UMTS - 3G

1. Introduction to UMTS

2. WCDMA Wireless Technology

3. UMTS Network Architecture

4. WCDMA Air Interface Principles

5. Coverage and Capacity Principles

UMTS Overview

UMTS Overview
Introduction to WCDMA/UMTS

UMTS Overview

Evolution to 3G systems

New mobile businesses

Wideband/multimedia

Basic mobile telephony

Services
1980s

Network

st

1990s

generation
analogue

nd

generation
digital

2000 +

rd

generation
wideband

same business, new machine new business, new machine

UMTS Overview

UMTS Drivers

Consumer demand for

wideband services
Imaging
Mobile transactions

Wireless postcard

Increased network capacity

More Subscribers

UMTS Overview

More airtime

Access anytime, anyplace

3G Added Value
VOICE

Improved Voice Quality

CAPACITY

Voice & Data Usage

SPEED

Higher bit rates: up to 384 kbps

REDUCED DELAY

Quicker response time with interactive services

SERVICES

Streaming, Video Telephony, Mobile TV

UMTS Overview

UMTS Spectrum Allocation

900 MHz

880

915

TX

890

915

935

960

RX

GSM
890

TX

902.5

935

RX

MobiNil GSM 900

947.5

TX
902.5

915

947.5

RX

VFE GSM 900

1800 MHz

1710

960

TX

1785

1805

1880

RX

GSM

TX

1756 1761

1763.5 1766

1851 1856

1858.5 1861

RX

RX

TX

TX

MobiNil GSM 1800

1751 1756

1761 1763.5

1846 1851

1856 1858.5

RX

RX

TX

TX

1850

1900 MHz GSM/

960

RX

EGSM

VFE GSM 1800

925

1910

1930

RX

1990

TX

TDMA/CDMA
1920

RX

UMTS/W-CDMA

1980

UMTS Overview

2110

2170

TX

UMTS Overview
CDMA Wireless Technology

UMTS Overview

Old and New school in RF Bandwidth Utilization

Old School

Divides RF spectrum to narrow segments

FDMA
segment

Each user solely occupies his

TDMA
others

Each user share his segment with

in Time Domain

FDMA

Frequency
Frequency

TDMA

Time

Frequency
Time
Frequency

New School
Divides RF spectrum to a much wider segments

WCDMA Each user solely occupies his

segment
in both time and frequency domain
User differentiation done through codes
8

Time

UMTS Overview

Time

WCDMACode
Frequency
Code

Frequency

The CDMA Party

What do YOU hear...

If you only speak Japanese?
If you only speak English?
If you only speak Italian?
If you only speak Japanese, but the Japanesespeaking person is all the way across the room?
If you only speak Japanese, but the Spanishspeaking person is talking very loudly?

UMTS Overview

One Cell Frequency Reuse

In WCDMA, all cells may use the same carrier frequency but
different scrambling codes. This means no frequency
planning, but scrambling code and power planning instead!

FDMA/TDMA (reuse > 1)

10

UMTS Overview

CDMA/WCDMA (reuse = 1)

Drivers behind Spread Spectrum signals

Security

Narrow Signa

Harder for eavesdropper to detect, jam and interfere

Power

Wider Scope of Applications

Higher Bandwidth available for user gives more
varieties for supported applications

Higher System Capacity

Depending on unique nature of codes spreading to
distinguish different users on same carrier

11

UMTS Overview

Frequency

Spread Spectrum Signal

Related Terms and Definitions

Term

Definition

Narrow Band Signal

Signal occupies a relatively small bandwidth

i.e. (GSM signal has 200KHz bandwidth)

Wide Band Signal Signal occupies relatively wide bandwidth

i.e. (WCDMA signal has 5 MHz bandwidth)
Pseudo Noise Signal

Signal has a noise like behaviour

- actual noise never repeats -

Spreading

Scrambling

12

Converting a signal with low bit rate into another

signal with much higher bit rate

keeping

Converting a signal into another coded version of it

the same bit rate

UMTS Overview

Related Terms and Definitions

Term

Definition

Auto Correlation Measurement for how much a signal is

related to another version of itself
Cross Correlation Measurement for how a signal is related
to another different signal
Orthogonal Codes Codes has Auto Correlation = 1 and
Cross Correlation = 0

Pseudo Noise Codes

Codes has Auto Correlation very close to 1 and

Cross Correlation very close to 0

13

UMTS Overview

Spread Spectrum Multiple Access

Amplitude

Two Transmitters at the same frequency

Signal 1

Frequency

PN Code 1

Amplitude

Both signals combined

in the air interface
Signal 2
Frequency

PN Code 2

AT THE RECEIVER...

Spread Spectrum
Processing Gain

Both signals are

received together

PN Code Rate

Data Rate

PN Code 1

14

UMTS Overview

Signal 1 is reconstructed
Signal 2 looks like noise

CDMA Rx Concept (1/2)

Correlation of channel codes in receiver

Own channel correlates well, i.e. peaks (Signal)
Other channels appear as noise (Interference)
More users increased interference
Power

Signal (Eb)
Interference (No)
1 Carrier

(5MHz)

Power need to be adjusted to retain the Signal to Interference Rati

I.e. fulfilling the BLER requirements for that specific service
15

UMTS Overview

Spreading and Power Spectral Density

AsThe
Power
shapes
of b(t)
of =power
Power
spectral
of y(t) density (Power / Hz)

PSD y ( tb(t)
arePSD
very bdifferent
( t ) . fb between
) . fcand y(t).

