Cycle

1. Phosphorus Cycle
2. Nitrogen Cycle
3. Carbon Cycle
4. Hydrologic Cycle

Cycle

First What is Cycle?

* An interval of time during which a

characteristic, often regularly repeated
event or sequence of events occurs. A
single complete execution of a
periodically repeated phenomenon. A
periodically repeated sequence of events.

Phosphorus Cycle
1. Phosphorus Cycle:
Phosphorusis a chemicalelementfound on
Earth in numerouscompoundforms, such
as the phosphateion(PO43-), located in
water, soil andsediments. The quantities of
phosphorus in soil are generally small, and
this often limits plant growth. That is why
people often apply phosphatefertilizerson
farmland. Animals absorb phosphates by
eating plants or plant-eating animals.

The role of phosphorus in

animals and plants
Phosphorus is an essentialnutrientfor animals
and plants. It plays a critical role incell
development and is a key component of
molecules that store energy, such
asATP(adenosine triphosphate),DNAand lipids
(fats and oils). Insufficient phosphorus in the soil
can result in a decreasedcropyield.

Here are the key steps of

thePhosphorus Cycle:

1. Over time, rain andweatheringcause

rocks to release phosphate ions and other
minerals. Thisinorganicphosphate is then
distributed in soils and water.
2. Plants take up inorganic phosphate from
the soil. The plants may then be consumed
by animals. Once in the plant or animal, the
phosphate is incorporated intoorganic
molecules such as DNA. When the plant or
animal dies, it decays, and the organic
phosphate is returned to the soil.

Here are the key steps of

thePhosphorus Cycle:

3. Within the soil, organic forms of

phosphate can be made available to
plants bybacteria that break down
organicmatterto inorganic forms of
phosphorus. This process is known
asmineralization

4.Phosphorus in soil can end up in

waterways and eventually oceans. Once
there, it can be incorporated into
sediments over time.

Phosphorus Cycle

Most phosphorus is unavailable to

plants

Since most of our phosphorus is locked up

in sediments and rocks, its not available for
plants to use. A lot of the phosphorus in
soils is also unavailable to plants.

Soil phosphorus becomes unavailable

to plants through several routes:

Bacteria: Bacteria convert plant-available phosphate

into organic forms that are then not available to plants.
Although other bacteria make phosphate available by
mineralization, the contribution of this is small.
Adsorption: Inorganic (and available) phosphorus can
be chemically bound (adsorbed) to soil particles, making
it unavailable to plants.Desorptionis the release of
adsorbed phosphorus from its bound state into soil
solution.
pH: Inorganic phosphorus compounds need to be soluble
to be taken up by plants. This depends on the acidity
(pH) of the soil. If soils are less than pH 4 or greater than
pH 8, the phosphorus starts to become tied up with other
compounds, making it less available to plants.

Nitrogen Cycle

What is Nitrogen Cycle?

The nitrogen cycle describes how

nitrogen moves between plants, animals,
bacteria, the atmosphere (the air), and
soil in the ground. Nitrogen is an
important element to all life on Earth.

Nitrogen Cycle
Different Nitrogen States For Nitrogen to be
used by different life forms on Earth, it must
change into different states. Nitrogen in the
atmosphere, or air, is N2. Other important
states of nitrogen include Nitrates (N03),
Nitrites (NO2), and Ammonium (NH4).

Nitrogen Cycle
The most important part of the cycle is
bacteria. Bacteria help the nitrogen change
between states so it can be used. When
nitrogen is absorbed by the soil, different
bacteria help it to change states so it can
be absorbed by plants. Animals then get
their nitrogen from the plants.

Nitrogen Cycle

Process in the Nitrogen

Cycle

1. Fixation is the first step in the process of making nitrogen

usable by plants. Here bacteria change nitrogen into ammonium.
2. Nitrification - This is the process by which ammonium gets
changed into nitrates by bacteria. Nitrates are what the plants
can then absorb.
3. Assimilation - This is how plants get nitrogen. They absorb
nitrates from the soil into their roots. Then the nitrogen gets used
in amino acids, nucleic acids, and chlorophyll.
4. Ammonification - This is part of the decaying process. When a
plant or animal dies, decomposers like fungi and bacteria turn the
nitrogen back into ammonium so it can reenter the nitrogen cycle.
5. Denitrification - Extra nitrogen in the soil gets put back out into
the air. There are special bacteria that perform this task as well.

Nitrogen Cycle

Why is nitrogen important to life? Plants

and animals could not live without
nitrogen. It is an important part of many
cells and processes such as amino acids,
proteins, and even our DNA. It is also
needed to make chlorophyll in plants,
which plants use in photosynthesis to
make their food and energy.

Carbon Cycle

*The carbon cycle is the process in which

carbon atoms are recycled over and over
again on Earth. Carbon recycling takes
place within Earth'sbiosphereand
between living things and the nonliving
environment.

*The carbon cycle is just one of several

recycling processes, but it may be the
most important process since carbon is
known to be a basic building block of life.

Carbon Cycle

The total amount of carbon on Earth,

whether we are able to measure it
accurately or not, always remains the
same, although the carbon regularly
changes its form. A particular carbon atom
located in someone'seyelashmay have at
one time been part of some now-extinct
species, like a dinosaur. Since the dinosaur
died and decomposed millions of years ago,
its carbon atoms have seen many forms
before ending up as part of a human being.

Carbon Cycle

Carbon is found in great quantities in

Earth's crust, its surface waters, the
atmosphere, and the mass of green
plants. It is also found in many different
chemical combinations, including carbon
dioxide (CO2) and calcium carbonate
(CaCO3), as well as in a huge variety of
organic compounds such as hydrocarbons
(like coal, petroleum, and natural gas).

