Theoretical Works:

Micro-range Theories

Florence Nightingale
May 12, 1820- August 13,1910

Florence
Nightingale
(seated) with her
sister.

Florence Nightingale
Central Theme: Environmental
conservation
Person: The one whose well-being the
nurse looks after.
Environment: Stressed the
importance of clean air and water and
decent housing
Health: Believed in a systematic
approach to health care with focus on
prevention.

Florence Nightingale
Nursing: Nursing is about environmental
manipulation, nutrition, and conservation
of the patients energy.
Nursing is not limited to or defined by
medical acts.

Faye Glenn Abdellah

March 13, 1919

Faye Glenn Abdellah

Central theme: Patient centered approach
to nursing

Faye Glenn Abdellah

Person: The recipient of nursing care
having physical, emotional, and sociologic
needs that may be overt or covert.
Environment: It is not clearly defined.
However, discussions indicate that persons
interact with their environment in which the
nurse is a part.
Health: Health is the state when the
individual has no unmet needs and no
anticipated or actual impairment.

Faye Glenn Abdellah: On

Nursing
Nursing is broadly grouped into 21 nursing
problems which center around needs for:

Hygiene
Comfort
Activity
Rest
Safety
Oxygen
Nutrition
Elimination

Hydration
Physical and
emotional health
promotion
Interpersonal
relationships
Development of
self-awareness

Faye Glenn Abdellah: On

Nursing
Nursing care is doing something for an
individual.

Patricia Benner

Patricia Benner
Central theme: How nurses learn to do
nursing

Patricia Benner
Person: A person is a self-interpreting
being. They do not come into the world
predefined but gets defined in the course of
living a life.
Environment: Benner used the term
situation rather than environment. Situation
conveys a social environment with social
definition and meaningfulness.

Patricia Benner
Health: Health is based on the lived
experience of being healthy or ill.
Nursing: Nursing is a caring relationship,
an enabling condition of connection and
concern

Lydia Eloise Hall

1926-Feb. 27,1969

Lydia Eloise Hall

Central theme: Conceptualized three
components of nursing: core, care, and
cure.
Person: The patient is composed of body,
pathology, and person. People set their
own goals and are capable of learning and
growing.
Environment: It should facilitate the
achievement of the clients personal goal.

Lydia Eloise Hall

Health: The development of a mature selfidentity that assists in the conscious
selection of actions that facilitate growth.

Lydia Eloise Hall: On Nursing

Caring is the nurses primary function. Care
(hands-on bodily care) represents
nurturance and is exclusive to nursing.

Lydia Eloise Hall: On Nursing

Core involves the therapeutic use of self
and emphasizes the use of reflection.

Lydia Eloise Hall: On Nursing

Cure focuses on nursing which relates to
medical knowledge.

Virginia Henderson
November 30, 1897 - March 19, 1996
Central theme: Nature of nursing
Person: The person has physiological,
spiritual, sociological, and
psychological components.
Environment: Basic nursing care
involves providing conditions under
which persons can perform their
activities unaided.

Virginia Henderson
Health: An individual's
ability
to function
independently.
Nursing: I say that the nurse does for
others what they would do for themselves if
they had the strength, the will, and the
knowledge. But I go on to say that the
nurse makes the patient independent of
him or her as soon as possible."

Jean Watson
1940 -

Jean Watson..
Central theme:
Human science
and care

Jean Watson
Person: One who is in need of the caring
process to attain or maintain health or die
a peaceful death. The person has
personal, internal, mental, and spiritual
mechanisms to allow the self to be healed.
Environment: Social environment, caring,
and the culture of caring which affects
health.

Jean Watson
Health: It refers to the
unity and harmony
within the mind, body,
and soul. It is the
degree of congruence
between the self as
perceived and the self
as experienced.

Jean Watson
Nursing: Nursing is an art and science of
human to human care process with a
spiritual dimension.
It comprises
knowledge,
thought, values,
philosophy,
commitment, and
action.

Neuman

Weidenbach

Nightingale

Peplau

Hall

Benner

Orlando

Henderson
Travelbee

Johnson

Nursing
theorists
King

Leininger

Rogers

Orem

Levine

Roy

Abdellah

Watson

Moving towards

QUALITY
SAFE
NURSING
CARE

You and I?