PSDb ( t )
PSD y ( t )

fc

fb

The total power (total area) is equal, however it has

Having fc >> fb we can now define Processing Gain G
been spread over a greater bandwidth.
G (processing gain) = fc/fb
fb =1/Tb (the bit rate of the input signal)

Spreading does not change total power.

fc Spreading
=1/Tc (the chip
rate of the
spreading
code)is
changes
how
the power
distributed over frequency
16

UMTS Overview

CDMA Rx Concept

Digital SNR: Eb/No

Eb

S
Rb

N
N0
B

Energy per bit (Eb)

equals the average signal power (S) divided by the data bit rate (Rb)

Noise power density (N0)

The total noise power in the signal bandwidth, divided by the signal bandwidth

Energy per bit (Eb) - to - Noise Ratio

The Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) times the SSMA Processing Gain

S B
Eb S 1

SNR G p

N 0 Rb N 0
N Rb
17

UMTS Overview

CDMA Rx Concept (2/2)

If the BLER requires

A Eb/No of 5dB for a
certain service and the
processing gain (Gp) is
25dB for the service,

+5 dB

Power
+
Gp

Signal (Eb)

it means a C/I down to

20 dB is still acceptable

Interference
& Noise (No)

20 dB

1 Carrier

(5MHz)

Gp
C

Eb

No

10 log( Rc/Ri )
Rc : Chiprate 3.84 Mc
Ri : Service bitrate

18

UMTS Overview

Coding Concept
Receiver and Transmitter use identical code at same time offset

Input Data

PN code used
in Transmitter
Transmitted
Sequence

PN Code
Used in Receiver

Integrate
Result
Divide by
Code Length
19

+1

-1

+1

+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

-1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1

+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

-1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

Integrate

Integrate

Integrate

+8

-8

+8

+1

-1

+1

UMTS Overview

Transmitter

Receiver

Lets work an example

User Input: 1 -1 -1 1 1
Orthogonal Sequence: -111-1
Tx Data:
Rx Data:
Correct Function Output:
Incorrect Orthogonal Sequence: -11-11
Incorrect Function Output:

20

UMTS Overview

WCDMA Codes

21

UMTS Overview

Repeated Spreading and Scrambling

Repeated spreading and scrambling used in

Channel identification
Transmitter identification

22

UMTS Overview

Types of Codes in WCDMA

Two important types of digital codes are specified.
Scrambling Codes

Pseudo Noise sequences that appear as random noise to all but the
service provider and its particular client. But they actually do repeat.

Have very good correlation properties, but not completely orthogonal.

Channelization Codes (The Walsh functions, Orthogonal codes )

23

Data channels channelization code length depends on user data rate

Control channels channelization code length fixed by standard

Have the highly desirable property of orthogonality

UMTS Overview

PN Code Properties

PN Codes: Properties
PN codes may be generated using Linear Feedback Shift Registers
PN Codes are repeating, defined-length blocks of 1s and 0s
Approximately equal number of 1s and 0s
The statistics appear randomly distributed within the block

Good Autocorrelation and Cross-Correlation properties

PN Code cross-correlation properties do not depend on time alignment
Example of a 32-bit (25) PN code:
01101000110101001010011010100111

24

UMTS Overview

PN Code Generation

PN Codes: Generation using a Shift Register

D
1010010010001110101...

clock

n values are 0 or 1 (determined by the specified generator polynomial)

Maximal-length (m-sequence) has a repetitive cycle of ( 2 N - 1 ) bits
A code of 32,768 bits can be replicated using only a 15-bit key

25

UMTS Overview

Scrambling Code

Uplink:
Downlink:

PN Code used to distinguish each Mobile Station

PN Code used to distinguish each Base Station
Cell Site 1 transmits using PN code 1

PN1

PN1

PN3

PN4

Cell Site 2 transmits using PN code 2

PN2

PN2

PN5

26

PN6

UMTS Overview

Generation of Scrambling Codes

Generated using Linear Feedback Shift Register Circuitry

Codes in uplink uses 25 bit key to differentiate between different UEs
Codes in downlink uses 18 bit key to differentiate between different Node Bs
Both DL and UL code length is only first 38400 chip of the generated sequence
Only 8192 Codes used in downlink speed up search process for Node B
The 8192 codes are divided into
64 code group ( each has 8 primary codes) , so 512 Primary code
Each primary code has 16 secondary codes

27

UMTS Overview

Scrambling Code
Downlink Scrambling Codes
3GPP TS 25.213 5.2.2
3GPP TS 25.213 5.2.2

Downlink Scrambling Codes

Used to distinguish Base Station transmissions on Downlink

Each Cell is assigned one and only one Primary Scrambling Code
The Cell always uses the assigned Primary Scrambling Code for the Primary and Secondary CCPCHs
Secondary Scrambling Codes may be used over part of a cell, or for other data channels

8192 Downlink Scrambling Codes

Each code is 38,400 chips of a 218 - 1 (262,143 chip) Gold Sequence

Code Group #1

28

Code Group #64

Primary SC0

Primary SC7

Primary SC504

Primary SC511

Secondary
Scrambling
Codes

Secondary
Scrambling
Codes

Secondary
Scrambling
Codes

Secondary
Scrambling
Codes

(16)

(16)

(16)

(16)

UMTS Overview

SSMA PN Code Planning

Spread Spectrum Code Planning Example

N

PN2

PN4

PN6
PN2

PN2

PN3

PN7

PN4

PN6
PN5

PN4

PN2

PN4

PN6
PN5

PN1
PN4

PN6
PN5

29

UMTS Overview

PN4
PN5

PN3

PN7

PN1

PN1
PN6

PN5
PN3

PN7

PN1

PN3

PN7

PN1
PN6

PN5

PN2

PN3

PN7

PN1

PN2

PN3

PN7

Orthogonal Codes

Downlink:

Orthogonal Codes used to distinguish data channels

Coming from each Base Station
OC1, OC2

OC3, OC4
OC5, OC6, OC7

Uplink: Orthogonal Codes used to distinguish data channels

coming from each Mobile Station

OC1 , OC2, OC3

OC1, OC2

OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4

34

UMTS Overview

Orthogonal Code Generation

Generation of Orthogonal (Walsh) Codes

1

11

10

1111

11111111

11110000

1100

11001100

11000011

1100110011001100

1010

10101010

10100101

1001

10011001

Digital/Analog Mapping
logic 0
logic 1

35

10010110

UMTS Overview

analog +1
analog - 1

orthogonal Codes

orthogonal Code Space: 5 users; one user has 4x data bandwidth

1

Chip Rate = 3.840 Mcps

User with 2x Bit Rate

11

1111

11111111

11110000

1100

11001100

11000011

= Unusable Code Space

36

10

1.92 Mb/s

UMTS Overview

1010

1001

10101010

10100101

10011001

10010110

480 kb/s

480 kb/s

480 kb/s

480 kb/s

 Spreading Factor=Processing Gain= Rc/Rb

Different spreading is done according to the service bit rate as the chip rate is constant.

37

UMTS Overview

37

Code Locking Concept (PN Codes)

PN
generated
stored and
TX,codes
RX isuse
samenot
codes

time offset

100% correlation

TX, RX use same codes, but

different timebetween
offsetNode B and
Synchronization
UE is extremely important to correctly
decode
informationnoise-like
original
Low correlation

for any offset > +1 chip

TX, RX use different codes

Low
correlation
noise-like
WCDMA
mobiles
use Code
Locking
circuitry
to lock
on offset
Scrambling code.
at any
time

Average correlation level

proportional to
1/(code length)
38

UMTS Overview

same

Code Locking Concept (Orthogonal Codes)

TX, RX use same codes and same

time offset
Orthogonal Codes 100% correlation

TX, RX use same codes, but

different time offset
Orthogonal Codes Unpredictable
results Orthogonality lost

TX, RX use different codes

39

Overview
Orthogonal Codes 0%UMTS
Correlation

Code Correlation
Case I: Autocorrelation using a PN Code

Receiver and Transmitter use identical code at same time offset

Input Data

PN code used
in Transmitter
Transmitted
Sequence

PN Code
Used in Receiver

Integrate
Result
Divide by
Code Length
40

+1

-1

+1

+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

-1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1

+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

-1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

Integrate

Integrate

Integrate

+8

-8

+8

+1

-1

+1

UMTS Overview

Transmitter

Receiver

Code Correlation
Case II: Cross-Correlation using PN Codes
Receiver and Transmitter use different codes

Input Data

PN code used
in Transmitter
Transmitted
Sequence

PN Code
Used in Receiver

Integrate
Result
Divide by
Code Length
41

+1

-1

+1

+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

-1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1

+1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 -1

-1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1

+1 -1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 -1

-1 +1 +1 +1 1 -1 +1 +1

-1 1 1 +1 1 +1 1 -1

-1 1 1 +1 +1 +1 +1 -1

-1 1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 -1

Integrate

Integrate

Integrate

-4

-0.5

0.25

UMTS Overview

Transmitter

Receiver

Code Correlation

(a) Same Orthogonal code

Input Data

Orthogonal code
in Transmitter
Transmitted
Sequence

Case III: Correlation using Orthogonal Codes

(b) Different Orthogonal codes

(c) Same code with non-zero time offset

+1

-1

+1

-1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 +1 -1

-1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 +1 -1

-1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 +1 -1

-1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 +1 -1

+1 1 +1 1 1 +1 1 +1

-1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 +1 -1

Transmitter

1 Chip shift
Orthogonal Code
used in Receiver

Integrate
Result
Divide by
Code Length

42

-1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 +1 -1

+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

-1 -1 +1 1 +1 +1 1 +1

+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

+1 1 +1 1 1 +1 1 +1

+1 1 1 1 +1 1 1 -1

Integrate

Integrate

Integrate

-4

+1

-0.5

UMTS Overview

Receiver

UMTS Overview
UMTS Network Architecture

43

UMTS Overview

3G Radio Access Network - Highlights

Core Network
GSM Access Network

Voice Switched
Network

GSM
handset

BTS

BSC

MSC

UMTS Access Network

Packet
Switched
Network

3G
handset

44

Node B

RNC

UMTS Overview

SGSN

UMTS and UTRAN

GPRS
Service Node

MSC

Iu

Iu

UTRAN
(UMTS
Terrestrial
Radio Access
Network)

3GPP TS 25.401 6.0

3GPP TS 25.401 6.0

GSM/GPRS Core Network (CN)

PSTN
ISDN
Internet

RNS

Iur

RNC

Iub
Node B

Iu

Iu

RNS
RNC

Iub

Iub

Node B

Node B

Iub
Node B

Uu

User Equipment
(UE)
45

UMTS Overview

UMTS Architecture.
Two new node are integrated in the UTRAN network.
Node B (BTS equivalent)
Contains the RF equipment that provide the radio link in the air interface.
More intelligent than BTS.
Perform spreading/dispreading, channel coding, also responsible of a part
of the power control (inner loop).
RNC (radio network controller) (BSC equivalent).
Control several node Bs/ interface with the core network (MSC/SGSN).
Radio resources management.
Admission and congestion control.
Handover and power control (outer loop).
Ciphering/deciphering.
Can softly be divided into 3 types (CRNC, SRNC and DRNC)
46

UMTS Overview

UMTS Overview
WCDMA Air Interface Principles

47

UMTS Overview

The Radio Channel

Multi-path propagation

Time dispersion
h()

