Chapter 14

Other power sources

Introduction
Several other types of power
sources:
Diesel engines.
Rotary engines.
Two-stroke engines.

Hybrid power sources are introduced

in to the markets.

Diesel engine principles

Diesel engines can be 2-stroke or 4stroke.
Used in trucks, buses, heavy duty
application.
Diesel engines = internal combustion
engines.

Diesel compression ratio

High compression ratio: 25-30.
Only air is compressed.
Fuel is directly injected into the
combustion chamber where the com
pressed air is in high temperature an
d pressure.

Fuel injection
Approaching to the TDC, a high
pressure fuel injector injects fuels dir
ectly into the combustion chamber.
Fuel injection high-pressure is up to
20000 psi.

Four-stroke diesel engine

Rotary (Wankel) engines

Rotary engines have been into the
market since the late 1960s.
Instead of piston, the engine uses
rotor to convert chemical energy into
mechanical energy.
Rotary design reciprocating design.

Rotary cycle operation

A complete rotary engine

10

Rotary engine parts

To inspect for:

Rotor bearing clearance

Apex seal
Side seal
Rotor housing
Internal gear
Rotor
Front housing
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Two-stroke engines
Two-stroke engine operation

12

Two-stroke timing diagram

1) Ignition occurs BTDC
2) During power stroke,
exhaust port opens
before intake port.
3) During compression,
exhaust port closes
after intake port.
4) When piston is at bottom,
intake and exhaust are occurring.
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Advantage of two-stroke
engine

1) Two-stroke engines are generally

very responsive because there is a p
ower pulse every revolution.
2) Two-stroke engines usually weigh
less than four-stroke engines becaus
e they usually have fewer parts.

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Disadvantage of two-stroke
engine

1) Poor movement of air and fuel. Air

and fuel can enter the cylinder for o
nly a very short period of time.
2) Poor combustion efficiency. The oil
in the air-fuel mixture reduces comb
ustion efficiency.
3) Less BMEP

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Loop scavenging two-stroke

engine

Scavenging =

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Two-stroke diesel engine

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Summary
1. Various types of power sources are used
on automobiles today and new sources are
likely in the future.
2. Todays diesel engines use higher
compression ratios, and use the heat of co
mpression to start combustion rather than
a spark plug to ignite the fuel.
3. The diesel does not use a low-pressure fuel
injector, but instead used high-pressure
injection.
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Summary (2)
4. The rotary engine uses a triangular
rotor to cause the intake, compressi
on, power, and exhaust to occur wit
hin the engine.
5. Air and fuel are mixed in a
carburetor or by low-pressure fuel in
jection in a rotary engine.
6. The two-stroke engine is being
considered by several manufacturer
s for use as an automobile engine.

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Summary (3)
7. The two-stroke engine is able to produce
the intake, compression, power, and exha
ust strokes in one revolution of the cranks
haft, rather that two revolutions.
8. The two-stroke engine uses a set of ports
in the cylinder to allow air and fuel to ente
r the combustion chamber.
9. General Motors manufacturers a twostroke diesel engine for use in heavier truc
ks and industrial applications.
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Chapter 15
Engine performance

21

Introduction
Engines differ in the amount of
power they can produce.
Horsepower, torque, fuel
consumption, and efficiency continue
to improve.

22

Work
Work is a result of applying a force.
When the force moves a certain mas
s to a certain distance, work is produ
ces.

23

Toque
Torque is a way to measure work.
Torque is defined as twisting force.
This force is produced
in an engine because
of the combustion of
fuel.

24

Horsepower
Horsepower (hp) is also a measure of
work.
It is a unit of work or a measure of
work done within a certain time.
Horsepower is the rate at which work
is being done.

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26

Types of horsepower
Brake horsepower (bhp) is defined as the
actual horsepower measured at the rear of the
engine under normal conditions.
Indicated horsepower (ihp) is defined as the
theoretical horsepower calculated from P-V dia
gram when fuel combusts with air.
Frictional horsepower (fhp) is defined as the
horsepower used to overcome internal friction.
Road horsepower is defined as the horsepower
available at the drive wheels of the vehicle.
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28

Reducing friction
horsepower

1) Reducing rolling resistance.

2) Reducing air drag.
3) Running electric motor fan rather engine fan.
4) Making vehicle lighter.
5) Reducing air grad at the bottom.
6) Operating fuel pump electrically.
7) Operating power steering pump electrically.
8) Operating air conditioning compressor when
only needed.
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Dynamometers
Engine dynamometer is to load an
engine, to get brake horsepower.
Chassis dynamometer is to load a
vehicle, to get road horsepower.

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Performance charts

31

Engine efficiency
Mechanical efficiency
Volumetric efficiency
Thermal efficiency

32

Mechanical efficiency
This value measures how efficient
the mechanical systems are in a mac
hine.
Mechanical efficiency is a
relationship between ihp amount of
work required to do a certain job and
bhp amount of work required to do th

e job.
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Volumetric efficiency
This value measures the efficiency
of an engine related to how easily air
flows in and out of the engine.

34

Thermal efficiency
Thermal efficiency tells how
effectively an engine converts the he
at energy in its fuel into actual power
at the output shaft.

35

Engine heat balance

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37

Summary
1. Engine performance terms include
horsepower, torque, dynamometer, and en
gine efficiency.
2. Work is defined as the result of applying a
force. It is part of the definition of
horsepower.
3. Torque is defined as twisting force.
4. When torque and rpm are known, the
horsepower of as engine can be calculated
.
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Summary (2)
5. Horsepower is a measure of the
amount of work being done.
6. Brake horsepower is the horsepower
available at the drive wheels.
7. Frictional horsepower is the
horsepower that is consumed by fric
tion inside the engine as well as in t
he transmission, differential, and so
on.
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Summary (3)
8. Indicated horsepower is a theoretical
horsepower calculated by the manufacturer.
9. Both horsepower and torque can be
measured on a dynamometer.
10.A dynamometer is used to load an engine
and simulate actual road conditions.
11.Mechanical efficiency is a measurement of
the efficiency of an engines mechanical
components.

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Summary (4)
12.Volumetric efficiency is a
measurement of how easily air flow i
n and out of an engine.
13.Thermal efficiency is a
measurement of how well an engine
converts the energy in fuel to actual
mechanical power at the rear of the
engine.
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