Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
6 December 2008
2. Petroleum
L.A. smog
Liquids
Gases
spropanemethane
a
g
n
i
s
t
e
l
op
r
butane
d
d
i
u
liq
r ingpentane
e
t
af ess
c
o
pr
Crude
oil
Condensate
Natural Gas Liquids
(NGLs)
Natural
Gas
Crude oil
(aka oil)
Natural gas
* Gaseous mixture of naturally occurring
hydrocarbons
* After processing: used for power generation,
residential,
fertilizers, manufacturing, transportation (still
very limited)
6
xCO2 + (y/2)H2O
3CO2 + 4H2O
7
10
11
12
13
Fractional
distillation
in a refinery
very schematic cartoon
gases
naptha
gasoline
kerosene
diesel
lubricants
fuel oil
residue
14
Natural
gas
Almost always a mixture of
gases; to be used as a fuel,
extensive processing is
required to produce pure
methane.
15
16
Plastics.
The Graduate
1967
polystyrene
epoxies
18
polycarbonate, etc.
19
PVC
solvents
20
21
Nylon
More uses
dyes
MTBE
TNT
rubbing alcohol
synthetic rubber
vinyl
auto parts
drugs
detergents
riot shields
sterilizers (food & medical
supplies
23
24
Petrolia, Ontario
Titusville, PA
1859 First U.S. drilling rig
18601900 Oil boom trained drillers who later
dispersed around the planet: U.S., Middle East,
26
USA
Current
(2007)
rate
of
FSU
oil production
KSA
KSA
Remaining
Iran
oil reserves
FSU
Venezuela
KSA
USA
Iraq
Iran
Iran
China
Kuwait
FSU = former Soviet
Union
UAE/Venez
KSA
of Saudi
UAE = Kingdom
United Arab
Emirates
Arabia
27
28
B
A
D
C
KSA
Iran
Iraq
30
Caspian
Sea
Mediterranean
Sea
Persian
Gulf
Red
Sea
n
e
d
A
f
o
f
l
u
G
31
Iran
Iraq
Kuwait
Om
an
Kingdom of Qatar
UAE
Saudi Arabia
n
e
m
e
Y
32
Ghawar
Water
36
water forced
downward
well
petroleum
rises
39
Primary
Tertiary
Secondary
40
U.S. production
w/Alaska
peak in
1970
lower 48
2000
1965
Global peak
production had not
peaked by 2004.
Fuel-efficient
cars
76
Shift to natural
Arab oil gas,
embarg
electricity
72 for
o
heat
Aug
08
millions
barrels/day
68
4/0
4/0 4/0
4/0
4/0
4/0 4/0