P547

Phase Comparison Protection
Andrew Darby
Protection Products
APPS Course, 2005
MiCOM P547
The numerical successor for P10/P40

within the MiCOM range
3
> Title of presentation - Date - References
HV/EHV Protection Applications
Distance protection
<20ms (50Hz)
LFZR, (P437 - Static O/P)
20-30ms
MiCOM P441/2
Busbar Differential
MiCOM P740
Transformer Differential
MiCOM P63x
(KBCH)
Line Protection
Current Differential
MiCOM P541-P546
Phase Comparison
MiCOM P547
Directional Comparison LFDC

Autoreclosers
MiCOM P84x
(LFAA)
MiCOM Protection
P940 Frequency Protection Relays

P840 Autoreclose
P740 Busbar Protection Relays
P630 Transformer Protection Relays
P540 Line Differential and Unit Protection
P547
P440 Distance Protection Relays

P340 Generator Protection Relays
P240 Universal Motor Protection Relay
P140 Feeder Management Relays

5
Traditional Choice:
Distance and Unit Protection
Main 1
P44x/P43x
P547
Main 2
(Standby)
P14x ?
V and I
Dependent
6
Current - Based
(If needed
by utility)
6
P540 Main Protection

Phase 2 Models
Main Protection
21/21G
67/67N
50/51(N)
A/R
1.5 CB
I/O
8/7
16/14
16/14
P546
P547
Phase Comparison
P541
P542
P543
P544
P545
16/14
24/32
24/32
8/8 *
Models P543-P546 cover both single and three pole tripping

applications
P541, P542 and P547 cover three pole trip applications only
(P547 can be used with 1ph/3ph trip phase selector)
P547 is the MiCOM Phase Comparison Relay
* = 8+2/8+2
7
P547 Protection Functions
Phase
Comparison
Charging Current
Compensation
Broken
Conductor
Detection
Single End
Tripping
Three Pole
Tripping
Unstabilising
Facility
Breaker
Failure
Negative Sequence
Protection
Thermal
Protection
Overcurrent
& SEF
MiCOM Phase Comparison
Advantages
Mode of protection where PLC exists.

Provides unit protection without fibre optic connection.
No VT input required.
Communication medium is as reliable as the Power Line
itself.
PLC = Power Line Carrier (High

frequency teleprotection)
9
Principle of Phase Comparison Normal Load Conditions

End Y
End X
I Y(+)
Terminal currents
Mark
Modulated signals
Space
I X (+)
Space
Mark
Mark Mark
Composite - (usually no PLC signal transmission for load)
IX + IY = 0 BLOCK
10
10
Principle of Phase Comparison Internal Fault

End Y
End X
I Y(+)
I X (+)
IF
Terminal currents
Mark
Modulated signals
Space
+
Mark
Space
Mark
Space
Composite modulated signal
IX + IY 0 (= IF) Fault TRIP

11
11
Principle of Phase Comparison External Fault

End Y
End X
I Y(+)
I X (+)
+
Terminal currents
Mark
Modulated signals
Space
+
Mark
Space
Mark Mark
Composite modulated signal
IX + IY = 0 BLOCK
12
12
PLC Connections
End X
End Y
Line Trap
Third Party
PLC,
Coupling
Equipment
Line Trap
Coupling
Coupling
PLC
PLC
PLC
Interface
13
MiCOM
P547
Third Party
PLC,
Coupling
Equipment
PLC
Interface
13
Ensuring PLC Repeatability,

Compatibility & Suitability
End X
End Y
Line Trap
Third Party
PLC,
Coupling
Equipment
Line Trap
PLC
PLC
Interface
14
Coupling
Coupling
PLC
Approved
by
AREVA
Only !
Third Party
PLC,
Coupling
Equipment
PLC
PLC
Interface
14
Connections Relay - PLC - Relay:

Two Copper Wire Pairs (4 Leads)
+
PLC
Not a comms. protocol, simply Cu leads

P547 and PLC contacts are static outputs for fast
switching
P547 dedicated fast scan I/O is additional to 8I/8O
standard I/O
Opto
Out
Opto
Out
15
P547
15
Principle of Phase Comparison Summary (1)
c
x - y =180
BLOCK
x - y = 0
TRIP
SYSTEM STABILITY ANGLE - s.

