CYTOPHYSIOLOGY

CYTOPHYSIOLOGY***

DR. LEONARDO A. TORRES, FPSECP, FPSP,

FPSA, RBA-ABI
---------------------------CELL DYNAMICS-------------------

DYNAMICS OF LIFE

CELL: NUTRITION

02 + CH0 ------- ENERGY

METABOLISM

END PRODUCTS --- FLUIDS

REPRODUCTION

REPLENISH

ECF-ICF: INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

MILLIEU

ICF = 2/3
ECF = 1/3

K / Mg / PO4
Na / Cl / HC03
75-100 TRILLION CELLS - HUMAN

ORGANIZATION AND CONTROL

HOMEOSTASIS - CONSTANT
ECF TRANSPORT AND MIXING - BLOOD
NUTRIENTS
RESPIRATORY 02 + BLOOD
GIT - ABSORPTION
LIVER METABOLISM
MUSCLES-BONES LOCOMOTION
EXCRETION
C02 - LUNGS
H20/ IONS KIDNEYS BLOOD VOLUME (BP)
REGULATION
NERVOUS ANS,CNS,S-M
HORMONAL
REPRODUCTION - NEW SPECIES
PROTECTION IMMUNE SYSTEM AND SKIN (INTEGUMENT)

HOMEOSTASIS

CONTROL SYSTEMS

02-C02 : 02-HGB BUFFER

C02 (RC)

ARTERIAL BP : BR (STRETCH) / VMC

FEEDBACK ENDOCRINE / C02 ( - )

FEMALE GONADAL ( + ) VICIOUS C.

AMPLIFICATION - GAIN IN CONTROL
OSCILLATION - UNSTABLE

BP / B. GLUCOSE / RESPIRATION /

OVARIAN CYCLE (CYCLIC)

FEED-FORWARD MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS

- ADAPTIVE CONTROL (DELAYED FB)

CONTROL SYSTEMS

70-85% H20 - TRANSPORT

ELECTROLYTES - ENZYMATIC CATALYZED
PROTEINS - 10-20% (DNA-GENES / RNA
CHROMOSOMES)
LIPIDS - 2% - PHOSPHOLIPIDS/

CHOLESTEROL / TRIGLYCERIDES
CARBOHYDRATES 1% - GLYCOGEN
O2 / CO2 = 40 mm.Hg
Cl = 108
Na
= 142 mmol/L. HCO3 = 28
K
= 4.2 mmol/L.GLUCOSE =85
Ca
= 1.2 mmol/L. pH / T

ECF NORMAL CONSTITUENTS

CELL MEMBRANE LIPID BILAYER

PHOSPHO. + CHOLESTEROL

GLYCOPROTEINS / GLYCOLIPIDS

INTEGRAL P.: CARRIER / RECEPTORS

/CHANNELS - Na-K-ATPase

ENZYMES- GLOBULAR (PERIPHERAL)

NUCLEAR MEMBRANE - RNA-PERMEABLE

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM - manufacture

GRANULAR - RIBOSOMES

AGRANULAR LIPIDS / ENZYMES

GOLGI COMPLEX SECRETORY VESICLES
LYSOSOMES

CELL FUNCTIONS (CYTOPHYSIO.)

 CYTOPLASMIC STRUCTURES COLLOIDAL

MITOCHONDRIA POWERHOUSE

SELF-REPLICATIVE

OXIDATIVE ENZYMES - NUTRIENTS

ATP HIGH-ENERGY

LYSOSOMES - IC DIGESTIVE ENZYMES

- HYDROLASE

SECRETORY VESICLES - STORAGE

MICROFILAMENTS ELASTIC SUPPORT

MICROTUBULES FLAGELLUM. CILIA,

CENTRIOLES, MITOTIC

SPINDLES CYTOSKELETON

PEROXISOMES (ULTRAM.) - OXIDASE / CATALASE

CYTOPHYSIOLOGY

NUCLEOUS

- CONTROL CENTER
LARGE DNA (GENES) REPRODUCTION
- TRANSCRIPTION
SMALL RNA (NUCLEOLI) - RIBOSOMES
- TRANSLATION
- PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

NUCLEOUS PROTEIN S.

 CELLULAR FUNCTIONS
1. INGESTION - ENDOCYTOSIS /

PHAGOCYTOSIS

- EXOCYTOSIS / EMIEOCYTOSIS
2. DIGESTION - LYSOSOMES (HYDRO.)
3. EXTRACTION OF ENERGY MITOCHON.
4. SYNTHESIS OF CELL STRUCTURES
ER-GC
5. MOVEMENT CONTRACTION

/AMOEBOID/ CILIARY
6. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND REPRODUCTION

DNA-RNA
7. TRANSPORT - CELL MEMBRANE

SUMMARY OF F. S. OF CELL

 CELL LOCOMOTION:

CONTRACTION - MUSCLES

AMOEBOID - WBC (MACROPHAGES)

