ENERGY

capacity to do work
obtained after food components (CHO, CHON,
and FATS ) undergo a series of chemical
processes
Kilocalorie /Kcal (large calorie)
unit of energy measurement
amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of one kilogram water to 1

Joule
unit of energy measurement in the metric
system
1 kcal. = 4.184 J

BOMB CALORIMETER
determines the energy value of food

PHYSIOLOGICAL FUEL VALUES OF FOOD

CHO - 4 Kcal/gm
FATS - 9 Kcal/gm
CHON - 4 Kcal/gm

(17 J)
(38 J)
(17 J)

TOTAL ENERGY REQUIREMENT

composite of energy necessary to replace:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Basal metabolic needs

Energy expenditure for physical activities
Thermic effects of food
Other factors

BASAL METABOLISM (BMR)

energy expenditure for involuntary activities
resting energy expenditure
constitutes almost 1/2 of the calorie
requirements of an individual

METHODS OF MEASURING BMR

DIRECT - directly measures the amount of
heat produced by the subject when the
individual is placed in an apparatus
INDIRECT - measures the amount of oxygen
taken in and the expired air (CO2) given off by
means of a respiration apparatus
RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT
ratio of the volume of CO2 produced to the
O2 consumed
CHO - 1
CHON - .8
FATS - .70
Mixed diet - .85

General Estimates of BMR

1. RULE OF THUMB
Adult Male
= 1 Kcal/Kg/Hr
Adult Female = .9 Kcal/Kg/Hr
2.HARRIS BENEDICT FORMULA
Males:
REE = 66.5 + [13.75 x wt(kg)] + [ 5 x ht(cm)] [6.75 x age(yr)]
Females:
REE = 665.1 + [ 9.56 x wt(kg)] + [ 1.85 x ht(cm)][ 4.68 x age (yr)]

3. Metabolic or Fat Free Body Size(biologic

body weight) -> body weight raised to
power
REE = Fat-Free Body size x 70
4. WHO/FAO/UNU Formula
REE= 11.6 x wt(k) + 879

FACTORS THT INFLUENCE BMR

1. Body size
2. Sex
3. Body Temperature
4. Growth
5. Age
6. Pregnancy and Lactation
7. Body Composition
8. State of Nutrition/Body Condition
9. Climate
10. Hormone secretions
11. Sleep

PHYSICAL OR MUSCULAR ACTIVITY

Approximate Increase above BMR for
Different Activities
Sleeping/Reclining
Very Light
Light
Moderate
Heavy

10%
30%
50%
75%
100%

ENERGY COST OF ACTIVITIES PER KG/HR

WITHOUT THE EFFECTS OF BMR
AND SDA (p. 90)

Specific Dynamic Action of Food or

Thermic Effect of Food

metabolism is increased by about 10%

when food is ingested, absorbed and
metabolized due to the stimulating effect
of the chemical products of food

ENERGY BALANCE
amount of energy taken in equals
amount of energy expended
OVERWEIGHT
positive energy balance
caloric intake is in excess of energy
expenditure
UNDERWEIGHT
negative energy balance
food intake or energy value is less than
energy expenditure

WAYS OF EVALUATING ENERGY BALANCE

1. Use of Height and Weight tables
see Appendix E3
overweight - more than 20% of DBW
Tannhausers Method
3. Body Mass Index
20-25 is considered desirable
BMI = Weight (Kg)
Height (cm)2 or
Weight (lbs) x 700
Height (in)
4. Determination of Body Composition
percentage of body fat or lean body mass

COMPUTATIONS
Desirable Body Weight (DBW)
Total Energy Allowance (TEA)
INFANTS
1-6 months
DBW = BW (gm) + (age in mos. X 600)
TEA = 120 Kcal/kg DBW
7-12 months
DBW = BW (gm) + (age in mos. X 500)
TEA = 110 Kcal/ KG DBW
Short Method
DBW in Kg = (age in mos. / 2) + 3

CHILDREN
DBW = ( No. of Years x 2) + 8
TEA = 1000 + ( 100 x age in years )
ADULTS
DBW
1. Standard Height and Weight Table
2. Tannhausers Method
DBW = [Ht(cm) - 100] - 10%
TEA
Method I
TEA = DBW x Caloric allowance for
physical activity

Caloric Allowance for Physical Activity

bedrest
sedentary
light
moderate
heavy
Method II
TEA =

=
=
=
=
=

25
30
35
40
45

calories
calories
calories
calories
caories

PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF CHO, CHON

AND FATS
Method I
CHO
CHON
FATS

=
=
=

50% of TEA
20% of TEA
30% of TEA

Diet Rx:
_______Kcal:_____gm CHO, _____gm CHON,
_____gm Fats
Method II
1. Determine DBW
2. Determine CHON Allowance
Infants
= 2.5 - 3 gm/kg DBW
Children
= 2 gm/Kg DBW
Adolescents
= 1.5 gm/Kg DBW

Method II
1. Determine DBW
2. Determine CHON allowance
Infants
Children
Adolescents
Adults

=
=
=
=

2.5 - 3 gm/Kg DBW

2 gm/Kg DBW
1.5 gm/Kg DBW
1.12 gm/Kg DBW

3. Determine Non-CHON calorie (NPC)

NPC = TEA - CHON calorie
4. Determine CHO and Fat Calorie
CHO =
70%
Fats =
30%