Fluid Mechanics

(CHE F212)

Dr. SAROJ SUNDAR BARAL

BITS Pilani
K K Birla Goa Campus

Instructor-In-Charge

BITS Pilani
K K Birla Goa Campus

INTRODUCTION

Outline
Definition of a fluid
Fluid mechanics?
Scope/objectives of the course
Basic equations
Methods of analysis
Dimensions and units
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Dr. S. S. Baral

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

What is a fluid?
Stress (tensile, compressive and shear)
Solid vs fluid
When a shear stress is applied:
o Solids deform or bend
o Fluids continuously deform

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Dr. S. S. Baral

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Definition of a fluid
Fluid is a substance that deforms continuously under the
application of shear (tangential) stress no matter how small the
shear stress may be
Fluids Liquids and gases (e.g. water and air)
No slip condition for fluid
o Fluid in contact with solid surface does not slip
Fluid velocity will be same as solid surface velocity

Main characteristics of a fluid we are interested in

- Velocity
- Pressure
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9/13/16

Dr. S. S. Baral

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Fluid mechanics ?
Mechanics

Study of forces and motions

Fluid mechanics
Fluid Statics (branch that deals with bodies at rest)
Stationary fluid (Pressure Important characteristic)
Fluid Dynamics (branch that deals with bodies in motion)
Fluid in motion (Velocity, pressure important)
One of the transport phenomenon
Driving force Pressure difference
Science that deals with the behaviour of fluids at rest or in motion,
and interaction of fluids with solids or other fluids at the
boundaries
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9/13/16

Dr. S. S. Baral

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Why to study fluid mechanics?

Majority of chemical engineering operations are conducted
either partly or totally in the fluid phase
Reason for emphasis on fluid
-

At typical operating conditions, enormous number of materials

exist as gases or liquids or can be transformed into these phases
quite easily
More efficient and cost effective to work with fluids than solids

Applications

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Industrial (energy, power plants, piping system)

Medical/Biomedical
Aerodynamics
Automobiles
Dr. S. S. Baral

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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Scope and objectives of the

course
Understanding basic principles, balance equations,
fundamental concepts, and practical aspects
related to fluid mechanics and fluid flow operations
that a chemical engineer meets regularly.
Introduction to the field of Fluid Mechanics to
Chemical Engineers
Handout (CHE F212)
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Dr. S. S. Baral

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Basic equations / principles

Conservation of mass
Newtons second law of motion
The principle of angular momentum
The first law of thermodynamics
The second law of thermodynamics
Additional equations
Physical properties of fluid (e.g. Ideal gas law)

Can be used to solve mathematically for desired forces, velocities,

etc. for simple flows
Need to rely on experiments to study complex flows
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9/13/16

Dr. S. S. Baral

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Methods of analysis
First step to solve a problem To define a system
(open or closed)
System
(or Closed system)
Fixed, identifiable quantity of mass
System boundaries
- Separate system and surrounding, can be fixed or
movable.
- No mass crosses the system boundaries
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9/13/16

Dr. S. S. Baral

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Method of analysis
Control volume
(or Open system)
Arbitrary volume in space
through which fluid flows
Boundaries (Control surface)
- Can be real or imaginary
- May be in rest or in motion

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9/13/16

Dr. S. S. Baral

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Differential vs Integral
approach
Differential
approach
Infinitesimal system
or control volume
Resulting equations
are
differential
equations
Helps to determine
detailed behavior of
the fluid flow
Dr. S.S. Baral

Integral approach
Finite system or
control volume
Resulting equations
are integral
formulation
Used when information
on gross behavior of
the system is required
(detailed knowledge of
flow is not required
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Methods of description
Lagrangian
Method of description that follows a particle (fixed,
identifiable mass)

Eulerian
Method of description that focuses on the properties of
a flow at a given point in space as a function of time

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9/13/16

Dr. S. S. Baral

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Dimensions and units

Dimensions
Physical quantities like length, mass, time, etc.

Primary and secondary quantities

Systems of dimensions
[M], [L], [t], and [T]
[F], [L], [t], and [T]
[F],[M], [L], [t], and [T]
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Dr. S. S. Baral

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Dimensions and units

Systems of units
MLtT
SI (kg, m, s, K)

FLtT
British Gravitational (lbf, ft, s, oR)

FMLtT
English Engineering (lbf, lbm, ft, s, oR)

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Dr. S. S. Baral

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus