Chap8-FIR Filter Design

Chapter 8
FIR Filter Design

Content
Introduction
Properties of Linear-Phase FIR Filters
Window Design Techniques
Copyright 2005. Shi Ping CUC
Introduction
The advantages of the FIR digital filter
The phase response can be exactly linear;
They are relatively easy to design since there are

no stability problems;
They are efficient to implement;
The DFT can be used in their implementation.
Introduction
The advantages of a linear-phase response
Design problem contains only real arithmetic and

not complex arithmetic;
Linear-phase filter provide no delay distortion and

only a fixed amount of delay;
For the filter of length N (or order N-1) the number

of operations are of the order of N/2.
Introduction
The basic technique of FIR filter design
Window design techniques;
Frequency sampling design techniques;
Optimal equiripple design techniques.
return

The system function and frequency response
The system function of FIR filters
Let h(n), n=0,1,,N-1 be the impulse response of

length N. Then the system function is
H (z)
N 1
n
h
(
n
)
z
n 0
It has (N-1) poles at the origin and N-1 zeros

located anywhere in the z-plane.
The frequency response of FIR filters
H ( e j )
M 1
j n
h
(
n
)
e
n0
H (e j ) e j ( ) H ( )e j ( )
H ( e j )
Magnitude response function
H ( ) Amplitude response function

The difference between H (e j ) and H ( )
H ( e j ) is always positive and the associated phase

response is a discontinuous function.
H ( ) may be both positive and negative and the
associated phase response is a continuous

function.
Consider the following example:
h(0) 1, h(1) 1, h( 2) 1
H (e ) h( n)e
j
j n
n0
1 e j e j 2 (1 2 cos )e j
j
H (e ) 1 2 cos , 0
0 2 / 3
( )
2 / 3
H ( ) 1 2 cos
( )

Linear-phase conditions
N 1
For
H ( z ) h( n) z n
n0
H (e ) H ( )e
( )
( )
d ( )

d
j ( )
A constant group delay

For ( )
The phase response is through the origin.
h( n) h( N 1 n)
For ( )
The phase response is not through the origin.
h( n) h( N 1 n)

Frequency response of linear-phase FIR filters
N 1
H ( z ) h( n) z
n0
N 1
[ h( m )]z
N 1
[ h( N 1 n)]z
n0
( N 1 m )
( N 1 )
m 0
H (z) z
N 1
h(m )z
m 0
( N 1 )
H (z )
H (z) z
( N 1 )
H (z )
1
H ( z ) [ H ( z ) z ( N 1) H ( z 1 )]
2
1 N 1
n
( N 1 ) n
h( n)[ z z
z ]
2 n0
z
N 1 N 1
)
2
h(n)[
n0
N 1
n)
2
z
2
N 1
n)
2
Symmetric impulse response
h( n) h( N 1 n)
H ( e j ) H ( z ) z e j
e
j(
N 1
) N 1
2
h(n)[
n0
j(
j(
N 1
1 )
2
e
2
j(
N 1
1 )
2
N 1
) N 1
2
N 1
h( n) cos[(
n) ]
2
n0
N 1
H ( ) h( n) cos[(
n) ]
2
n0
N 1
N 1
( ) (
)
2
N 1
Antisymmetric impulse response h( n) h( N 1 n)
H ( e j ) H ( z ) z e j
e
j(
N 1
) N 1
2
h(n)[
j(
N 1
1 )
2
n0
j(
e
2
j(
N 1
1 )
2
N 1
) j N 1
2
2
N 1
h( n) sin[(
n) ]
2
n0
N 1
H ( ) h( n) sin[(
n) ]
2
n0
N 1
N 1
( ) (
)
2
2
N 1