2
0

48

UMTS Overview

1 2

Multipath Fading
Fast (Rayleigh) Fading

Time between fades is related to

RF frequency
Geometry of multipath vectors
Vehicle speed:
Up to 2 fades/sec per kilometer/hour

Composite
Received
Signal
Strength

msec

Deep fade caused by destructive summation

of two or more multipath reflections

time (mSec)
49

UMTS Overview

The RAKE Receiver

CDMA Mobile Station RAKE Receiver Architecture
Each finger tracks a single multipath reflection
Also be used to track other base stations signal during soft
handover

One finger used as a Searcher to identify other base

stations
Finger #1

Finger #2
Combiner

Sum of
individual
multipath
components

Finger #N

Searcher Finger
50

UMTS Overview

Power
measurement
of Neighboring
Base Stations

The RAKE Receiver Architecture

Carrier
Frequency
Tracking
Loop

Rake Receiver
Finger
I PN
Code
(+1/-1)

cos(2fIFt
)

I/Q
BPF

cos(2fRFt)

LPF

Demo
d

bit rate =
chip rate / SF

Integrate
over
SF chips

Orthogon
al
Code
(+1/-1)

Q PN
Code
(+1/-1)
Timing
Adj.

Correlator
Pilot
Orthogonal
Code
(all zeros)

Other Rake Receiver Finger

51

CDMA RAKE Receiver Architecture

UMTS Overview

DeInterleave
Data

Viterbi/
Turbo
Decoder

Decoded
Output
Bits

CRC
Verification

Error
Indication

CDMA Power Control

P(SIR-Target,UL)

Inner loop

DL-TPC

UL-Outer loop

UL-TPC

RNC

SIR-Target,UL
P(SIR-Target, DL)
SIR-Error,UL

DL-Outer loop
Open loop

BLER-Measured,DL

P(Startvalue)

SIR-Target,DL

BLER = Block Error Rate

SIR = Signal to Interference Ratio
TPC = Transmit Power Control
52

UMTS Overview

Handover
Inter-System Handover
Handover from a CDMA system to an Analog or TDMA system
Traffic and Control Channels are Disconnected and must be Reconnected
Hard Handover
When the MS must change CDMA carrier frequency during the Handover
Traffic and Control Channels are Disconnected and must be Reconnected
Soft Handover
Unique to CDMA
During Handover, the MS has concurrent traffic connections with two
BSs
Handover should be less noticeable
Softer Handover
Similar to Soft Handover, but between two sectors of the same cell
Handover is simplified since sectors have identical timing
53

UMTS Overview

CDMA Soft Handover

Monitor Neighbor BS Pilots

Add Destination BS

Drop Originating BS

One finger of the RAKE receiver is constantly scanning

neighboring Pilot Channels.
When a neighboring Pilot Channel reaches the t_add
threshold, the new BS is added to the active set
When the original Base Station reaches the t_drop
threshold, originating Base Station is dropped from the
active set
54

UMTS Overview

Cell breathing concept

Cell breathing is a CDMA phenomena caused by the multiple access interference, and models the tradeoff between coverage and capacity
Desired Signal

Interfering
Signals

Max TX power

55

UMTS Overview

Cell breathing concept

Cell breathing is a CDMA phenomena caused by the multiple access interference, and models the tradeoff between coverage and capacity
Desired Signal

Interfering
Signals

Noise rise (interference margin) number of users

56

UMTS Overview

Factors influence WCDMA capacity

F - factor :

The ratio between the interference from other cells and the interference generated in the own
cell

A typical value of 0.65 in a system consisting of three sectors derived by simulations

I other
f
I own

57

UMTS Overview

Quadrature Spreading and Modulation

WCDMA system uses QPSK Modulation Scheme
Separates input stream into two channels I and Q
I and Q spread and de-spread separately using scrambling codes
Modulation to desired RF frequency uses sine for Q and cosine for I
Modulation symbol on air consists of 2 Consecutive bits / chips
Modification on QPSK used in real transmitters to enhance power utilization

58

UMTS Overview

Quadrature Spreading and Modulation

Constellation diagram of the standard QPSK Modulation

Sin t
Q

( I = -1, Q = 1 )

( I = 1, Q = 1 )
RF Carrier amplitude
RF Carrier phase angle

Cos t
( I = -1, Q = -1 )

( I = 1, Q = -1 )

1 Modulation Symbol represents 2 data bits

Modulation efficiency = 2 bits/symbol
59

UMTS Overview

Quadrature Spreading and Modulation TX

60

UMTS Overview

Quadrature Spreading and Modulation RX

By multiplying by the sin and cosine at the receiver, the

original I and Q data streams are recovered
Data Stream #1 I
+1

LPF

-1

I sin ( 2 fRF t)
+ Q cos ( 2 fRF t)

SUM

90o

cos ( 2 fRF t)
Data Stream #2 Q
LPF

+1
-1

61

UMTS Overview

Voice Coding

Example: Two ways to hear the sax player

Record the sax player onto a CD...

... and play back the CD

20 MB per song

Write down the notes he plays...

