Course

Year
Version

: S0484/Foundation Engineering
: 2007
: 1/0

Session 17 18
PILE FOUNDATIONS

PILE FOUNDATIONS
Topic:
Types of pile foundation
Point bearing capacity of single pile
Friction bearing capacity of single pile
Allowable bearing capacity of single pile

INTRODUCTION

TYPES OF PILE FOUNDATION

STEEL PILE

TYPES OF PILE FOUNDATION

CONCRETE PILE

TYPES OF PILE FOUNDATION

CONCRETE PILE

TYPES OF PILE FOUNDATION

TYPES OF PILE FOUNDATION

WOODEN PILE

TYPES OF PILE FOUNDATION

COMPOSITE PILE
COMBINATION OF:
- STEEL AND CONCRETE
- WOODEN AND CONCRETE
- ETC

PILE CATEGORIES
Classification of pile with respect to load transmission and functional behaviour:

1. END BEARING PILES

These piles transfer their load on to a firm stratum located at a
considerable depth below the base of the structure and they derive
most of their carrying capacity from the penetration resistance of the
soil at the toe of the pile

2. FRICTION PILES
Carrying capacity is derived mainly from the adhesion or friction of the
soil in contact with the shaft of the pile

3. COMPACTION PILES
These piles transmit most of their load to the soil through skin friction. This
process of driving such piles close to each other in groups greatly reduces the
porosity and compressibility of the soil within and around the groups.

PILE CATEGORIES

END BEARING PILE

PILE CATEGORIES

FRICTION PILE

PILE CATEGORIES
Classification of pile with respect to effect on the soil
- Driven Pile
Driven piles are considered to be displacement piles. In the process of
driving the pile into the ground, soil is moved radially as the pile shaft enters
the ground. There may also be a component of movement of the soil in the
vertical direction.

PILE CATEGORIES
Classification of pile with respect to effect on the soil
- Bored Pile
Bored piles(Replacement piles) are generally considered to be nondisplacement piles a void is formed by boring or excavation before piles is
produced.
There are three non-displacement methods: bored cast- in - place piles,
particularly pre-formed piles and grout or concrete intruded piles.

PILE CATEGORIES

DETERMINATION OF PILE LENGTH

BEARING CAPACITY OF PILE

Two components of pile bearing capacity:

1. Point bearing capacity (QP)
2. Friction bearing capacity (QS)

QU QP QS

BEARING CAPACITY OF PILE

POINT BEARING CAPACITY

For Shallow Foundation
- TERZAGHI
SQUARE FOUNDATION
qu = 1,3.c.Nc + q.Nq + 0,4..B.N
CIRCULAR FOUNDATION
qu = 1,3.c.Nc + q.Nq + 0,3..B.N

- GENERAL EQUATION

qu c.Nc.Fcs .Fcd .Fci q.Nq.Fqs .Fqd .Fqi 0,5. .B.N .Fs .Fd .Fi

Deep Foundation
qu = qP = c.Nc* + q.Nq* + .D.N*

Where D is pile diameter, the

3rd part of equation is
neglected due to its small
contribution

qu = qP = c.Nc* + q.Nq* ; QP = Ap .qp = Ap (c.Nc* + q.Nq*)

Nc* & Nq* : bearing capacity factor by Meyerhoff, Vesic and Janbu
Ap : section area of pile

POINT BEARING CAPACITY

MEYERHOFF

PILE FOUNDATION AT UNIFORM SAND LAYER (c = 0)

QP = Ap .qP = Ap.q.Nq* Ap.ql
ql = 50 . Nq* . tan (kN/m2)

Base on the value of N-SPT :

qP = 40NL/D 400N

(kN/m2)

Where:
N = the average value of N-SPT
near the pile point (about 10D
above and 4D below the pile
point)

POINT BEARING CAPACITY

MEYERHOFF

POINT BEARING CAPACITY

MEYERHOF

PILE FOUNDATION AT MULTIPLE SAND LAYER (c = 0)

QP = Ap .qP
qP ql l

q q L

l d

l l

10 D

ql d

Where:
ql(l) : point bearing at loose sand layer (use loose
sand parameter)
ql(d) : point bearing at dense sand layer (use dense
sand parameter)
Lb = depth of penetration pile on dense sand layer

ql(l) = ql(d) = 50 . Nq* . tan (kN/m2)

POINT BEARING CAPACITY

MEYERHOF

PILE FOUNDATION AT SATURATED CLAY LAYER (c 0)

QP = Ap (c.Nc* + q.Nq*)
For saturated clay ( = 0), from
the curve we get:
Nq* = 0.0
Nc* = 9.0
and