The properties of amplitude function H ( )
Type 1: symmetric impulse response, N is odd
N 1
H ( ) h( n) cos[(
n) ]
2
n0
N 1
N 1 ( N 3) / 2
N 1
H ( ) h(
) 2h( n) cos[(
n) ]
2
2
n0
N 1 ( N 1 ) / 2
N 1
h(
) 2h(
m ) cos( m )
2
2
m 1
N 1
( N 1 ) / 2
n m
a ( n) cos(n)
2
n0

H ( )
( N 1 ) / 2
a(n) cos(n)
n0
N 1
a ( 0) h(
)
2
The middle sample
N 1
N 1
a ( n) 2h(
n), n 1,2, ,
2
2
Type 2: symmetric impulse response, N is even
N 1
H ( ) h( n) cos[(
n) ]
2
n0
N 1
N /2
1
H ( ) b( n) cos[ ( n )]
2
n 1
N
N
b( n) 2h( n), n 1,2, ,
2
2
Type 3: antisymmetric impulse response, N is odd
N 1
H ( ) h( n) sin[(
n) ]
2
n0
N 1
H ( )
( N 1 ) / 2
c( n) sin(n)
n 1
N 1
N 1
c( n) 2h(
n), n 1,2, ,
2
2
Type 4: antisymmetric impulse response, N is even
N 1
H ( ) h( n) sin[(
n) ]
2
n0
N 1
N /2
1
H ( ) d ( n) sin[ ( n )]
2
n 1
N
N
d ( n) 2h( n), n 1,2, ,
2
2

Zero locations of linear-phase FIR filters
H (z) z
( N 1 )
H (z )
If H (z ) has a zero at z z1 re j
Then for linear phase there must be a zero at
1 1 j
z e
z1 r
For a real-valued filter, there must be zeros at
z z1 re j
1 1 j
z e
z1 r
return

Basic window design idea
Choose a proper ideal frequency-selective filter

(which always has a noncausal, infinite-length
impulse response);
Then truncate (window) its impulse response to

obtain a linear-phase and causal FIR filter.
The emphasis is on
Selecting an appropriate ideal filter;
Selecting an appropriate windowing function.


Denote an ideal frequency-selective filter by H d (e j )
j
e
, | | c
j
H d (e )
0, c | |
hd ( n) F
1
H d (e )
2
j
j n
c sin[ c ( n )]
d
c (n )
w ( n ) RN ( n )
Windowing
hd ( n), 0 n N 1
h( n) hd ( n)w ( n)
otherwise
0,
N 1
N 1
sin c ( n 2 )
, 0 n N 1
c
h( n)
N 1
c (n
)
0,
otherwise
The effect of Window function
1
H (e )
2
j
H d (e j )W (e j ( ) )d
N 1
W (e ) w ( n)e
j
j n
n0
N
N 1
N 1
sin(
)
(
)
j
j n
2
2
W R (e ) e
e
W R ( )e
n0
sin( )
2
N
sin(
)
2
W R ( )
sin( )
2
N 1
j (
)
2
H d (e ) H d ( )e
j(
N 1
)
2
| | c
1,
H d ( )
0, c | |
1
j
H (e )
2
e
j(
N 1
)
2
( )e
1
H ( )
2
j(
N 1
)
2
W R ( )e
j(
N 1
)( )
2
( )W R ( )d H ( )e
j(
N 1
)
2
( )W R ( )d
The conclusion
Since the window w (n) has a finite length equal to N, its

response has a peaky main lobe whose width is
proportional to 1/N, and has side lobes of smaller heights.
The periodic convolution produces a smeared version of

the ideal response H d (e j )
j
The main lobe produces a transition band in H (e )
whose width is responsible for the transition width. This
width is then proportional to 1/N. The wider the main lobe,
the wider will be the transition width.
The side lobes produces ripples that have similar shapes

in both the passband and stopband.

