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Machine
Design I
ME 307
Machine
Design I
18-1
18-2
18-3
18-4
18-5
18-6
18-7
18-8
Introduction .922
Geometric Constraints .927
Strength Constraints .933
Strength Constraints Additional Methods .940
Shaft Materials .944
Hollow Shafts .944
Critical Speeds (Omitted) .945
Shaft Design .950
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Design I
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usually of standard
stress concentration
stress concentrations
once the details are
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LEC 31 Slide 4
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Machine
Design I
Shoulders for bearing and gear support should match the catalog
recommendation for the specific bearing or gear.
A look through bearing catalogs shows that a typical bearing calls
for the ratio of D/d to be between 1.2 and 1.5.
For a first approximation, assume D/d =1.5 can be assumed.
Fillet radius at the shoulder needs to be sized to avoid
interference with the fillet radius of the mating component. There
is a significant variation in typical bearings in the ratio of fillet
radius r/d versus bore diameter, with
CH-18
LEC 31 Slide 5
ME 307
Machine
Design I
Figures A-15-8 and A-15-9 show that the stress concentrations for
bending and torsion increase significantly in this range. For
example, with D/d = 1.5 for bending
r/d
0.02
0.05
0.1
Kt
2.7
2.1
1.7
In most cases the shear and bending moment diagrams show that
bending moments are quite low near the bearings, since the
bending moments from the ground reaction forces are small.
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Design I
Fig. 7-9b.
Fig. 7-9c.
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Machine
Design I
Figure 7-9
Techniques for reducing stress concentration at a shoulder supporting a bearing
with a sharp radius. (a) Large radius undercut into the shoulder. (b) Large radius
relief groove into the back of the shoulder. (c) Large radius relief groove into
the small diameter.
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LEC 31 Slide 9
ME 307
Machine
Design I
This has the disadvantage of reducing the cross-sectional area, but is often
used in cases where it is useful to provide a relief groove before the
shoulder to prevent the grinding or turning operation from having to go all
the way to the shoulder.
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Machine
Design I
Table 7-1
First iteration estimates for stress concentration factors Kt
Warning: These factors are only estimates for use when actual dimensions are not
yet determined. Do not use these once actual dimensions are available.
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LEC 31 Slide 13
ME 307
Machine
Design I
Distortion-Energy-Elliptic
xa
32 Ma
Kf
3
xym
16Tm
K fs
3
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LEC 31 Slide 14
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Machine
Design I
Gerber
n 'a n 'm
1
Se
Su
2
ASME-Elliptic
n 'a
n 'm
1
Sy
Se
Chapter 18: Axles and Shafts
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LEC 31 Slide 15
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Machine
Design I
Problem 18-10
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Design I
Problem 18-10
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Design I
Problem 18-10
Gear
Roller
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Design I
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Design I
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Design I
Problem 18-11
1. Using a 1035 hot rolled steel, estimate the necessary diameter at the
locations of peak bending moment using a design factor of 2. These
are likely to be fillets at both ends of the right hand bearing seat,
where the bending moment is slightly less than the local extreme.
2. Estimating the fatigue stress-concentration factor as 2, and using a
design factor of 2, what is the approximate necessary diameter of
the bearing seat using the DE-elliptic fatigue failure criterion in
Problem 18-10?
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LEC 31 Slide 21
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Machine
Design I
Problem 18-11
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Machine
Design I
Problem 18-11
16n
2
2 1/2
d
4 M 3T
S y
1/3
0.6in
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Machine
Design I
Problem 18-11
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Hollow Shafts
ME 307
Machine
Design I
do
K fsTm
K f M a
16 n
4
3
4
(1 di do ) Se
S y
2 1/2
1/3
where di and do are respectively the inner and outer diameters of the
shaft.
With this, one can consider that the stress-strength analysis is
completed. You have obtained the minimum diameter at the critical
section that can withstand the applied loads.
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Shaft Design
ME 307
Machine
Design I
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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LEC 31 Slide 26
Shaft Materials
ME 307
Machine
Design I
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LEC 31 Slide 27
Shaft
ME 307
Machine
Design I
Design?
Shaft rotating?
Shaft rotating?
Static Analysis
Eq. 6-43 or 6-45
Fatigue Analysis
Reversed
bending & steady
torque?
Static Analysis
Eq. 6-44 or 6-46
Static Analysis
Eq. 6-42 or 6-44
d'
Fatigue Analysis
n
N
Y
Eq. 18-17 or 18-22
Reversed
bending & steady
torque?
d
N
d. NE. d
Y
d = Critical shaft
diameter
Complete shaft
geometry & perform
Deformation analysis
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Machine
Design I
Geometric Constraints
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Design I
Shaft shoulders are used to position and provide necessary thrust supports
for elements such as bearings, gears, pulleys, Provisions must be made
for torque-transfer elements such as keys, splines, pins
The theoretical stress concentration factors for shoulders, grooves and
transverse holes can be obtained from appendix [A15+]. Others are
Kt = 2.0
Kt = 1.6
Sled runner
keyseat
Shoulders
Shoulder
Groove
Shoulders
Profile keyseat
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Machine
Design I
Shaft Geometry
To determine the entire geometry of the shaft one has to rely on existing
models. Some of these models are given in figures 18-1 through 18-8 of
the Textbook. More shaft configurations can be found in the FAG
handbooks of the Design of Rolling Bearing Mountings.
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Design I
The
superposition
method,
which
utilizes
Appendix
A-9,
is
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Design I
1.
2.
3.
For shafts mounting good quality spur gears, the deflection at the gear
mesh should not exceed 0.005 in. (0.125 mm) or F/200 (F is the gear face
width in inches) and the slope should be limited 0.0286 deg.
4.
For shafts mounting good quality bevel gears, the deflection at the gear
mesh should not exceed 0.003 in. (0.076 mm).
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Design I
LEC 31 Slide 34