Charging Current Compensation - C.
16
16
Principle of Phase Comparison - Summary (2)
s is the system stability angle, recommended setting for short

lines is 30o.
s compensates for general tolerances in PLC, relay, CT nonlinearity and changes in atmospheric conditions since the last
propagation delay measurement.
A 30o setting (-30o to +30o) means that a carrier gap/space of
longer than 60/360 = 1/6th cycle, is needed to trip
c increases s, to remove any false gap due to charging
current creating a difference between infeed and outfeed
current
c is set by Ic setting: the charging current for half of the line
17
17
Charging Current Compensation

Typical Charging Currents against Line Voltage
A/km
1
0.3
132kV
400kV
Line Volts
Overhead lines
18
18
Recommended Stability Angle Setting Variation with km
Length
(km)
150 km
200 km
250 km
300 km
350 km
400 km
Length
(miles)
90 mi
125 mi
155 mi
185 mi
215 mi
250 mi
30
35
40
45
50
55
For lines longer than 150 km, a 5 degree increase in s is recommended for
each additional 50 km.
Capacitive charging current constraints limit phase comparison application
to a practical maximum of 400 km line length (250 miles).
19
19

Single phase mode - Carrier transmitted for half cycle only
Modulated Local
From Remote End
t=0, time at which local hi-set picks up
Example:
For a stability angle of 30 degrees and nominal frequency of

50 Hertz.
The width of the measured gap (g) that the relay will be
looking for to give a trip decision is : g > (2 x 30/360) x (1/50) = 3.3 ms
Note: Charging current compensation is not included in
this example
20
20
Modulating Quantity
Unbalanced faults will have negative sequence

component
The positive sequence component is used to counter the
effects of the negative sequence component due to
unbalanced charging current in the case of three phase
faults.
The modulating quantity is
where 3K20
21
-I1 + KI2
21
Adaptive K - Intelligent Mode Setting
35
For heavy prefault load, or power
swings, need to boost I2 effect to keep
earth fault sensitivity
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
10
Pre Fault Load /Earth Fault Setting

22
22
Earth Fault Sensitivity if

Set to User Mode
Local End Current
Contribution, IF
K > 3.IFLC /IF + 1
Load, IFLC
LOAD
Remote end AN fault

23
23
Starters - to Detect the Fault and

Control Carrier Send & Tripping
Starters
Delta/Impulse -ve sequence
Current :-
(0.05- 0.6 In)
Delta/Impulse +ve sequence
i rly
(0.05-0.6 In)
Threshold -ve sequence (I2)
(0.05 -5.0 In)
Threshold +ve sequence (I1)
Fault
Prefault
=
i mem
(0.05 - 5.0 In)
Delta always set more sensitive

ir
= Superimposed
24
24
FD High Set
Starter
Starters
Ia
Ib
Ic
I1
Sequencer
RX from
remote end
Mixer
Gap
Detection
Gap meas. Starts

when input is
going low
Trip
Decision
Trip/Block
I2
FD low set
Starter
Starters
- I1+K
25
PHASE
COMP.
I2
TX to
remote end Mark/space
Trip stops
carrier
keyring
25
Auxiliary Functions
Channel Test
Propagation Delay measurement
Receiver Symmetry Adjustment
Charging Current Compensation
Unstabilising Facility
26
26
Propagation Delay
Where is the Propagation delay introduced?
Delay in supplying i/p pulse to PLC equipment, PLC

equipment processing time (rising edge and lag at switch
off burst on falling edge).
Delay at receiving end - PLC processing time and delay by

the relay in measuring the time period of the input pulse.
Propagation delay of the HF carrier along the power line

(negligible = 3s per km)
27
27
Propagation Delay
Why does the propagation delay need to be considered ?
If it is not considered the effective stability

angle s has to be set much higher
This would limit the maximum line length
Propagation delay test is automatically instigated at user set

time intervals
28
28
Measuring Propagation Delay

& Symmetry Adjustment
Tx1on
MASTER(Local)
SLAVE(Remote)
Tx1of
Rx1on Rx1of
10 ms
pulse
20 ms wait
Rx2on Rx2of
Tx1on Tx1of
Rx1on Rx1of
20 ms wait
Tx2on Tx2of
Rx2of Rx2on
10 ms
pulse
Local Symmetry=(Rx1OFF - Rx1ON)-10 msecs
Time
Time
The propagation delay = (Rx2ON-Tx1ON - 20) / 2 msecs
Remote Symmetry=(Rx2OFF - Rx2ON)-10 msecs

29
29
Local Symmetry Measurement
PLC equipment tends to elongate any sent ON pulse