Windowing functions
Rectangular window
This is the simplest window function but provides the

worst performance from the viewpoint of stopband
attenuation. The width of main lobe is 4 / N
w ( n) RN ( n),
W R (e j ) W R ( )e
j (
N 1
)
2
N
sin(
)
2
W R ( )
sin( )
2
Gibbs phenomenon
The truncation of the infinite length hd (n) will

introduce ripples in frequency response H ( ) .
The oscillatory behavior near the band edge of
the filter is called the Gibbs phenomenon.
When the N is increased:
The transition band of the filter will decrease
But the relative amplitude of the peaky values will
remain constant.
Bartlett window
Since the Gibbs phenomenon results from the fact that
the rectangular window has a sudden transition from 0 to
1 (or 1 to 0), Bartlett suggested a more gradual transition
in the form of a triangular window. The width of main lobe
is 8 / N
w ( n)
2
W ( e j )
N
2n
N 1
, 0n
N 1
2
2n
N 1
2
,
n N 1
N 1
2
N
sin
4

sin
2
j(
N 1
)
2
, ( N 1, N 1 N )
Hanning window
This is a raised cosine window function given by:
1
2 n
w ( n) 1 cos
RN ( n )
2
N 1
2
2
W ( ) 0.5W R ( ) 0.25 W R (
) W R (
)
N
N
( N 1)
The width of main lobe is:
8
N
Hamming window
This is a modified version of the raised cosine window.
2 n
w ( n) 0.54 0.46 cos
RN ( n )
N 1
2
2
W ( ) 0.54W R ( ) 0.23 W R (
) W R (
)
N
N
( N 1)
8
N
Blackman window
This is a 2-order raised cosine window.
2 n
4 n
w ( n) 0.42 0.5 cos
0.08 cos
RN ( n)
N 1
N 1
2
2
W ( ) 0.42W R ( ) 0.25 W R (
) W R (
)
N
N
4
4
0.04 W R (
) W R (
)
N
N
( N 1)
12
N
Kaiser window
This is one of the most useful and optimum windows.
2
n
I0 1 1
N 1
R ( n)
w ( n)
N
I0 ( )
2
Where I 0 () is the modified zero-order Bessel function,

and is a parameter that can be chosen to yield various
transition widths and stopband attenuation. This window
can provide different transition widths for the same N.
0 rectangular window
5.44 Hamming window
8.5 Blackman window
The design equations for Kaiser window

Given p , s , R p , As
The norm transition width:
The filter order N:
s p
As 7.95
N
2.286
0.1102 ( As 8.7)
As 50dB
0.5842( As 21)0.4 0.07886( As 21) 21dB As 50dB
0
As 21dB
Summary of window function characteristics

Window function
Window
name
Peak value The width of

of side lobe
main lobe
Rectangular
-13 dB
Bartlett
-25 dB
Hanning
-31 dB
Hamming
-41 dB
Blackman
-57 dB
12
Filter
Transition
width
1.8
4.2
6.2
6.6
11
N
N
N
N
N
Min.
stopband
attenuation
-21 dB
-25 dB
-44 dB
-53 dB
-74 dB

Design procedure
Given the ideal frequency response H d (e j )
Compute the impulse response hd (n) of ideal filter
Determine the window shape and N from the

minimum stopband attenuation As and the transition
width s p
Compute the impulse response of the designed filter

h( n) hd ( n)w ( n)
Compute the frequency response H (e j ) of the

designed filter and verify the performance

Examples of FIR linear-phase filter design
Digital FIR lowpass filter
Example
Design a digital FIR lowpass filter:
sample 2 1.5 104 (rad / sec)

p 2 1.5 10 3 (rad / sec)
s 2 3 10 3 (rad / sec)
As 50 dB
Solution:
Compute the digital frequencies
2 p
sample
0.2 ,
2 s
s
0.4
sample
p s
c
0.3 , s p 0.2
2
Derive the frequency response of ideal FIR lowpass filter
j
j
e
,
|
e
, | | 0.3
j
c
H d (e )
0, c | | 0, 0.3 | |
Compute the impulse response of the ideal filter
1
hd ( n)
2
j n
c sin[ c ( n )]
d
c (n )
sin[0.3 ( n )]
(n )
Determine the window shape and N
As 50 dB
Hamming
6.6

