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Illumination
A PowerPoint Presentation by
Paul E. Tippens, Professor of
Physics
Southern Polytechnic State
2007
University
A Beginning Definition
All objects are
emitting and
absorbing EM radiation. Consider a poker
placed in a fire.
As heating occurs, the
1
emitted EM waves
2
have higher energy
3
and eventually become 4
visible. First red . . .
then white.
Light
Light may
may be
be defined
defined as
as electromagnetic
electromagnetic
radiation
radiation that
that is
is capable
capable of
of affecting
affecting the
the
sense
sense of
of sight.
sight.
Electromagnetic Waves
Wave Properties:
E
B
3 x 108
m/s
Electric E
Magnetic B
3. Require no
medium for
For
propagation.
For aa complete
complete review
review of
of the
the
electromagnetic
electromagnetic properties,
properties, you
you should
should
study
study module
module 32C.
32C.
c
=
3
x
10
= fc = 3 x 10 m/s
m/s
Those EM waves that are visible (light) have
wave-lengths that range from 0.00004 to
0.00007 cm.
Violet,
Red,
0.00007
cm
0.00004
cm
Frequency
f (Hz)
wavelength
1024
1023
1022
1021
1020
1019
1018
1017
1016
1015
1014
1013
1012
1011
1010
109
108
107
106
105
104
nm)
Gamma
rays
X-rays
Ultraviolet
Infrared
rays
Short Radio
waves
Broadcast Radio
Long Radio
waves
10-7
10-6
10-4
10-3
10-1
1
10
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
1010
1011
1012
1013
The EM
Spectrum
A wavelength of
one nanometer 1
nm is:
-9
11 nm
=
1
x
10
nm = 1 x 10-9
m
m
Visible
Spectrum
400
nm 700
nm
c
=
3
x
10
= fc = 3 x 10 m/s
m/s
= 632 nm
Laser
c f
Wavelength
c
3 x 108 m/s
f
632 x 10-9 m
14
ff =
= 4.75
4.75 xx 10
1014
Hz
Hz
Red light
Properties of Light
Any
Any study
study of
of the
the nature
nature of
of light
light must
must
explain
explain the
the following
following observed
observed
properties:
properties:
Rectilinear propagation: Light travels in
straight lines.
Reflection: Light striking a smooth
surface turns back into the original
medium.
Refraction: Light bends when entering
a transparent medium.
Reflection and
rectilinear
propagation
(straight line path)
Dispersion of
white light into
colors.
shado
w
scree
n
The
The dimensions
dimensions of
of the
the shadow
shadow can
can be
be
found
found by
by using
using geometry
geometry and
and known
known
distances.
distances.
of
shadow
of
shadow
80 cm 20 cm
to
to the
the
4 cm
source is
is
h source
same
same as
as
20 cm
that
of
that
of
80 cm
ball
ball to
to
source.
source.
(4 cm)(80 cm)
Therefore:
h
h = 16 Therefore:
20 cm
cm
Shadows of Extended
Objects
Extende
d source
penumb
ra
umbr
a
The
umbra
is the
region
where
no
The
umbra
is the
region
where
no light
light reaches
the screen.
reaches
the screen.
The penumbra is the outer area
where only part of the light reaches
the screen.
40
W
40
W
Sensitivity curve
Sensitivit
y
555
nm
400
nm
700
nm
Wavelength
Yellow
Yellow light
light appears
appears
brighter
brighter to
to the
the eye
eye than
than
does
does red
red light.
light.
Luminous Flux
Luminous flux is the portion of total radiant
power that is capable of affecting the sense
of sight.
Typically only about
10% of the power (flux)
emitted from a light
bulb falls in the visible
region.
The unit for luminous flux is the lumen
which will be given a quantitative
definition later.
sphere
sphere by
by an
an area
area
A
The
AA equal
to
the
equal to the
2
Steradia
R
square
square of
of its
its
22
n
radius
(
R
).
radius ( R ).
A
1.6 m2
A
The
2
Steradia
R
n
AA
22
RR
1.60 m
2
(5.00 m)
=
= 0.00640
0.00640
sr
sr
Luminous Intensity
The luminous intensity I for a light
source is the luminous flux per unit
solid angle.
Luminous
intensity:
F
F
I
I
An isotropic source
emits in all directions;
i.e., over a solid angle of
4 steradians.
Thus, for
F F
I
such a
4
source, the
intensity is:
Total flux:
flux: FF =
=
Total
44II
The flux confined to area
A is:
= II AA
FF =
= 4 sr
R
3
m
R
3
lm
The luminous
m
intensity of the beam
2
depends
on
A 0.4 m
2
; 0.0444 sr
Beam
2
R
(3 m)
Intensity:
F
754 lm
I=
= 8490
8490
I
I
cd
0.0444 sr
cd
Illumination of a Surface
The illumination
illumination EE of
of aa surface
surface AA is
is
The
defined as
as the
the luminous
luminous flux
flux per
per unit
unit
defined
area ((F/A
F/A)) in
in lumens
lumens per
per square
square meter
meter
area
which is
is renamed
renamed aa lux
lux (lx)
(lx)..
which
An illumination
illumination of
of one
one
An
Illumination,
lux occurs
occurs when
when aa flux
flux
lux
E
of one
one lumen
lumen falls
falls on
on
of
an area
area of
of one
one square
square
an
R
meter.
meter.
F
F
Unit: lux
lux (lx)
(lx)
EE
Unit:
AA
Area A
Illumination Based on
Intensity
The
The illumination
illumination EE of
of aa surface
surface is
is
directly
directly proportional
proportional to
to the
the intensity
intensity II
and
and inversely
inversely proportional
proportional to
to the
the
square
square of
of the
the distance
distance RR..
F
F
E ; I ; F I
R
A
I
A
E
but 2 so that
A
R
II
Illumination,
Illumination, EE 22
RR
Area A
I
400 cd
E 2
2
R
(2.40 m)
Illumination: E = 69.4
lx
Now, recalling that E = F/A, we find F
from:
F = 93.3
F = EA = (69.4 lx)(1.20
lm
m2)
I
E 2
R
E/4
9 m2
4 m2
E
1 m2
1m
2m
3m
If the intensity is 36 lx at 1 m, it
will be 9 lx at 2 m and only 4 lx
at 3 m.
Summary
Light
Light may
may be
be defined
defined as
as electromagnetic
electromagnetic
radiation
radiation that
that is
is capable
capable of
of affecting
affecting the
the
sense
sense of
of sight.
sight.
General Properties of
Light:
Rectilinear
propagation
88
cc =
ff
cc =
33 xx 10
m/s
=
=
10
m/s
Reflection
Refraction
Red,
700 nm
Violet,
400 nm
Summary (Continued)
The formation of shadows:
Extende
d source
penumb
ra
umbr
a
Luminous flux is the portion of total radiant
power that is capable of affecting the sense
of sight.
Summary (Continued)
R
A
The
2
Steradia
R
n
Total flux:
flux: FF =
=
Total
44II
Luminous
intensity:
F
F
F
Unit: lux
lux (lx)
(lx)
EE
Unit:
AA
Summary (Cont.)
II
Illumination,
Illumination, EE 22
RR
E/9
9
m2
3m
E/4
4 m2
2
m
1
m2
1
m
Illumination,
E
R
E
Area A
CONCLUSION: Chapter 33
Light and Illumination