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X
n where n represents the number of
∑ Xi observations in the sample that has been
the ith observation in the sample (i = 1, 2,
X = i =1 3, …, n), and represents the mean of the
n
sample.
X=
∑ X
n
(In other words, it is not necessary to insert the subscript
‘i’.)
EXAMPLE
Information regarding the receipts of a news agent for seven
days of a particular week are given below:
Day Receipt of News Agent
Monday £ 9.90
Tuesday £ 7.75
Wednesday £ 19.50
Thursday £ 32.75
Friday £ 63.75
Saturday £ 75.50
Sunday £ 50.70
Week Total £ 259.85
X=
∑ fX ∑ fX
=
(The subscript ‘i’ can be
dropped.)
∑f n
EPA MILEAGE RATINGS OF 30 CARS OF A
CERTAIN MODEL
C
CLASS-MARK
(MID-POINT):
The mid-point of each class is obtained by adding the
sum of the two limits of the class and dividing by 2.
Hence, in this example, our mid-points are computed in this
manner:
30.0 plus 32.9 divided by 2 is equal to 31.45,
33.0 plus 35.9 divided by 2 is equal to 34.45,
and so on.
Class Class-mark
(Mileage Rating) (Midpoint)
X
30.0 – 32.9 31.45
33.0 – 35.9 34.45
36.0 – 38.9 37.45
39.0 – 41.9 40.45
42.0 – 44.9 43.45
Class-mark
Frequency
(Midpoint) fX
f
X
31.45 2 62.9
34.45 4 137.8
37.45 14 524.3
40.45 8 323.6
43.45 2 86.9
30 1135.5
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0 X
5
5
5
5
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
8
6
1
0
2
4
Milesper gallon
Mean = 37.85
DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF THE ARITHMETIC
MEAN
5, 4, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3, 4, 5,
20, 5, 6, 32, 8, 27
15 + 5 + 10 + 2 32
= =8
4 4
As we have already noted, 15% of the freshmen are
absent on this particular day. Since, in all, there are 100
freshmen in the school, hence the total number of freshmen
who are absent is also 15.
But as far as the sophomores are concerned, the total
number of them in the school is 80, and if 5% of them are
absent on this particular day, this means that the total number
of sophomores who are absent is only 4.
Number of Number of
Category
Students in Students who
of Student the school are absent
Freshman 100 15
Sophomore 80 4
Junior 70 7
Senior 50 1
TOTAL 300 27
Dividing the total number of students who are absent by the
total number of students enrolled in the school, and multiplying
by 100, we obtain:
27
× 100 = 9
300
In this example, the number of students enrolled in each
category acts as the weight for the number of absences
pertaining to that category i.e.
WEIGHTED MEAN
Xw =
∑ Wi X i
∑ Wi
And, in this example, the weighted mean is equal to:
Xw =
∑ Wi Xi = 2700
∑ Wi 300
=9
An important point to note here is the criterion for
assigning weights. Weights can be assigned in a number of
ways depending on the situation and the problem domain.
In the example that we have just considered, greater weights
are assigned to larger groups.
MEDIAN
The median is the middle value of the series when the
variable values are placed in order of magnitude.
The median is defined as a value which divides a
set of data into two halves, one half comprising of
observations greater than and the other half smaller
than it. More precisely, the median is a value at or
below which 50% of the data lie.
The median value can be ascertained by inspection in
many series. For instance, in this very example, the
data that we obtained was:
EXAMPLE:
Re
EXAMPLE
Number of passengers travelling on a
bus at six Different times during the day
4
9
14
= median value
18
23
47
14 +18
Median = = 16 passengers
2
Example of Discrete a Frequency
Distribution
Comprehensive
No. of Pupils per class SchoolNo. of class
23 1
24 0
25 1
26 3
27 6
28 9
29 8
30 10
31 7
EXAMPLE OF A DISCRETE
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Comprehensive School:
~
X = 29
This means that 29 is the middle size of the class. In
other words, 22 classes are such which contain 29
or less than 29 children, and 22 classes are such
which contain 29 or more than 29 children.
Example
1. Computation of Mean:
For these data we have
∑X = 41.6, n = 32
Hence, the mean is:
41.6
X= = million
1.3
32
2. Computation of the Median:
Step-1
Arrange the data in an ordered array
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8
0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3
1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 2.0 2.0 2.7 3.0
3.0 4.0
Step-2
n n+ 2
th & thvalues of the ordered data-set.
2 2
n + 1 32+ 1 33
= = = 16.5th value
2 2 2
eul a
v ht 5
1
eul a
v ht
61
eul a
v ht
71
“16.5th value”
eul a
v ht 8
1
X
Hence, we have
1.0 + 1.1
Median = = 1.05 million.
2
3. Computation of the Mode
By inspecting the attendance figures, we
find that 0.6 is occurring five times
whereas all the other figures are
occurring less often.
Hence,
Mode = 0.6 million
Conclusion
The mean or average, attendance at these
32 zoological parks is 1.3 million.