0.2 , N 33,
N
N 1
16
2
2 n
w ( n) 0.54 0.46 cos
RN ( n )
N 1
n
0.54 0.46 cos
R33 ( n)
16
sin[0.3 ( n 16)]
hd ( n)
( n 16)
h( n) hd ( n)w ( n)
sin[0.3 ( n 16)]
n
0.54 0.46 cos

R33 ( n)
( n 16)
16
Compute the frequency response of the designed filter
H (e j ) DTFT[h( n)]
Verify the performance of the designed filter
R p 0.073 dB
As 46 dB
It is not satisfied by this design
Let N = 34 and redesign
R p 0.048 dB
As 52 dB
Digital FIR highpass filter
An ideal FIR highpass filter can be obtained from two ideal

FIR lowpass filters, provided they have the same phase
response.
The frequency response of an ideal FIR highpass filters

j
e
, c | |
j
H d (e )
| | c
0,
The impulse response of an ideal FIR highpass filters
1
j
j n
hd ( n)
H
(
e
)
e
d
1 c j ( n )
j ( n )
e
d
e
d
2
sin[ ( n )] sin[ c ( n )]
(n )
(n )
Example
s 0.4 , As 60 dB
Design a digital FIR highpass filter :
p 0.6 , R p 0.5 dB
Solution:
s 0.4 , p 0.6
p s
c
0.5 , p s 0.2
2
As 60 dB
Blackman
11

0.2 , N 55,
N
55 1
27
2
Note: the N must be odd for FIR highpass filters
Derive the impulse response of ideal FIR highpass filter
sin[ ( n )] sin[ c ( n )]
hd ( n)
(n )
(n )
sin[ ( n 27 )] sin[0.5 ( n 27 )]
( n 27)
( n 27 )
2 n
4 n
w ( n) 0.42 0.5 cos
0.08 cos
N 1
N 1
2 n
4 n
0.42 0.5 cos
0.08 cos
54
54
RN ( n)
R55 ( n)
h( n) hd ( n)w ( n)
R p 0.0039 dB
As 71 dB
It is satisfied by this design
Digital FIR bandpass filter
An ideal FIR bandpass filter can be obtained from two

ideal FIR lowpass filters, provided they have the same
phase response.
c2
c1
c1
c2
The frequency response of an ideal FIR bandpass filters

j
e
, c 1 | | c 2
j
H d (e )
otherwise
0,
1
j
j n
hd ( n)
H (e )e d
2
c 2
1 c 1 j ( n )
j ( n )
e
d
e
d
c1
2 c 2
sin[ c 2 ( n )] sin[ c1 ( n )]
(n )
(n )
Example
Design a digital FIR bandpass
filter :
s1 0.2 , As1 60 dB
p1 0.35 , R p1 1 dB
p2
0.65 , R p 2 1 dB
s 2 0.8 , As 2 60 dB
Solution:
p1 s 1
p2 s2
c1
0.275 , c 2
0.725
2
2
min[( p1 s1 ), ( s 2 p 2 )] 0.15
As 60 dB
Blackman
11

0.15 , N 74,
N
74 1
36.5
2
Derive the impulse response of ideal FIR bandpass filter
sin[ c 2 ( n )] sin[ c 1 ( n )]
hd ( n)
(n )
(n )
sin[0.725 ( n 36.5)] sin[0.275 ( n 36.5)]
( n 36.5)
( n 36.5)
2 n
4 n
w ( n) 0.42 0.5 cos
0.08 cos
RN ( n)
N 1
N 1
2 n
4 n
0.42 0.5 cos
0.08 cos
73
73
R74 ( n)
h( n) hd ( n)w ( n)
R p1 0.003 dB,
R p 2 0.003 dB
As1 73 dB,
As 2 73 dB
Digital FIR bandstop filter

