PATTERN MAKING

PATTERN
Model of a casting constructed
such that it forms an impression in
moulding sand

PATTERN
1st step- Prepare model (pattern)
Differs from the casting
Differences
Pattern
Allowances.
To compensate for metal shrinkage,
Provide sufficient metal for machining
Easiness in molding

As
Shrinkage
allowance,
Draft
allowance,
Finishing
allowance,
Distortion or camber allowance, Shaking
or rapping allowance

Material
1. WOOD.
(+) Cheap, easily available, light, easiness in
surfacing, preserving (by shellac coating),
workable, ease in joining, fabrication
(-) Moisture effects, wear by sand abrasion,
warp during forming, not for rough use.
Must be properly dried/ seasoned,
free from knots, straight grained
Egs. Burma teak, pine wood, mahogany, Sal,
Deodar, Shisham, Walnut, Apple tree

2. METAL:
For durability, strength
Eg: Al alloys, Brass, Mg alloys, Steel,
cast Iron for mass production
(first, wooden pattern is made, then
cast in the metal)
Type of material depends on shape,
size, number of castings required,
method of moulding etc.
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TYPES OF PATTERNS

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1. SINGLE PIECE PATTERN.

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2. SPLIT PATTERN (TWO PIECE )

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2. a, THREE PIECE SPLIT PATTERN

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3. LOOSE PIECE PATTERN

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4. COPE AND DRAG PATTERN

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COPE AND DRAG PARTS OF THE PATTERN

MOUNTED ON SEPARATE PLATES.
COPE HALF AND DRAG HALF MADE BY
WORKING ON DIFFERENT MOULDING
MACHINES.
THIS REDUCES THE SEPARATE COPE AND
DRAG PLATE PREPARATION.
GENERALLY FOR HIGH SPEED
MECHANISED MOULDING.

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5. MATCH PLATE PATTERN

Pattern generally of metal and plate making

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parting line metal/wood.

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6. FOLLOW BOARD PATTERN.

For thin sections.

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THIN PATTERN

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7. GATED PATTERN

Gating system is a part of the pattern.

8. SWEEP PATTERN

For large size castings in small numbers.

Template of wood attached to a sweep used.

9. SEGMENTAL PATTERN

For rings, wheel rims, large size gears.

10. SKELETON PATTERN.Stickle board used to scrape the excess sand.

Eg. Oil pipes, water pipes, pipe bends, boxes, valve
bodies etc.

Stickle board

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11. SHELL PATTERN

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12. BUILT UP PATTERN

Also called lagged up patterns- For barrels, pipes,

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columns etc

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13. LEFT AND RIGHT PATTERN

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For parts to be made in pairs.

Eg: legs of sewing machine, wood working
lathe, garden benches, J hangers for shafts,
brackets for luggage racks etc.

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Type of pattern depends on:

Shape and size of casting,
number of castings required,
method of moulding employed,
easiness or difficulties of the
moulding operations,
other factors peculiar to the
casting.

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Pattern,

Finish Allowance,

and Wall Thickness

Min
Wall
mm

Metal

Pattern
Oversize Factor
(each direction)

Finish Allowance
(smaller number
for larger sizes)

Aluminum

1.08 - 1.12

0.5 to 1.0 %

4.75

Copper alloys

1.05 - 1.06

0.5 to 1.0 %

2.3

Gray Cast Iron

1.10

0.4 to 1.6 %

3.0

Nickel alloys

1.05

0.5 to 1.0 %

N/A

Steel

1.05 - 1.10

0.5 to 2 %

Magnesium
alloys

1.07 - 1.10

0.5 to 1.0 %

4.0

Malleable
Irons

1.06 - 1.19

0.6 to 1.6 %

3.0

CHARACTERISTICS OF
PATTERN MATERIALS
CHARACTERISTIC
CAST IRON

RATING
WOOD

STEEL

PLASTIC

F
E
G
P
G

G
F
G
G
F

(by water) E E
P E
E

P
E

MACHINABILITY
E G
WEAR RESISTANCE P
G
STRENGTH
E
G
E
WEIGHT
E G
REPAIRABILITY
EP
RESISTANCE TO:

CORROSION
SWELLING

AL

E- Excellent; G- Good; F-fair, P- Poor

E
P
G
E
E

Functions of pattern

Moulding the Gating system;

Establishing a parting Line,
Making Cores,
Minimising casting Defects,
Providing Economy in
moulding
Others, as needed