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Unit 2.1
Orbitals
Breaking it down
Making bonds
ENDOTHERMIC
EXOTHERMIC
Chemical bonds
The understanding of
Concept
how chemical bonds
are made and broken
by the movement of
electrons allows us to
predict patterns of
reactivity.
Electron promotion
sp3 orbitals
sp3
hybrid orbitals
sp2 orbitals
sp orbitals
s p sp sp
Hybridisation
Sometimes
the
unhybridised
orbitals
contain
electrons as
well
Here all the
examples are
s and p orbitals
combine to form sp,
sp2 and sp3 orbitals
Animation
Questions
1.
2.
3.
in a molecule of methane?
Orbital overlap
hybrid
orbital
overlaps
with
another
hybrid
orbital
hybrid
orbital
overlaps
with an sorbital
p-orbital
overlaps
with
another
p-orbital
p-p
s-orbital
overlaps
with a porbital
sp-s
s-orbital
overlaps
with
another
s-orbital
sp-sp
s-p
s-s
END to
END
pi bonds
Ethene
s sp2 -bond
sp2 sp2 -bond
The sideways
overlap of the
two p-orbitals
created ONE bond, which
exists above and
below the central
plane of the
Ethene
-bond
-bond
animation
Ethyne, C2H2