ORACLE SQL

Overview
Personal DBMS Vs Client/Server DBMS
Oracle 8 Environment
SQL syntax and examples
PL/SQL-introduction

Server

Personal
DBMS

Gets file requests from clients

Sends files to client
Receives files back from clients

NETWORK

Client A
Sends file requests to server
Receives files from server
Updates data
Sends files back to server

Client B
Sends file requests to server
Receives files from server
Updates data
Sends files back to server

Personal DBMS - Problems

Demand on the client and the network
Does not perform table locking automatically
Not fault tolerant in the case of client failure
Do not have file based transaction logging

Server

Client/server
DBMS

Gets data requests from clients

Adds, Deletes and updates data
Sends results to clients

NETWORK

Client A
Sends data requests to server
Receives results from server
Sends new data or changes to server

Client B
Sends data requests to server
Receives results from server
Sends new data or changes to server

Client/Server DBMS
Minimal load on the client and the network
Performs table locking automatically
Fault tolerant in the case of client failure
File based transaction logging

Oracle 8 Environment
SQL * Plus
PL/SQL
Query Builder
Developer
Enterprise Manager
Web application server

SQL*Plus commands
Sqlplus username/password
ALTER USER user-name IDENTIFIED BY newpassword
START filename | @ filename
CLEAR SCREEN
HELP <command>
SAVE filename[.ext] REPLACE|APPEND
EXIT

SQL
Both an ANSI and ISO standard
Types of commands:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Data Definition Language (DDL) : Create, Alter,

Drop, Rename, Truncate
Data Manipulation Language (DML): Insert,
Delete, Update
Data Retrieval: Select
Transaction Control: Commit, Rollback, Savepoint
Data Control Language (DCL): Grant, Revoke

DEPARTMENT
Dept
ID

Dept
Name

Location

10

Finance

Charlotte

20

Infosys

New York

30

Marketing

Woodbridge

40

Accountant

California

POSITION
Position
ID

Position
Description

QUALIFICATION

President

Qualification
ID

Qualification
Description

Manager

Doctorate

Programmer

Masters

Accountant

Bachelors

Salesman

Associates

EMPLOYEE
Emp
ID

Last
Name

First
Name

Position
ID

111

Smith

John

246

Houston

Larry

123

Roberts

Sandi

433

McCall

543

Super
ID

Hire
Date

Salary

Comm

Dept
ID

Qual
ID

04/15/60

265000

3500

10

111

05/19/67

150000

1000

40

111

12/02/91

75000

10

Alex

543

05/10/97

66500

20

Dev

Dereck

111

03/15/95

80000

2000

20

200

Shaw

Jinku

135

01/03/00

24500

3000

30

222

Chen

Sunny

123

08/15/99

35000

135

Garner

Stanley

111

02/29/96

45000

5000

10

30

Data Definition Language:

CREATE TABLE {table}
( {column datatype [DEFAULT expr]
[column_constraint] ... | table_constraint}
[, { column datatype [DEFAULT expr]
[column_constraint] ...
)
ALTER TABLE {table}
[ADD|MODIFY {column datatype [DEFAULT expr] [column_constraint]}
[DROP drop_clause]
DROP TABLE {table} [cascade constraints]
DESC {table}

CREATE TABLE Emp

(
empid
Decimal(10)
NOT NULL,
positionid
Number(2),
supervisorid Number(3),
deptid
Number(2),
qualid
Number(1),
lname
varchar2(10),
fname
varchar2(10),
salary
Decimal(10,2),
hiredate
Date,
commission Decimal(4,2),
PRIMARY KEY (empid),
FOREIGN KEY (positionid) REFERENCES Position(positionid),
FOREIGN KEY (deptid)
REFERENCES Dept(deptid),
FOREIGN KEY (qualid)
REFERENCES Qualification(qualid)
);
ALTER TABLE EMP MODIFY Commission decimal(7,2);

Data Manipulation Language:

INSERT INTO {table | view} [ (column [, column] ...) ]
VALUES (expr,expr ...)

UPDATE {table | view }

SET { (column [, column] = { expr | }
[WHERE condition]

DELETE [FROM] {table | view} [WHERE condition]

INSERT INTO Dept( deptid,deptname,location)

VALUES(50,'IT','Dallas');
INSERT INTO Emp(empid,
lname,fname,positionid,
supervisorid,hiredate,
salary,deptid,qualid)
VALUES(227,'howser','Barbara',4,111,'25-AUG-83',45000,10,3);
UPDATE dept SET deptname='Sales' WHERE deptID=50;
DELETE FROM dept
WHERE deptid='50';

Data Retrieval:
SELECT [DISTINCT | ALL] {table|view}
FROM {table | view}
[WHERE condition ]
[GROUP BY expr [, expr]]
[ORDER BY {expr} [ASC | DESC]]
select * from dept;
select deptname from dept where deptid='10';
select lname,fname from emp order by lname desc;
select max(salary) from emp group by positionid;
select deptname from dept,emp where
dept.deptid=emp.deptid and emp.empid='111';

Transaction Control:
COMMIT
ROLLBACK [ to {savepoint}]
SAVEPOINT {name}
commit;
savepoint point1;
rollback to point1;

Data Control Language:

GRANT [privileges]
ON object TO user|public
[WITH GRANT OPTION]
REVOKE [privileges]
ON object TO user|public
[CASCADE CONSTRAINTS]

grant select,update on emp to XYZ ;

revoke update on emp to XYZ;

A PL/SQL Example:
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE raise_salary (empno INTEGER,
increase REAL) IS
current_salary REAL;
salary_missing EXCEPTION;
BEGIN
SELECT salary INTO current_salary FROM emp WHERE emp.empid =
empno;
IF current_salary IS NULL THEN
RAISE salary_missing;
ELSE
UPDATE emp SET salary = salary + increase WHERE emp.empid
= empno;
END IF;
EXCEPTION
WHEN salary_missing THEN
UPDATE emp SET salary=0 where emp.empid=empno;
END raise_salary;