An ideal FIR bandstop filter can be obtained from three
ideal FIR lowpass filters, provided they have the same
phase response.
c2
c1
c1
c2
The frequency response of an ideal FIR bandpass filters

j
e
, 0 | | c 1 , c 2 | |
j
H d (e )
otherwise
0,
1
j
j n
hd ( n)
H (e )e d
2
c1
1 c 2 j ( n )
j ( n )
j ( n )
e
d
e
d
e
d
c 1
c 2
2
sin[ ( n )] sin[ c 2 ( n )] sin[ c 1 ( n )]
(n )
(n )
(n )
Example
Design a digital FIR bandstop filter :
p1 0.3 , R p1 0.5 dB
s1 0.4 , As1 40 dB
s 2 0.6 , As 2 40 dB
p 2 0.7 , R p 2 0.5 dB
Solution:
p1 s 1
p2 s2
c1
0.35 , c 2
0.65
2
2
min[( s1 p1 ), ( p 2 s 2 )] 0.1
As 40 dB
Hanning
6.2
63 1

0.1 , N 62, N 63
31
N
2
Note: the N must be odd for FIR bandstop filters
Derive the impulse response of ideal FIR bandstop filter
sin[ ( n )] sin[ c 2 ( n )] sin[ c1 ( n )]

hd ( n)
(n )
(n )
(n )
sin[ ( n )] sin[0.65 ( n )] sin[0.35 ( n )]
(n )
(n )
(n )
1
2 n
w ( n) 1 cos
2
N 1
1
2 n
1 cos
2
61
RN ( n)
R63 ( n)
h( n) hd ( n)w ( n)
R p1 0.0884 dB,
R p 2 0.0884 dB
As1 44 dB,
As 2 44 dB
return
Magnitude Response
Amplitude Response
-1
-1
0
2/3
Frequency in pi units
Phase Response
angle in pi units
angle in pi units
Piecewise Phase Response
2/3
1/3
1/3
-2/3
0
2/3
-2/3
0
2/3
return
h(n), N is odd
phase Response
-2
N 10
-4
5
4
3
-6
-8
-10
1
0
0.5
1
1.5
( )
N 1
2
h( n) h( N 1 n)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 n
h(n), N is even
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
return
Phase Response
0.5
0
-2
h(n), N is odd
N 10
-4
-6
-8
0
0.5
1
1.5
( )
N 1
,
2
2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 n
h(n), N is even
h( n) h( N 1 n)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
return
Type-1 Impulse Response
20
10
10
H(w)
5
h(n)
Type-1 Amplitude Response
-10
-5
0
10 n
-20
0.5
1
1.5
frequency in pi units
Type-1 Pole-Zero Plot
Imaginary Part
0, , 2
0.5
10
-0.5
-1
-1
0
Real Part
return
40
20
H(w)
h(n)
10
-20
-5
0
10

1
Imaginary Part
0.5
-40
0.5
1
1.5
H ( ) | 0
11
-0.5
-1
-1
0
Real Part
return
40
10
20
H(w)
5
h(n)
-20
-5
0
10 n
-40
0.5
1
1.5
0, , 2
Imaginary Part
1
0.5
H ( ) | 0 , , 2 0
10
-0.5
-1
-1
0
Real Part
return
30
20
H(w)
h(n)
10
10
0
-5
0
10
-10
0.5
1
1.5
Imaginary Part
0, , 2
1
0.5
H ( ) | 0 0
11
-0.5
-1
-1
0
Real Part
return
jIm[z]
Quadruplet
Re[z]
return
hd (n)
0.2
w ( n ) RN ( n )
0.15
0.1
0.05
-0.05
-10
-5
10
15
20
25
30
return
w ( n ) RN ( n )
hd (n)
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
-0.05
-10
-5
10
15
20
25
30
return
N
sin(
)
2
W R ( )
sin( )
2
N 20
20
15
10
2
N
-5
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
return
W R ( )
H d ( )
N 20 c 0.5
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-1
H ( )
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
2000
1500
1000
500
0
-1
return
W R ( )
N 20,
c 0.5
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-1
H ( )
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
2000
1500
1000
500
0
-1
H ( )
Amplitude response
2000
1500
1000
500
0
-1
H ( e j )
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Magnitude response
2000
1500
s p
1000
500
0
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
return
Rectangular window: N=25
Magnitude response
25
0.8
20
0.6
15
0.4
10
0.2
10
15
20
25
Amplitude response
20
10
-0.5
0
0.5
Amplitude response of filter: wc=0.5pi