... and have a friend play the same notes

20 kB per song

62

UMTS Overview

Voice Coding in WCDMA

Voice Coding

Vocoding
Human Voice:
ss, ff, sh ~20% of time
ah, v, mm , ~80% of time

Voice Re-Synthesis at the Receiver

H(s)

Vocoder

White Noise Generator

Noise
parameters

Speech
Output
Pulse Generator

Pitch
parameters

Transmitted Parameters
8~12 kb/s typical,
vs.
64 kbps for log-PCM
32 kbps for ADPCM
63

UMTS Overview

H(s)
Filter poles
correspond to
resonances of the
vocal tract

ACELP (Algebraic code excited linear predictive)/AMR Voice Coding

ACELP/AMR Voice Coding
A/D
Linear
Predictive
Coding
(LPC)

Voice, Tone
Activity
Detectors

Speech
Generator

(+)

Codebook

Codebook
Index

Error
Analysis

Filter

Perceptual
Weighting

(-)

Mode Indication bits

Comfort Noise
Tone Emulation

Prediction
Error

MUX

WCDMA AMR data rate:

12.2,7.95,5.9 and 4.75Kb/s
64

UMTS Overview

Vocoder
Output Bits

Digital Cellular Error Correction

Example: Mailing a letter in the US

Extra (redundant) symbols in address help correct lost symbols
ZIP codes used to detect errors in the address
With minimal data...
Errors are uncorrectable

JD
123 E 45
NYC NY

John Doe
123 East 45th Street
New York City, New York 10017

Bandwidth utilization: 13 bytes

65

With redundant data...

Errors are correctable

UMTS Overview

Bandwidth utilization: 48 bytes

CRC Coding

Cyclic-Redundancy Check (CRC) Coding

Identifies corrupted data
If there is an error, the receiver can request that data be re-sent
For voice data errors, the vocoder discards any bad data
Transmitter

Original Data
100101101010

CRC
Generator

Original Data
100101101010

Checksum
011010

RF
Transmission Path
Receiver

Received Data
100101001010

Received Checksum
011010

CRC
Generator
66

UMTS Overview

If Checksums do not match,

there is an error

Re-Generated Checksum
011011

CRC Coding
Cyclic-Redundancy Check (CRC) Coding: Example
22-bit in /6-bit out CRC: g(x) = [ x6 + x2 + x + 1 ]

Input Data b1b2b3b4b5 b22

clock

All switches down for last 6 CRC bits

UMTS Overview

Output

Shift Register (one unit delay)

All switches up for first 22 bits;

67

Output

Input Data (22 bits)

b1b2b3b4b5 b22

CRC (6 bits)
c1c2c3c4c5c6

The Convolutional Coder

Convolutional Coding
Transmitter
Original Data
00011011...

FEC
Generator

FEC Encoded data

1010011100110110...

RF
Transmission Path
Receiver

Viterbi
Decoder

68

UMTS Overview

Original Data
00011011

Convolution Coder

Convolutional Coding: Example

X2k

clock

MUX
D

Input Data 1010...

X2k+1

R = 1/2 , k=2 Convolutional Coder

For every input bit, there are two output bits
The maximum time delay is 2 clock cycles

69

UMTS Overview

Coder Output

Turbo Coding

Turbo Codes
Outperform Convolutional codes
Requires much more processing power; data packets may be decoded off-line
Used for high-bit rate data and packet data

Interleaving (time diversity) enhances error correction

Turbo Encoder

Turbo Decoder
D

Data

D
Decoder #1

Interleaver

Encoder #2

P2

DEMUX

Interleaver

D
Decoder #2

P2
70

UMTS Overview

De-Interleaver

Encoder #1

P1

MUX

Interleaver

P1

Decoded
Data

Interleaving 1st level

Transmitter
Interleaving
Matrix

Original Data Samples

1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Interleaved Data Samples

1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9

Amplitude

RF
Transmission Path

Receiver

Interleaved Data Samples

DeInterleaving
Matrix

Errors Clustered

1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9

Time
1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9

2 stages of interleaving in WCDMA:

1st stage: data interleaving
2nd stage block interleaving
71

UMTS Overview

De-Interleaved Data Samples

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Errors Distributed

To Viterbi
decoder

Interleaving 2nd level

Interleaving
Interleaving (K blocks containing (R x C) bits each)
Before
Interleaving

Write Data
into Matrix
Row-wise

Permute
Matrix
Columns

Read Data
from Matrix
Column-wise

After
Interleaving
72

0, 1, 2, 3, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , (RC - 1)
0

C-1

C+1

C+m

2C-1

---

---

---

---

(R-1)C

(R-1)(C+1)

C0

C1

C-1

C+m

C+1

2C-1

(R-1)C

(R-1)(C+m)

(R-1)(C+1)

RC-1

C0

Cm

C1

CF-1

(R-1)(C+m)
---

Cm

RC-1
---

CC-1

0, C, , (R-1)C , m, C+m, (R-1)(C+m) , , 1, C+1 , (R-1)(C+1), .., C-1 , 2C-1 , RC-1

UMTS Overview

WCDMA Standards

WCDMA /
EUROPE
WCDMA /
USA

1900

1850

TDD

FDD UPLINK

1920

TDD

1910

FDD UPLINK

1980

FDD DOWNLINK

1930

2010

TDD

2025

2110

FDD DOWNLINK

1990

Both FDD (2x 5 MHz) and TDD (1x 5 MHz) modes are supported
BTSs time synchronization not required for FDD mode

GPS not required

Multi-Code and Variable Spreading Factor modes supported

Physical Parameters:

73

Chip rate = 3.840 Mchips/Sec

RF Bandwidth = 5 MHz

Frame length = 10 mSec, so 100 Frame/ Sec

Frame consists of 15 Slot each 0.666 msec , so 1500 Slot./Sec

Fast Power Control: Bi-directional; 1500 updates/sec or once /Slot

UMTS Overview

2170

UMTS Model

UMTS OSI Model

Layer 3

3GPP TS 25.201 4.0

3GPP TS 25.201 4.0

Radio Resource Control

(RRC)

Logical channels
Layer 2

Medium Access Control (MAC)

- grouped by information content

- User Data
- Control and signaling

Transport channels
Layer 1

Physical layer

- grouped by method of transport

Physical channels
Direct RRC control
of the physical layer

74

Air Interface

UMTS Overview

Physical Channels Distinguished by:

- RF Frequency
- Channelization Code
- Spreading Code
- Modulation (I/Q) Phase (uplink)
- Timeslot (TDD mode)

75

UMTS Overview

76

UMTS Overview

Physical Layer Requirements

Services provided by Physical Layer

Data and RF Processing Functions
FEC encoding/decoding of transport channels
Error detection on transport channels and indication to higher layers
Rate matching of coded transport channels to physical channels
Power weighting and combining of physical channels
Closed-loop power control
Modulation/demodulation and spreading/de-spreading of physical channels
Multiplexing/de-multiplexing of coded composite transport channels
Mapping of transport channels on physical channels
Operational Functions
Cell search functions
Synchronization (chip, bit, slot, and frame synchronization)
Soft Handover support
Radio characteristics measurements including FER, SIR, Interference Power, etc.,
and indication to higher layers

77

UMTS Overview

WCDMA Physical Channels

Channels broadcast to all UE in the cell
P-CCPCH- Primary Common Control Physical Channel
SCH - Sync Channel
Common control Channels
P-CPICH - Primary Common Pilot Channel
S-CCPCH Common Control Physical Channel (Secondary)

Random Access and Packet Access Channels

PRACH - Physical Random Access Channel

Base
Station
(BS)

AICH - Acquisition Indication Channel

PICH - Page Indication Channel
Dedicated Connection Channels
DPDCH - Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DPCCH - Dedicated Physical Control Channel

78

UMTS Overview

User
Equipment
(UE)

WCDMA Downlink Physical Channels

Common Downlink Physical Channels

P-CCPCH Common Control Physical Channel (Primary)
- Broadcasts cell site information
- Broadcasts cell SFN; Timing reference for all DL channels
SCH Synchronization Channel
- Fast Synch. codes 1 and 2; time-multiplexed with P-CCPCH
S-CCPCH Common Control Physical Channel (Secondary)
- Transmits idle-mode signaling and control information to UEs
P-CIPCH Common Pilot Channel

Dedicated Downlink Physical Channels

DPDCH Dedicated Downlink Physical Data Channel
DPCCH Dedicated Downlink Physical Control Channel
- Transmits connection-mode signaling and control to UEs

79

UMTS Overview

WCDMA Downlink Physical Channels

Downlink Indication Channels

AICH (Acquisition Indication Channel)
Acknowledges that BS has acquired a UE Random Access attempt
(Echoes the UEs Random Access signature)
PICH (Page Indication Channel)
Informs a UE to monitor the next paging frame

80

UMTS Overview

Uplink Physical Channels

WCDMA Uplink Physical Channels

Common Uplink Physical Channels

PRACH Physical Random Access Channel
Used by UE to initiate access to BS

Dedicated Uplink Physical Channels

DPDCH Dedicated Uplink Physical Data Channel
DPCCH Dedicated Uplink Physical Control Channel
Transmits connection-mode signaling and control to BS

81

UMTS Overview

Dedicated Control/Data Channel

Downlink DPCCH/DPDCH Frame

1 Slot = 0.666 mSec = 2560 chips = 10 x 2^k bits, k = [0...7]
SF = 512/2k = [512, 256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4]
DPDCH

DPCCH

Data 1

TPC

DPDCH

TFCI

DPCCH

Data 2

10

11

Pilot

12

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec

82

UMTS Overview

13

14

15

Downlink Data Rates

Variable Data Rates on the Downlink: Examples

Channel Bit
Rate
(kbps)

Channel
Symbol
Rate
(ksps)

SF

Bits/Frame

Bits/ Slot

15

7.5

512

150

60

90

10

120

60

64

1200

900

300

80

60

1920

960

480

1280

1248

16

TOTAL DPDCH DPCCH TOTAL DPDCH

DPCCH
TFCI TPC PILOT

19,200 18,720

Channel Coding
(OVSF codes at 3.84 Mcps)
Coded Data
1.920 Mb/sec
(19,200 bits
per 10 mSec frame)

83

S/P
Converter

UMTS Overview

960 kb/sec

Downlink DPDCH/DPCCH Slot Formats

Slot Channel Channel SF

Format Bit Rate Symbol
#i
(kbps)
Rate
(ksps)

84

Bits/
Slot

DPDCH
Bits/Slot

DPCCH
Bits/Slot

NData1 NData2 NTPC

0
0A
0B
1
1B
2
2A
2B
3
3A
3B

15
15
30
15
30
30
30
60
30
30
60

7.5
7.5
15
7.5
15
15
15
30
15
15
30

512
512
256
512
256
256
256
128
256
256
128

10
10
20
10
20
20
20
40
20
20
40

14
14A
14B
15
15A
15B
16
16A

480
480
960
960
960
1920
1920
1920

240
240
480
480
480
960
960
960

16
16
8
8
8
4
4
4

320
320
640
640
640
1280
1280
1280

0
0
0
0
0
2
2
4
2
2
4

4
4
8
2
4
14
14
28
12
10
24

56 232
56 224
112 464
120 488
120 480
240 976
248 1000
248 992

UMTS Overview

NTFCI NPilot

Transmitted
slots per
radio frame
NTr

2
2
4
2
4
2
2
4
2
2
4

0
0
0
2
4
0
0
0
2
4
4

4
4
8
4
8
2
2
4
2
2
4

15
8-14
8-14
15
8-14
15
8-14
8-14
15
8-14
8-14

8
8
16
8
8
16
8
8

8*
16*
16*
8*
16*
16*
8*
16*

16
16
32
16
16
32
16
16

15
8-14
8-14
15
8-14
8-14
15
8-14

Notes:
1) Zero-TFCI slot formats
are used when there is
only one data service on
the DCH.
2) Slot formats A and B are
used during
compressed mode
operation

