, behavioural changes, motor paralysis
and involuntary movement supervene and focal
neurological deficit is common. Usually lasts for a
week but may prolong due to complications.
Amongst patients who survive, some lead to full
recovery through steady improvement and some
suffer with stabilization of neurological deficit.
Convalescent phase is prolonged and vary from a
few weeks to several months.
Clinically it is difficult to differentiate between JE
and other viral encephalitis
JE virus infection presents classical symptoms
similar to any other virus causing encephalitis
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Control Strategy
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Environmental control
Chemical control
Biological control
Genetic control
THANKS