Carbon Cycle

Carbon Cycle

If a diagram were drawn showing the

different processes that move carbon
from one form to another, its main
processes would bephotosynthesis,
respiration,decomposition, natural
weathering of rocks, and
thecombustionof fossil fuels.

Carbon Cycle

1. Photosynthesis.Carbon exists in the atmosphere

as the compound carbon dioxide. It first enters the
ecological food web (the connected network of
producers and consumers) when photosynthetic
organisms, such as plants and certain algae, absorb
carbon dioxide through tiny pores in their leaves.
When plants are eaten by animals, their carbon is
passed on to those animals. Since animals cannot
make their own food, they must get their carbon
either directly by eating plants or indirectly by eating
animals that have eaten plants.

Carbon Cycle

2. Respiration.Respiration is the next step

in the cycle, and unlike photosynthesis, it
occurs in plants, animals, and even
decomposers. Although we usually think
only of breathing oxygen when we hear the
word "respiration," it has a broader meaning
that involves oxygen. To a biologist,
respiration is the process in which oxygen is
used to break down organic compounds into
carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).

Carbon Cycle

3. Decomposition.Decomposition is the
largest source through which carbon is
returned to the atmosphere as carbon
dioxide. Decomposers are microorganisms
that live mostly in the soil but also in
water, and which feed on the rotting
remains of plants and animals.
Decomposers not only play a key role in
the carbon cycle, but also break down,
remove, and recycle what might be called
nature's garbage.

Carbon Cycle

4. Weathering of rocks.Not all carbon

atoms are always moving somewhere in
the carbon cycle. Often, many become
trapped in lime rock, a type of stone
formed on the ocean floor by the shells of
marine plankton. When lime rock is
exposed to the natural process of
weathering, it slowly releases the carbon
atoms it contains, and they become an
active part of the carbon cycle once again

Carbon Cycle

5. Human-caused increase of carbon

dioxide in the atmosphere.
This constant burning produces massive
amounts of carbon dioxide, which are
released into Earth's atmosphere. Over the
last 150 years, the burning of coal, oil, and
natural gas has released some 270 billion
tons (245 billion metric tons) of carbon
into the air in the form of carbon dioxide.

Hydrologic Cycle or Water Cycle

- The water cycle is powered by the sun's

energy and by gravity. The sun kick starts the
whole cycle by heating all the Earth's water
and making it evaporate. Gravity makes the
moisture fall back to Earth.
-Thehydrologic cyclebegins with the
evaporation of waterfrom the surface of the
ocean. As moist air is lifted, it cools
andwatervapor condenses to form clouds.
Moisture is transported around the globe until it
returns to the surface as precipitation.

Hydrologic Cycle or Water Cycle

There are four main stages in the water

cycle. They are evaporation, condensation,
precipitation and collection. Let's look at
each of these stages.

1. Evaporation:This is when warmth from

the sun causes water from oceans, lakes,
streams, ice and soils to rise into the air and
turn into water vapor (gas). Water vapor
droplets join together to make clouds.
Transpiration to sublimation (solid to gas)

Hydrologic Cycle or Water Cycle

2. Condensation:This is when water

vapor in the air cools down and turns
back into liquid water.

3. Precipitation:This is when water (in

the form of rain, snow, hail or sleet) falls
from clouds in the sky.

Infiltration to run off

Hydrologic Cycle or Water Cycle

4. Collection:This is when water that

falls from the clouds as rain, snow, hail or
sleet, collects in the oceans, rivers, lakes,
streams. Most will infiltrate (soak into)
the ground and will collect as
underground water.

Hydrologic Cycle or Water Cycle

5. Precipitation- is the
process that occurs when any and all
forms of water particles fall from the
atmosphere and reach the ground. There
are two sub-processes that cause clouds to
release precipitation, the coalescence
process and the ice-crystal process. As
water drops reach a critical size, the drop is

Hydrologic Cycle or Water Cycle

6. INTERCEPTION
Interception is the process of interrupting the
movement of water in the chain of transportation
events leading to streams. The interception can
take place by vegetal cover or depression
storage in puddles and in land formations such
as rills and furrows.

Hydrologic Cycle or Water Cycle

7. INFILTRATION
Infiltration is the physical process involving
movement of water through the boundary area
where the atmosphere interfaces with the soil.
The surface phenomenon is governed by soil
surface conditions. Water transfer is related to
the porosity of the soil and the permeability of
the soil profile.

Hydrologic Cycle or Water Cycle

8. PERCOLATION
Percolation is the
movement of water though the soil, and it's
layers, by gravity and capillary forces. The
prime moving force of groundwater is
gravity. Water that is in the zone of aeration
where air exists is called vadose water.

Hydrologic Cycle or Water Cycle

9. TRANSPIRATION
Transpiration is the biological process
that occurs mostly in the day. Water
inside of plants is transferred from the
plant to the atmosphere as water vapor
through numerous individual leave
openings.

Hydrologic Cycle or Water Cycle

10. RUNOFF
Runoff is flow from a drainage basin or
watershed that appears in surface
streams. It generally consists of the flow
that is unaffected by artificial diversions,
storages or other works that society
might have on or in a stream channel.

Hydrologic Cycle or Water Cycle

11. STORAGE
There are three basic locations of water storage
that occur in the planetary water cycle. Water is
stored in the atmosphere; water is stored on
the surface of the earth, and water stored in the
ground.Water stored in the atmosphere can be
moved relatively quickly from one part of the
planet to another part of the planet.

Thank you for listening

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