A simplex PLC channel has only one HF send frequency.
As the relay sends a 10ms ON pulse to the PLC, it is injected
onto the power line as a burst of carrier which causes channel
pickup at both local and remote ends.
The PLC channel receive input at the local end P547 receives
an echo of the sent pulse.
This local end echo is used to check for local transmit/receive
symmetry
Local echo
30
30
Remote Symmetry Measurement
PLC equipment tends to elongate any sent ON pulse

As the relay sends a 10ms ON pulse to the PLC, it is injected
onto the power line as a burst of carrier which causes channel
pickup at both local and remote ends.
After a fixed 20ms wait interval, the remote end P547 returns
the received pulse.
The returned echo is used to check for remote transmit/receive
symmetry
Loop echo
31
31
Propagation Delay Measurement
The master relay sends a 10ms ON pulse to the PLC, it is

injected onto the power line as a burst of carrier which causes
channel pickup at the remote end.
After a fixed 20ms wait interval, the remote end P547 returns
the received pulse.
The time interval between the sent and received pulse, minus
the 20ms wait is the loop delay.
One-way channel delay is half the loop delay.
Loop echo
32
32
Commissioning:
On Load Stability Test (1)
Propagation delay measurement is used for hand

shaking
The relays at both ends key the carrier using the
modulated load current for 150 ms
3 Gaps less than stability angle constitutes a
successful measurement
This procedure indicates phase rotation and CT polarity
errors
33
33
On Load Stability Test (2)
End Y
End X
I Y(+)
Terminal currents
Mark
Space
Modulated signals
I X (+)
Mark
Space
Mark Mark
XXX
Modulated load current = 150ms continuous mark = OK
If CT reversed (orange), Gaps appear
34
34
Unstabilising Facility
End X
End Y
I X (+)
IF
P547
Busbar
Protection
I Y(+)
P547
OPTO
Fault within short zone between circuit breaker and CT

Blocking condition for the relay - EXTERNAL FAULT
Busbar protection can provide unstabilising input to the phase
comparison scheme via an opto-input
Relay at End X will trip and carrier transmission will cease,
enabling relay at End Y to trip as well
35
35
Single Pole Tripping
Although the P547 is three pole tripping, single pole

tripping can be achieved by using a P442 as a phase
selector. P442 also incorporates autoreclose.
P547
P442
A
TRIP
B
C
36
36
Application Setting (1):

Unbalanced Loading
Railway
transformer
I2 Low Set Starter must be set
greater than standing load
unbalance
I2 High Set needs to be 125% to
200% of the low set to give
margin
37
37

Positive Sequence Starters
I1 low set must be set above the maximum load current

I1 low set must be set above peak power swing current,
to prevent Continuous Transmission Alarm being raised
for slow swings
Typical swing = 2 In ; set to 2.5 or 3 In.

I1 high set needs to be 125% to 200% of low set to give
adequate margin
38
38

-ve Sequence Delta Starters
(3 x I2 High Set) = Effective earth fault
sensitivity of the scheme
Starters are set more sensitive than threshold
starters
39
39

+ve Sequence Delta Starters
Line
Ich(L)
Ich(R)
High set must be set above total line charging

current (2 x Ich) to avoid tripping for closing CB
High set should be set < 3 phase fault level,
typically 50% of Ifmin 3
40
40

Set SOTF DDB Assignment
Delay on
Drop of
52b
CB Open
Opto Input
52b
Set SOTF
200ms
Automatically increases I1, I2 and Start I2 fault

detectors to at least (2 x Ich)
41
41
MiCOM Px40 Series Common Backup Protection

Functions
Over-current Protection
Sensitive Earth Fault protection
Broken Conductor
Negative Sequence Protection
CB Failure
Thermal Overload
Cold Load Pick up
42
42
Backup Overcurrent Protection

51P/51N
Four stages of non-directional backup phase

overcurrent protection
I>1 and I>2 IDMT or definite time

I>3 and I>4 definite time (t=0, instantaneous)
Four stages of non-directional earthfault protection
IN>1 and IN>2 IDMT or definite time

IN>3 and IN>4 definite time (t=0, instantaneous)
I> and IN> elements can be enabled permanently, or on
indication of PLC channel failure
43
43
Backup Overcurrent Protection