QP = 9 . cu . Ap

POINT BEARING CAPACITY

VESIC

BASE ON THEORY OF VOID/SPACE EXPANSION

PARAMETER DESIGN IS EFFECTIVE CONDITION

QP = Ap .qP = Ap (c.Nc* + o.N*)

WHERE:
o = effective stress of soil at pile point

1 2Ko
q'
3

o'

Ko = soil lateral coefficient at rest = 1 sin

Nc*, N* = bearing capacity factors

Nc* Nq * 1 cot
3Nq *
N *
1 2 K o

POINT BEARING CAPACITY

VESIC

According to Vesics theory

N* = f (Irr)
where
Irr = Reduced rigidity index for the soil

I rr

Ir
1 Ir

Ir = Rigidity index

Ir

Es
Gs

21 s c q ' tan c q' tan

Es = Modulus of elasticity of soil

s = Poissons ratio of soil
Gs = Shear modulus of soil
= Average volumetric strain in the plastic zone below the pile point

POINT BEARING CAPACITY

VESIC

For condition of no volume change (dense sand or saturated clay):

= 0 Ir = Irr
For undrained conditon, = 0

Nc*

4
ln I rr 1 1
3
2

The value of Ir could be estimated from laboratory tests i.e.: consolidation

and triaxial
Initial estimation for several type of soil as follow:
Type of soil

Ir

Sand

70 150

Silt and clay (drained)

50 100

Clay (undrained)

100 200

POINT BEARING CAPACITY

JANBU

QP = Ap (c.Nc* + q.Nq*)

Nq* tan 1 tan .e 2 'tan

Nc* Nq * 1 cot

POINT BEARING CAPACITY

BORED PILE

QP = . Ap . Nc . Cp
Where:
= correction factor
= 0.8 for D 1m
= 0.75 for D > 1m
Ap = section area of pile
cp = undrained cohesion at pile point
Nc = bearing capacity factor (Nc = 9)

FRICTION RESISTANCE

Qs p.L. f
Where:
p = pile perimeter
L = incremental pile length over which p and f are taken constant
f = unit friction resistance at any depth z

FRICTION RESISTANCE

SAND

Qs p.L. f

f K . v '. tan
Where:
K = effective earth coefficient
= Ko = 1 sin (bored pile)
= Ko to 1.4Ko (low displacement driven pile)
= Ko to 1.8Ko (high displacement driven pile)
v = effective vertical stress at the depth under consideration
= soil-pile friction angle
= (0.5 0.8)

FRICTION RESISTANCE

CLAY

Three of the presently accepted procedures are:

method
This method was proposed by Vijayvergiya and
Focht (1972), based on the assumption that the
displacement of soil caused by pile driving results
in a passive lateral pressure at any depth.
method (Tomlinson)
method

FRICTION RESISTANCE

CLAY - METHOD

Qs p.L. f av

f av v ' 2cu

Where:
v= mean effective vertical stress
for the entire embedment length
cu = mean undrained shear strength ( = 0)

VALID ONLY FOR ONE

LAYER OF HOMOGEN
CLAY

FRICTION RESISTANCE

CLAY - METHOD
FOR LAYERED SOIL

cu

cu ,1.L1 cu , 2 .L2 ...

L

A1 A2 A3 ...
v'
L

FRICTION RESISTANCE

CLAY - METHOD

Qs p.L. f

f .cu
For cu 50 kN/m2
=1

FRICTION RESISTANCE

CLAY - METHOD

Qs p.L. f

f . v '
Where:
v= vertical effective stress
= K.tanR
R = drained friction angle of remolded clay
K = earth pressure coefficient at rest
= 1 sin R (for normally consolidated clays)
= (1 sin R) . OCR (for overconsolidated clays)

FRICTION RESISTANCE

BORED PILE

Qs 0.45 cu p L
Where:
cu = mean undrained shear strength
p = pile perimeter
L = incremental pile length over which p is taken constant

ULTIMATE AND ALLOWABLE BEARING

CAPACITY
DRIVEN PILE

QU QP QS
QU
Qall
FS
Qall

FS= 2.5 - 4

QP QS

3 1 .5

BORED PILE

QU
Qall
2.5

D < 2 m and with expanded at pile point

QU
Qall
2

no expanded at pile point

EXAMPLE
A pile with 50 cm diameter is penetrated into clay soil as shown in the
following figure:
5m
5m

NC clay
GWL

= 18 kN/m3
cu = 30 kN/m2
R = 30o

20 m

OC clay (OCR = 2)
= 19.6 kN/m3
cu = 100 kN/m2
R = 30o

Determine:
1. End bearing of pile
2. Friction resistance by , , and methods
3. Allowable bearing capacity of pile (use FS = 4)