CHEMOTAXIS - Ca++

CILIARY - RESPIRATORY / GENITAL (F.tubes)

EXTRACTION OF ENERGY: KREBS

02 + NUTRIENTS = ATP = ENERGY

USES OF ATP:

MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

SYNTHESIS OF CHEMICALS

MECHANICAL WORK (LOCOMOTION)

summary of uses of ATP

SYNTHESIS OF CELL STRUCTURES:

ER GRANULAR- RIBOSOMAL PROTEINS

SMOOTH- LIPIDS ( P + C )

-GLYCOGEN BREAKDOWN / SYNTHESIS

-DETOXIFICATION
GC - SIALIC ACID, FRUCTOSE,

GALACTOSE, HYALURONIC A. +

CHONDROITIN S04

- C.T. GROUND SUBSTANCE

- BONE ORGANIC MATRIX

- MUCUS PROTEOGLYCANS

SYNTHESIS OF C. STRUCTURES

DIGESTION: LYSOSOMES
HYDROLASE ENZYMES
TISSUE REGRESSION
AUTOLYSIS (REMOVED DAMAGED)
BACTERICIDAL (LYSOZYME)
STORED ENZYMES PREVENT
ACCUMULATION
PASSAGE OF SUBSTANCES:
DIFFUSION - GRADIENT
ACTIVE TRANSPORT CARRIER
ENDOCYTOSIS PHAGOCYTOSIS / PINOCYTOSIS
EXOCYTOSIS / EMIEOCYTOSIS
- REQUIRES ATP
- Ca++ PRESENCE
- MICROFILAMENTS CONTRACTILE MOVEMENT

TRANSPORT FUNCTIONS

TRANSPORT PROCESSES
1. DIFFUSION - KINETIC MOTION
SIMPLE PASSIVE, NO CARRIER,
DOWNHILL
FACILITATED PASSIVE, DOWNHILL,
MORE RAPID, CARRIER-MEDIATED
EX.: GALACTOSE
2. ACTIVE TRANSPORT
PRIMARY UPHILL, ACTIVE ATP,
CARRIER-MEDIATED (STEREOSPECIFIC,
SATURATED,COMPETITIVE)
EX.: Na-K-ATPase, Ca-ATPase, H-K-ATPase
SECONDARY COUPLED, Na GRADIENT INDIRECT ENERGY,
CARRIER-MEDIATED, UPHILL
CO-TRANSPORT (SYMPORT) - Na-GLUCOSE (S.I.) / Na-K-2Cl (ALH)
COUNTERTRANSPORT ( ANTIPORT) - Na-Ca / Na-H EXCHANGE
UNIPORT - SINGLE SUBSTANCE
BULK FLOW - STREAMING MOTION IN UNISON ( OP AND HP)

TRANSPORT PROCESSES

PERMEABILITY INCREASED:
Increased OIL/H20 Partition Coefficient
Decreased SIZE / RADIUS of Solute
Decreased MEMBRANE THICKNESS
OSMOLARITY:

ISOSMOTIC SAME

HYPEROSMOTIC - HIGHER

HYPOOSMOTIC - LOWER
0s (osm/L) = g (osm/mol) x C (mol/L)

PERMEABILITY FUNCTIONS

 OSMOSIS - SEMIPERMEABLE - OP

VANT HOFFS LAW OP Increased /

Solute Conc. Increased

ISOTONIC - SAME OP

HYPERTONIC - HIGHER OP

HYPOTONIC - LOWER OP
COLLOID OP (ONCOTIC P.) PLASMA

PROTEINS

SERUM ALBUMIN LARGE SOLUTE

UREA - SMALL SOLUTE

FILTRATION - HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

NORMAL PRESSURES

(HP)

CHANNELS:

VOLTAGE-GATED:
Na+

LIGAND-GATED:
Ach

G-PROTEIN COUPLED - MUSCARINIC

LIGAND-GATED - NICOTINIC
EXTERNAL LIGAND NEUROTRANSMITTERS
INTERNAL LIGAND - Ca++, cAMP, cGMP
IP3

CHANNEL RECEPTORS

DNA

(NUCLEOUS) RNA (CYTOPLASM)

TRANSCRIPTION
RNA - DNA TEMPLATE
DNA STRAND RNA (ACT. Nucleotides)

RNA messenger

- ribosomal

- transfer (20 types )

- micro-RNA
TRANSLATION S. of POLYPEPTIDES ON

RIBOSOMES IN mRNA

GENETIC CONTROL ( BIO .)

CELL

REPRODUCTIONDNA REPLICATION
DNA STRANDS REPAIR and PROOFREAD
DNA HELIX CHROMOSOMES replicated

CELL REPRODUCTION MITOSIS

CENTRIOLES INITIATOR

SPINDLE FIBERS

PHASES: PROPHASE

METAPHASE equatorial p.

ANAPHASE 46 daughter

TELOPHASE -2 sets separated

DNA-GENETIC SYSTEM