Downlink Scrambling Codes

Downlink Scrambling Codes

Used to distinguish Base Station transmissions on Downlink
Each Cell is assigned one and only one Primary Scrambling Code
The Cell always uses the assigned Primary Scrambling Code for the Primary and Secondary CCPCHs
Secondary Scrambling Codes may be used over part of a cell, or for other data channels

8192 Downlink Scrambling Codes

Each code is 38,400 chips of a 218 - 1 (262,143 chip) Gold Sequence

Code Group #1

85

Code Group #64

Primary SC0

Primary SC7

Primary SC504

Primary SC511

Secondary
Scrambling
Codes

Secondary
Scrambling
Codes

Secondary
Scrambling
Codes

Secondary
Scrambling
Codes

(15)

(15)

(15)

(15)

UMTS Overview

Synchronization Codes

Synchronization Codes (PSC, SSC)

256 Chips

PSC
SSCi

2304 Chips

P-CCPCH
(PSC + SSC + BCH)

Broadcast Data (18 bits)

Broadcast by BS
First 256 chips of every SCH time slot

Allows UE to achieve fast synchronization in an asynchronous system

Primary Synchronization Code (PSC)
Fixed 256-chip sequence with base period of 16 chips
Provides fast positive indication of a WCDMA system
Allows fast asynchronous slot synchronization

Secondary Synchronization Codes (SSC)

A set of 16 codes, each 256 bits long
Codes are arranged into one of 64 unique permutations
Specific arrangement of SSC codes provide UE with frame timing, BS code
group
86

UMTS Overview

Downlink Scrambling Codes

Primary Synchronization Code

Primary Synchronization Code (PSC)

let a = <1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1, 1>

PSC(1...256) = < a, a, a, -a, -a, a, -a, -a, a, a, a, -a, a, -a, a, a >
Note: PSC is transmitted Clear (Without scrambling)

SCH

BCH

256 Chips

2304 Chips

PSC

Broadcast Data (18 bits)

SSCi

10

11

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec

87

UMTS Overview

12

13

14

15

Secondary Synchronization Code Group

16 Fixed 256-bit Codes; Codes arranged into one of 64 patterns

SSCi

SSC1
SSC2
SSC3
SSC4
SSC5
SSC6
SSC7
SSC8
SSC9
SSC10
SSC11
SSC12
SSC13
SSC14
SSC15
SSC16

Scrambling
Code Group

slot number
#1

#2

#3

#4

#5

#6

#7

#8

#9

#10

#11

#12

#13

#14

#15

Group 1

10

15

10

16

15

16

Group 2

16

14

16

10

12

14

12

10

Group 3

15

12

16

11

16

11

15

12

SSC1

SSC15

Group 62

10

13

10

11

15

15

16

12

14

13

16

14

11

Group 63

11

12

15

12

13

13

11

14

10

16

15

14

16

Group 64

12

10

15

13

14

14

15

11

11

13

12

16

10

10

11

12

13

14

15

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec

Note:
The SSC patterns positively identify one and only one of the 64 Scrambling Code Groups.
This is possible because no cyclic shift of any SSC is equivalent to any cyclic shift of any other SSC.

88

UMTS Overview

Slot Synchronization

Slot Synchronization using Primary Synchronization Code

10 mSec Frame (15 slots x 666.666 uSec)
PSC
[1]

BCH
Data

PSC
[2]

BCH
Data

PSC
[3]

BCH
Data

PSC
[4]

BCH
Data

PSC
[15]

BCH
Data

Matched Filter
(Matched to PSC)

P-CCPCH
(PSC)
Matched
Filter
Output

time

89

UMTS Overview

Frame Synchronization

Frame Synchronization using Secondary Synchronization Code

10 mSec Frame (15 slots x 666.666 uSec)
SSC
[1]

BCH
Data

SSC
[2]

BCH
Data

SSC
[3]

BCH
Data

SSC
[4]

BCH
Data

SSC
[15]

BCH
Data

Matched Filter
SSC
[1]

SSC
[2]

SSC
[3]

SSC
[4]

SSC
[5]

SSC
[6]

SSC
[7]

SSC
[8]

SSC
[9]

SSC
[10]

SSC
[11]

SSC
[12]

SSC
[13]

SSC
[14]

SSC
[15]

Matched to SSC
code group pattern

SSC Code Group Pattern provides

Matched
Filter
Output

Frame Synchronization
Positive ID of Scrambling Code Group
Remember, no cyclic shift of any SSC is equal to any other SSC

time
90

UMTS Overview

Random Access

Random Access Attempt and AICH Indication

RACH
AICH

4096 chips
(1.066 msec)

UE

Preamble

BS

91

Preamble

Preamble

No
Ind.

No
Ind.

UMTS Overview

RACH
message part
(UE Identification)

Acq.
Ind.

Random Access Preamble Signatures

Random Access Preamble Signature Symbols

92

Signature

P0

P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

P6

P7

P8

P9

P10

P11

P12

P13

P14

P15

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1

1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1

1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1

1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1
-1
1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
1
-1
-1
1
-1
1

1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1

1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1

1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1

1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1

1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1

1
-1
1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
1
-1

1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1

1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
1
-1
-1
1

Preamble codes are 16-long Orthogonal Walsh Codes.

Preamble = [ P0, P1, P15 ] repeated 256 times (4096 chips total).

Preamble codes help the BS distinguish between UE making simultaneous Random Access Attempts.

UMTS Overview

Logical Channels
(Layers 3+)

Transport Channels
(Layer 2)

WCDMA Downlink (FDD)

Physical Channels
(Layer 1)

Null Data

CPICH
Common Pilot Channel

S/P
Cch 256,0

BCCH
Broadcast Control Ch.

