Essential Questions:

Questions

What key changes in Europe took place in the 15th &

16th centuries that allowed for overseas colonization?

How did European exploration in America impact

native peoples?

What are the similarities & differences among the

Spanish, French, & British patterns of colonization in
America?

America Prior to
the Arrival of
Europeans

Locations of Major Indian Groups

and Culture Areas in the 1600s

The Old World

Explores
The New World

Europe in the Middle Ages

Why was it often called the Dark Ages?

Limited Exchange of Ideas

Curiosity and New Learning De-emphasized
Superstition Predominated
Travel Limited

When did this change?

The Crusades

Europe in the Middle Ages

What effect did the

Crusades have on
Europe?

Interest in the products of the

Middle East
and the Far East
Cheaper ways of getting these
products
TRANSPORTATION: Water vs.
Land

What products?
Gold/Silver/Jewels
Silk
Spices

Voyages of European
Exploration

The Treaty of Tordesillas

Spain versus Portugal

Why did the Age of Exploration

Occur?
What was the motivation of the individual
explorer, conquistador, monarch?
Materialism, personal wealth
Glory, personal fame
Religion, conversion of the heathens
Nationalism, promoting the wealth and
power of the nation
Scientific Curiosity

The Columbian Exchange

How did the European

Colonization
affect Native Culture?

New Products

Especially Cutting tools, metal

Loss of Land
Loss of Liberty
Diminishing of Culture

Language
Customs
Religion

How did the European

Colonization
affect Native Culture?

Diminishing of Numbers

Extinction

Example - Taino

90% death rate

War
Disease

Small Pox
Whooping Cough
Measles
Chicken Pox, etc.

How did Native American

Culture affect
Old World civilizations?

Money

Three times the gold and silver in Europe

Inflation
More money in more hands
More People wanting more goods
More People making more goods
Industrial Revolution

How did Native American

Culture affect
Old World civilizations?

Food

Corn
Tomatoes
Peppers
Chocolate
Pineapples
Sweet Potatoes
Potatoes ***

Health, Nutrition
Economic

How did Native American

Culture affect
Old World civilizations?

Medicine
Vitamins
Anesthetics for Surgery and Dentistry

Muscle relaxants for Lockjaw and Muscle spasms

Ipecac

Malaria

Guafenisen

Poison treatment

Curare

Expectorants for cold remedies

Cocaine and derivatives

Fever Bark - Quinine

Analgesics

Aspirin

How did Native American

Culture affect
Old World civilizations?

Recreation
Lacrosse
Tobacco
Chocolate

Government
Iroquois Confederacy
Federalism in the US Constitution

The Spanish
Colonies
in America

A World Transformed

Native Americans were eager for European

trade; they were not initially victims of
Spanish exploration
They became dependent on and indebted to
Europeans
Disease decimated perhaps 95% of Native
American population

TheSpanish
Spanish usedConquests
the encomienda&
system to
create
large
cash
crop
plantations
using
Colonies
Native
American
& African
slave labor
Spanish
missionaries
focused
heavily on converting Native
Americans & establishing missions

From Plunder to Settlement

By 1650, 1/2 million Spaniards

immigrated to the New World

Mostly unmarried males came to New World;

intermarriage led to mixed-blood mestizos &
mulattos
Distinguished between social classes:
peninsulares & creoles
The Spanish government operated strict
control over the colonies

Spanish Empire

Its conquering of the Americas would allow Spain to become

the most powerful empire in the world during the 16th Century
We came here to serve God and King and to get rich
Not only disease, but civil wars and religious superstitions
also allowed the Europeans, namely the Spanish, to conquer
the Native Americans (who GREATLY outnumbered the
explorers)
The advanced technology of the Europeans offered an
incredible advantage in combat
Gunpowder, cannon, and bullets vs. bows and arrows
Horses (transport and cavalry) and also pigs, cattle, and
goats (foodstuffs) played a very important role in conquest

Spanish-American Culture

The Spanish conquerors would establish the

encomienda system

Encomienda a system of villages granted to a

privileged Spanish officer or aristocrat

Was responsible for providing for Spanish missionaries

and contributing wealth to the empire
Extreme class discrepancy: at one end were the wealthy
conquistadores and at the other the impoverished
natives

The Spread of Catholicism

Catholic missionaries quickly spread to the Americas in the wake

of the conquistadors victories
The Natives were viewed as pagans and the Catholic religion
was in turn imposed upon the people

The spreading epidemics were seen as the wrath of God

upon the pagans and justified the actions of the god-fearing
Spanish
A few missionaries would become the only advocates that the
Natives had among the Europeans
Bartolome de la Casas and A Brief Relation of the
Destruction of the Indies

Poet Staceyann Chin reads Bartolom de Las Casas

Spanish Exploration of the

US
Spain would never develop successful settlements (in terms of trade

and power) in US territory mainly due to its primary lust for gold
and silver instead of developing centers of trade
Juan Ponce de Leon explored Florida
Hernando de Soto explored the Southeast US
Francisco Coronado explored the Southwest US
St. Augustine the oldest surviving settlement in the US,
established in 1565 in Florida
Spanish missions would dot the Southwest US with some surviving
today
Santa Fe was the 1st permanent seat of government in the US
By 1630 there were over 50 missions and 3,000 Spanish in the
New Mexico territory

The Horse

The introduction of the horse would forever

transform the Native American cultures of the US
Tribes such as those of the Great Plains
converted from agriculturally domestic to nomadic
within a very short period of time after acquiring
and breeding a significant horse population
Following the buffalo herds became the focus of
Native society

The French
Colonies
in America

The French Claim Canada

In 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded

Quebec; French Empire eventually included
St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi
The French government strictly controlled the
colonies but made little effort to encourage
settlement
Because the fur trade was the basis of the
colonial economy, Indians became valued
trading partners (not exploitive like Spain)

Like Spain, the French govt

encouraged converting Native
Americans & establishing missions