51P/51N IDMT Curves
IEC Curves
Operating Time (s)
1000
100
IEC SI
IEC VI
IEC EI
IEC LTS
IEEE Curves
Operating Time (s)
100
US MI
US VI
US EI
US I
US SI
10
10
1
1
0.1
0.1
1
10
100
Current (Multiples of Is)
44
1
10
100
Current (Multiples of Is)
44
Thermal Overload
Overcurrent protection designed for fault conditions
Thermal replica provides better protection for
overload
Current measuring
Flexible characteristics
Single or dual time constant
Reset facility
Non-volatile
Time
Current
45
45
Broken Conductor Protection (1)
Majority of system faults are a result of short circuits

Easily detectable
Possibility of open circuit faults exist
Difficult to detect with conventional protection
46
46
Broken Conductor Protection (2)

Existing detection methods;
Combination of under/overcurrent logic
Negative phase sequence overcurrent
Consider suitability for all load conditions
P547 uses a ratio technique:

I2 is high for open circuit fault condition
I1
Benefit: Load conditions have minimal effect
Also may be used to supervise CT inputs
47
47
Circuit Breaker Failure
Backtrip
Two stage
External initiation
Fast reset
Retrip
Blocking scheme
compatible
Trip
BF INIT
From other device
48
48
Bay Monitoring
CB state/discrepancy monitoring
CB condition monitoring: Number of Trip operations
Sum of broken current; Ix
(1.0 <= x <= 2.0)
CB operating time
CB operations during period
Condition based maintenance
49
49
Local Communications
Settings
(4 groups available)
Maintenance
Records
MiCOM S1
Menu Text
Control
Commissioning
50
Measurements
50
Remote Communications
Protocols
Courier (K-Bus)
Modbus
IEC60870-5-103
51
Digital Control
Systems
51
MiCOM P547 Series

Summary
Simple, low cost unit protection
No need for digital communications
PLC is under the utilitys control, unlike third party
telecommunications
Unit protection option without continuous communication ON/OFF mode
3 pole tripping, or 1/3 pole with P442
Self monitoring removes the need for extensive periodic
injection testing
Condition monitoring of CB bay aids maintenance scheduling
Good complement to distance protection in Main 1/Main 2
schemes
52
52

P547

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

P547

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Phase Comparison Protection

APPS Course, 2005

The numerical successor for P10/P40

> Title of presentation - Date - References

HV/EHV Protection Applications

LFZR, (P437 - Static O/P)

Directional Comparison LFDC

> Title of presentation - Date - References

P940 Frequency Protection Relays

P440 Distance Protection Relays

P140 Feeder Management Relays

> Title of presentation - Date - References

> Title of presentation - Date - References

P540 Main Protection

Models P543-P546 cover both single and three pole tripping

> Title of presentation - Date - References

P547 Protection Functions

> Title of presentation - Date - References

MiCOM Phase Comparison

Mode of protection where PLC exists.

PLC = Power Line Carrier (High

> Title of presentation - Date - References

Principle of Phase Comparison Normal Load Conditions

> Title of presentation - Date - References

Principle of Phase Comparison Internal Fault

IX + IY 0 (= IF) Fault TRIP

> Title of presentation - Date - References

Principle of Phase Comparison External Fault

> Title of presentation - Date - References

> Title of presentation - Date - References

Ensuring PLC Repeatability,

> Title of presentation - Date - References

Connections Relay - PLC - Relay:

Not a comms. protocol, simply Cu leads

> Title of presentation - Date - References

Principle of Phase Comparison Summary (1)

SYSTEM STABILITY ANGLE - s.

> Title of presentation - Date - References

Principle of Phase Comparison - Summary (2)

s is the system stability angle, recommended setting for short

> Title of presentation - Date - References

Charging Current Compensation

> Title of presentation - Date - References

Recommended Stability Angle Setting Variation with km

> Title of presentation - Date - References

Phase Comparison Protection

t=0, time at which local hi-set picks up

For a stability angle of 30 degrees and nominal frequency of

> Title of presentation - Date - References

Unbalanced faults will have negative sequence

> Title of presentation - Date - References

Adaptive K - Intelligent Mode Setting

Pre Fault Load /Earth Fault Setting

> Title of presentation - Date - References

Earth Fault Sensitivity if

K > 3.IFLC /IF + 1

Remote end AN fault

> Title of presentation - Date - References

Starters - to Detect the Fault and

Delta/Impulse -ve sequence

(0.05- 0.6 In)

Delta/Impulse +ve sequence

Threshold -ve sequence (I2)