2000
4
N
1500
1000
500
0
-1
0
-1
4
N
0
-0.5
0
0.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
Rectangular window: N=25
Magnitude response
0.8
-10
dB
0.6
-20
0.4
-30
0.2
0
10
15
20
25
-40
-1
Amplitude response
-0.5
0
0.5
Magnitude response of filter: wc=0.5pi

0
20
-10
dB
-20
10
1.8
N
-30
0
-1
-40
-0.5
0
0.5
-50
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
return
N=7
Gibbs
N = 21
2000
2000
1500
1500
1000
1000
500
500
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
-1
N = 51
2000
1500
1500
1000
1000
500
500
0
-0.5
0
0.5
N = 101
2000
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
return
Triangular window: N=35
Magnitude response
0
1
0.8
-20
dB
0.6
0.4
-40
0.2
0
20
10
20
-60
-1
30
Amplitude response
0
-10
dB
8
N
-0.5
0
0.5
4.2
N
-20
-30
0
-1
15
10
-0.5
0
0.5
-40
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
return
Hanning window: N=35
Magnitude response
0
1
0.8
-20
dB
0.6
0.4
-40
0.2
0
10
20
-60
-1
30
Amplitude response
-0.5
0
0.5

0
15
5
0
-1
-20
8
N
-0.5
0
0.5
dB
10
6.2
N
-40
-60
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
return
Hamming window: N=35
Magnitude response
0
1
0.8
-20
dB
0.6
0.4
-40
0.2
0
20
10
20
-60
-1
30
Amplitude response
5
0
-1

0
15
-20
8
N
-0.5
0
0.5
dB
10
-0.5
0
0.5
6.6
N
-40
-60
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
return
Blackman window: N=35
Magnitude response
0.8
-20
dB
0.6
-40
0.4
-60
0.2
0
10
20
-80
-1
30
Amplitude response
0
-20
10
dB
12
N
-40
-0.5
0
0.5
11
N
-60
0
-1
15
-0.5
0
0.5
-80
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
return
Kaiser window: N=35,beta=7.865
Magnitude response
0
-20
0.8
dB
0.6
0.4
20
-60
-80
0.2
0
-40
-10
0
n
-100
-1
10
Amplitude response
0
-20
10
-40
dB
15
10

N
-60
-80
0
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
-0.5
0
0.5
-100
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
Kaiser window: N=35,beta=9.5
Magnitude response
0
-20
0.8
dB
0.6
0.4
20
-60
-80
0.2
0
-40
-10
0
n
-100
-1
10
Amplitude response
0
-20
10
-40
dB
15
-60
-80
0
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
-0.5
0
0.5
-100
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
return
Ideal Impulse Response
N 33
0.3
0.2
0.8
Hamming Window
0.6
0.1
0.4
0.2
0
10
15
20
25
30 n
Actual Impulse Response
10
15
20
25
30 n
Magnitude Response in dB
0.3
-20
dB
0.2
0.1
0
-40
-60
-80
10
15
20
25
30 n
-100
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1 pi
return
N 34

