THE CONCEPT OF CELL

Kiagus M Arsyad
Nyayu Fauziah Zen
Dept of Medical Biology and
Andrology

What cell is it ?

Cell is a basic structural and functional

of all living organism

COMPETENCY :

Student be able to
implemented the basic
principles of the
biomedical sciences in
practice as family doctor.

COMPETENCY AREA
:
To synthesize medical and
health problems based on
Biomedical sciences approach,
To propose the intervention
plan based on scientific
approach.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
:
1.

2.

3.

To synthesize the cells as the smallest

organisme as etiological factor of
diseases in Human (C5).
To synthesize the cell as the smallest unit
of the body and its relationship to whole
body systems in human (C5)
To synthesize the endogenic and
exogenic factors influences on the cell
and its impact to health and ill in human
(C5),

LEARNING
CONTENTS :
1.

2.

THE CELL AS A SMALLEST

ORGANISM,
THE CELL AS A SMALLEST UNIT
OF THE LIVING ORGANISM,

1. The type of single cell organism,

2. The role of single cell on health and ill

THE TYPE OF SINGLE CELL

ORGANISME

Kingdom Prokaryote
Bacteria
Gram negative Bacteria
Gram Positive Bacteria
Bacteria distinguished by their shape :
Coccus
Bacillus
Sprillium

THE ROLE OF SINGLE CELL

ON HEALHT AND ILL

1.

2.

3.
4.

The benefits of bacteria to human :

The breakdown of plant and animal
remains and the recycling of Nitrogen,
carbon and phosphorus
Symbiotic relationship with other
organism, supply vit K and B for human,
Manufacturing process,
Easily cultured and used for research;
such as in genetic engineering,
antibiotic,a.a, enzymes, SPC

THE ROLE OF SINGLE CELL

ON HEALTH AND ILL

Almost bacteria are pathogen,

Heterotrophy,
Saprobiont,
Fort de entry to human body
Air
Water
Food
Wound
Equipment
Animals

1. The structure and function of cell,

2. The role of cell on health and ill

RUDOLF VIRCHOW
(1855)
Where a cell exists, there must
have been a preexisting cell, just
as the animal arise only from an
animal and the plant only from a
plant

THE STRUCTURES OF C E
LL

1.

2.

3.

There are 3 structures of cell :

Chemical Structure:
a. inorganic (water, mineral),
b. organic (protein, lipid,
carbohydrate).
Physical Structure (colloidal cellular,
membrane permeability and osmosis)
Biological Structure (cell wall, plasma
membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus,
nuclear membrane)

PLASMA MEMBRANE

THE FUNCTION OF
CELL

Produce :enzymes,hormones,new cells,

metabolism,
Produce energy
Transport
Information
Defense
Cell therapy
What else ?

THE ROLE OF CELL ON HEALTH AND

ILL

Cell recycle related to cell life and death :

Life span : permanent cell, stable cell, labile
cell,
Cell death : necrosis, apoptosis,
Aging Process
Abnormal growth: Hyperplasia, Dysplasia,
Neoplasm, Anaplasia, Benign Tumor,
Malignant cancer, pertumbuhan dan
perbaikan,
Cell division distribute a set identical
chromosomes to daughter cell,
DNA, Hereditary factor, Gene,

THE ROLE OF CELL ON HEALTH AND

ILL

Some cells have the ability to multiply

by division
Most of the diseases are due to
malfunction of cells, to cell death or
to cells wrong multiplication rate

KMA

CELL CYCLE = SIKLUS SEL

CELL CYCLE CONTROL

A molecular control mechanism

rules cell cycle,
The cell Cycle check point,
The cell cycle clock,
Internal and external factors
support the cell cycle control,
Over growth, de growth,
uncontrolled growth.
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The factors influencing healthy life

Endogenic Factors
Cellular

Tissue
Anatomical

Organ

Healthy Life,

Environment

Life-Style

Exogenic Factors
(modified from Boedhi-Darmojo,1994)
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PRE-ILL
CONDITION

BAD LIFE STYLE

ENVIRONTMENT

CHRONIC PROCESS

LONGTERM
MICRONUTRIENT
DEFICIENCY

SYSTEMIC
DISEASES
SYMPTOMPS
APPEAR

TREATMENT
JUST FOR
THE SYMPTOM
NOT THE CAUSE

Causal model of risk factors for

CVD
Morbidity and Mortality
(Stroke, MI)

Biological Risk Factors

(Hypertension, Blood Lipids, Homocysteine)

Genetic Risk Factors

(Family History)

Behavioral Risk Factors

(Cigarette, Diet, Exercise)

Environmental Factors
(Socioeconomic Status, Work Environment)

The Organogram of Nutrigenomics

Nutrigenetics :
How genetic variation influences
responsiveness to nutrient intake
Nutrigenomics :
How nutrients influence gene
expression

Systems

Transcriptomics : RNA
Proteomics : Proteins
Metabolomics : Metabolites

Biology

Nutritional phenotyping

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THE CAUSES OF
DISEASES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Infectious diseases,
Congenital diseases,
Degenerative diseases,
Mental illness,
Human Inflicted diseases,
Deficiency diseases,
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The main Book

reference :

Sylvia S. Mader, Human Biology

8th Edition, Mc Graw Hill Higher
Education, Boston, 2004

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