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Fisiologi Sistem Saraf

Otonom

DEPARTEMEN FISIOLOGI FK USU


dr.Nuraiza Meutia,M.Biomed
dr.Eka Roina Megawati,M.Kes

Tujuan Pembelajaran
1.Menjelaskan fungsi dan divisi
saraf otonom.
2.Menjelaskan mekanisme kontrol
saraf otonom.
3. Menjelaskan karakteristik
persarafan simpatis dan
parasimpatis.
4.Menjelaskan refleks otonom.
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The ANS consists of motor neurons


that:
Innervate smooth and cardiac muscle,
and glands
Make adjustments to ensure optimal
support for body activities
Operate via subconscious control
Have viscera as most of their effectors

The two divisions of the ANS are the


sympathetic and parasympathetic
The

sympathetic mobilizes the


body during extreme situations
The parasympathetic performs
maintenance activities and
conserves body energy
The two divisions counterbalance
each others activity
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Parasympathetic activities
Decreased

Heart Rate
Decreased Blood Pressure
Pupil Constriction
Increased Urination
Decreased Sweating
Bronchial Constriction
Increased Salivation
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Sympathetic activities
Increased

Heart Rate
Increased Blood Pressure
Pupil Dilation
Decreased Urination
Increased Sweating
Bronchial Dilation
Decreased Salivation

HOW IT HAPPENS ?

Integration center of the


AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
is in the
HIPOTALAMUS
PONS
MEDULLA

Autonomic

nerve pathway
Extends from CNS to an innervated organ
Two-neuron chain
Preganglionic fiber (synapses with cell
body of second neuron)
Postganglionic fiber (innervates effector
organ)

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Anatomy of ANS
Division
Sympathetic

Origin of Fibers
Thoracolumbar
region of the
spinal cord

Parasympathetic Brain and sacral


spinal cord

Length of
Fibers
Short
preganglionic
and long
postganglionic

Location of
Ganglia
Close to the
spinal cord

Long
preganglionic
and short
postganglionic

In the visceral
effector
organs

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ANATOMI
Sympathetic
fibers
along with spinal
nerves
segment
Toraco-Lumbal
(T1 L3)
Parasympathetic
fibers (craniosacral)
along with cranial
nerves - III, VII,
IX, & X, and :
spinal nerves

Figure 14.3
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Parasympathet
ic division :
cranial &
sacral outflow

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Sympathetic Outflow

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Sympathetic Trunks and


Pathways
A preganglionic fiber follows one of
three pathways upon entering
the paravertebral ganglia
1.Synapse with the ganglionic neuron
within the same ganglion
2.Ascend or descend the sympathetic
chain to synapse in another chain
ganglion
3.Pass through the chain ganglion and
emerge without synapsing
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Sympathetic Trunks and Pathways

Figure 14.6
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Neurotransmitter in the ANS

Figure 14.2
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Neurotransmitter in the ANS


The

principal neurotransmitter in the


ANS : Acetylcholine and
Norepinephrine
Recently acknowledge : ATP, NPY, VIP,
Calcitonin gene-related peptide, &
enkephalin
As

in the sympathetic pathway :

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Receptors in the ANS pathways


:

Cholinergic Receptor

Muscarinic (M1,M2,M3,M4,M5)...in
the effector organs
Muscarinic receptors are found on
all effector cells that are
stimulated by the postganglionic
cholinergic neurons of either the
parasympathetic nervous
systemor the sympathetic system.
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Receptors in the ANS pathways


:

Cholinergic Receptor
Nicotinic (N2)...in the ganglia

Nicotinic

receptors are found in the


autonomic ganglia at the synapses
between the preganglionic and
postganglionic neurons of both the
sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
(Nicotinic receptors are also present at
many nonautonomic nerve endingsfor
instance, at the neuromuscular junctions in
skeletal muscle
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Receptors in the ANS


pathways :

Adrenergic Receptor : in the


effector organs
1A, 1B, 1C
2A, 2B, 2C
1, 2, 3

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Sympathetic stimulation causes excitatory effects in some


organs but
inhibitory effects in others. Likewise, parasympathetic
stimulation causes excitation in some but inhibition in others.

Responses of some effector organs to autonomic


nerve activities

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Removal of the Ntransmitter at the


postganglionic endings
Acetylcholine

Catalyzed by Acetylcholinesterase acetate + choline.


Reuptake choline into terminal nerve ending
synthesis of new acetylcholine.
Norepinephrine,

removed in 3 ways :
1) reuptake into sympathetic nerve ending themselves
(50-80 %)
2) diffusion away into surrounding body fluid
3) destruction by enzymes (small amounts) : MAO (in
the nerve ending) or COMT (in all tissue)

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The differentiation between the two


divisions :......fill in by yourself
Characteristic

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

Origin from
Preganglionic
fiber
Postganglionic
fiber
Neurotransmitter
-Preganglionic
-Postganglionic
Termination of
action

Enhance your
knowledge by
studying this
table in Ganongs
(21-23rd Ed)

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Autonomic Reflexes
Visceral functions of the body are
regulated by autonomic reflexes.
Examples :

Cardiovascular Autonomic Reflexes.


Baroreceptor reflex: BP stretch
receptors (baro- receptors) in the walls
of internal carotid arteries and the arch
of the aorta signals transmitted to
the brain stem inhibit the
sympathetic impulses to the heart and
blood vessels BP
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Pathway of Visceral Reflexes

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Gastrointestinal

Reflexes.

Autonomic

The smell of food / presence of food in


S the
the mouth initiates signals
from
D
N
E
I
receptors in the nose F
and
R mouth
H
T
the vagal, glossopharyngeal,
and
I
W of the brain stem.
S
salivatory S
nuclei
U
C
transmit
signals through the
S
I
D
parasympathetic nerves
the secretory glands of the mouth and
stomach causing secretion of digestive
juices (even before food enters the
mouth)
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Other Autonomic Reflexes


Emptying

of the urinary bladder :


stretching of the bladder sends impulses
to the sacral cord reflex contraction of
Surinary
D
the bladder and relaxation ofNthe
E
I
R
sphincters.
F
H
T
The sexual reflexes
I
: psychic stimuli from
W
S
the brain and
the sexual organs result
S
U
C
first inIS
erection
(mainly a
D
parasympathetic function) and then
ejaculation (partially a sympathetic
function).
The regulation of sweating, blood
glucose concentration, ,etc.
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Alarm or Stress Response of


the
Sympathetic Nervous System
Mental or physical stress can excite the
sympathetic system, to provide extra activation of
the body in states of stress the sympathetic
stress response.
Large portions of the sympathetic nervous system
discharge at the same time ( a mass discharge) :
1. Increased arterial pressure
2. Increased blood flow to active muscles
concurrent with decreased blood flow to organs
such as the gastrointestinal tract and the kidneys
that are not needed for rapid motor activity

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3. Increased rates of cellular metabolism


throughout the body
4. Increased blood glucose concentration
5. Increased glycolysis in the liver and in
muscle
6. Increased muscle strength
7. Increased mental activity
8. Increased rate of blood coagulation

The sum of these effects permits a

person to perform far more strenuous


physical activity .
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TERIMA KASIH
REFERENSI :
Frederic H. Martini. Fundamentals of Anatomy &
Physiology.5th Ed. Prentice-Hall. 2001. pp :399-400,
Elaine N.Marieb. Human Anatomy and Physiology. 6th Ed.
Benjamin Cumming. 2004.
Ganongs Review of Medical Physiology. 23rd Ed. McGraw
Hill.2010.pp:261-271

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