0.3
0.2
0.8
Hamming Window
0.6
0.1
0.4
0.2
0
10
15
20
25
30 n
10
15
20
25
30 n
0.3
-20
dB
0.2
0.1
0
-40
-60
-80
10
15
20
25
30 n
-100
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1 pi
return
0.6
N 55
1
0.4
0.8
0.2
0.6
0.4
-0.2
-0.4
0.2
0
10
20
30
40
50 n
0.6
10
20
30
40
50
0
-20
0.4
-40
dB
0.2
0
-60
-80
-0.2
-0.4
Blackman Window
-100
0
10
20
30
40
50 n
-120
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1 pi
return
s1
0
Rp
1 dB
p1
p2
s2
0.2 0.35
0.65
0 .8
( )
As 60 dB
return
N 74
0.3
0.2
0.8
0.1
Blackman Window
0.6
0.4
-0.1
0.2
-0.2
0
20
40
60
40
60
0.3
20
-20
0.2
-40
dB
0.1
0
-0.1
-60
-80
-0.2
-100
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70 n
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1 pi
return
R p 0.5 dB
p1
s1
s2
p2
0 .3
0.4
0.6
0 .7
( )
As 40 dB
return
0.8
N 63
1
0.6
0.8
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.4
0
-0.2
0.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60 n
0.8
10
20
30
40
50
60 n
0
-10
0.6
-20
0.4
dB
-30
-40
0.2
-50
0
-0.2
Hanning Window
-60
0
10
20
30
40
50
60 n
-70
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1 pi
return

Chap8-FIR Filter Design

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Chap8-FIR Filter Design

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Chapter 8

FIR Filter Design

Copyright 2005. Shi Ping CUC

The phase response can be exactly linear;

They are relatively easy to design since there are

They are efficient to implement;

The DFT can be used in their implementation.

Copyright 2005. Shi Ping CUC

Design problem contains only real arithmetic and

Linear-phase filter provide no delay distortion and

For the filter of length N (or order N-1) the number

Copyright 2005. Shi Ping CUC

Window design techniques;

Frequency sampling design techniques;

Optimal equiripple design techniques.

Copyright 2005. Shi Ping CUC

Properties of Linear-Phase FIR Filters

The system function of FIR filters

Let h(n), n=0,1,,N-1 be the impulse response of

It has (N-1) poles at the origin and N-1 zeros

Properties of Linear-Phase FIR Filters

The frequency response of FIR filters

Magnitude response function

H ( ) Amplitude response function

Properties of Linear-Phase FIR Filters

The difference between H (e j ) and H ( )

H ( e j ) is always positive and the associated phase

H ( ) may be both positive and negative and the

associated phase response is a continuous

Consider the following example:

Copyright 2005. Shi Ping CUC

Properties of Linear-Phase FIR Filters

A constant group delay

Properties of Linear-Phase FIR Filters

The phase response is through the origin.

The phase response is not through the origin.

Copyright 2005. Shi Ping CUC

Properties of Linear-Phase FIR Filters

Properties of Linear-Phase FIR Filters

Copyright 2005. Shi Ping CUC

Symmetric impulse response

Copyright 2005. Shi Ping CUC

Antisymmetric impulse response h( n) h( N 1 n)

Copyright 2005. Shi Ping CUC

Properties of Linear-Phase FIR Filters

Type 1: symmetric impulse response, N is odd

Copyright 2005. Shi Ping CUC

Properties of Linear-Phase FIR Filters

The middle sample

Copyright 2005. Shi Ping CUC

Properties of Linear-Phase FIR Filters

Type 2: symmetric impulse response, N is even

Properties of Linear-Phase FIR Filters

Type 3: antisymmetric impulse response, N is odd

Properties of Linear-Phase FIR Filters

Type 4: antisymmetric impulse response, N is even

Properties of Linear-Phase FIR Filters

Copyright 2005. Shi Ping CUC

Window Design Techniques

Choose a proper ideal frequency-selective filter

Then truncate (window) its impulse response to

Selecting an appropriate ideal filter;

Selecting an appropriate windowing function.

Window Design Techniques