BCH
Broadcast Ch.

Data
Encoding

PCCH
Paging Control Ch.

PCH
Paging Ch.

Data
Encoding

P-CCPCH(*)
S/P
Primary Common Control Physical Ch.

PSC
Cch 256,1

CCCH
Common Control Ch.
CTCH
Common Traffic Ch.

FACH
Forward Access Ch.

DTCH
Dedicated Traffic Ch. 1

DCH
Data
Dedicated Ch. Encoding

Cch

SCH (Sync Channel)

GS

Gain

DPCH (Dedicated Physical Channel)

CCTrCH One per UE
Cell-specific
Scrambling
Code
M
U
X

DPDCH (one or more per UE)

Dedicated Physical Data Ch.

M
U
X

S/P
Cch

Gain

DCH
Data
Dedicated Ch. Encoding
Pilot, TPC, TFCI bits
DSCH
Data
Downlink Shared Ch. Encoding

PDSCH
Physical Downlink Shared Channel

S/P

PICH
(Paging Indication Channel )

S/P

AP-AICH
(Access Preamble Indication Channel )

S/P

CPCH Status Indication bits

CSICH
(CPCH Status Indication Channel )

S/P

CPCH Status Indication bits

CD/CA-ICH
S/P
(Collision Detection/Channel Assignment )

Access Preamble Indication bits

I+jQ

Filter
Filter

I/Q
Modulator

DPCCH (one per UE)

Dedicated Physical Control Ch.

S/P

Paging Indication bits

Downlink
RF Out

AICH
(Acquisition Indication Channel)

Access Indication data

93

GP
SSCi

Data
Encoding

DCH
Data
Dedicated Ch. Encoding

SHCCH
DSCH Control Ch.

Gain

S-CCPCH
S/P
Secondary Common Control Physical Ch.

DCCH
Dedicated Control Ch.

DTCH
Dedicated Traffic Ch. N

Sync Codes(*)

Gain

UMTS Overview

* Note regarding P-CCPCH and SCH

Cch

Gain

Cch

Gain

Cch

Gain

Cch

Gain

Cch

Gain

Cch

Gain

Sync Codes are transmitted only in bits 0-255 of each times

P-CCPCH transmits only during the remaining bits of each t

WCDMA Uplink (FDD)

Logical Channels
(Layers 3+)

Transport Channels
(Layer 2)

CCCH
Common Control Ch.

RACH
Random Access Ch.

Physical Channels
(Layer 1)

Data
Coding

Chd

Gd

PRACH
Physical Random Access Ch.

RACH Control Part

DTCH (packet mode)

Dedicated Traffic Ch.

CPCH
Common Packet Ch.

Data
Coding

Chc

Gc

Chd

Gd

PCPCH
Physical Common Packet Ch.

UE
Scrambling
Code

Uplink
RF Out

PCPCH Control Part

Chc

CCTrCH
DCCH
Dedicated Control Ch.
DTCH
Dedicated Traffic Ch. 1

DTCH
Dedicated Traffic Ch. N

DCH
Data
Dedicated Ch. Encoding
DCH
Data
Dedicated Ch. Encoding

DPDCH #1
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
DPDCH #3 (optional)
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.

M
U
X

DCH
Data
Dedicated Ch. Encoding

DPDCH #5 (optional)
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
DPDCH #2 (optional)
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
DPDCH #4 (optional)
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
DPDCH #6 (optional)
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.

Pilot, TPC, TFCI bits

94

Chd,1

Gd

Chd,3

Gd

Chd,5

Gd

Chd,2

Gd

Chd,4

Gd

Chd,6

Gd

Chc

Gd

DPCCH
Dedicated Physical Control Ch.

UMTS Overview

Gc

Q
j

I+jQ

Filter
Filter

I/Q
Mod.

UMTS Overview
Coverage and capacity principles

95

UMTS Overview

WCDMA planning complexity

Coverage/capacity/quality Trade-off

Coverage

Cell Breathing

Capacity

WCDMA

BLER

Quality

BER
GoS

Unlike GSM (TDMA), both coverage and capacity are related together and to be
dimensioned by the same factor, (Power), which reflect of a trade of between
coverage and capacity (cell breathing)
96

UMTS Overview

Dimensioning flow in 3G

97

UMTS Overview

Capacity Dimensioning

CS dimensioning
Same as GSM (Earlng B table).

-Get number of resources Mcs

PS dimensioning
Peak hour total data needed.
Get figure in bit/sec.

Throughput for
each user
average
64kb/s
98

UMTS Overview

Capacity Dimensioning
WCDMA Uplink Physical Channels

Available capacity calcualtions (capacity per one site)

For each service determine.
Eb/No depending on the channel coding type and power control efficiency
Ec/No depending on the PG

Calculate Mpole
Uplink.

Downlink

99

UMTS Overview

Capacity Dimensioning
WCDMA Uplink Physical Channels

Define Max load Qmax

For each cell parameter Q is defined representing the ratio of the carreied
traffic (Mdata) to the max carreid traffic (Mpole)
Qmax for the downlink is to be 75%
Qmax for the uplink is to be 70%

Calculate number for capacity sites

Qmax=(Mdata/ Mpole)* number of sites
The number of sites is to be calculated for each service, for both the
downlink and the uplink.
Limitation for each service is the max number of sites either in the
downlink and the uplink
100

UMTS Overview

WCDMA capacity calculation

UL and DL load curves comparison:

DL
At high load, system
is DL limited

UL
At low load, system
is UL limited

101

UMTS Overview

WCDMA Coverage dimensioing

Using link budget
equation

Max Path Loss

LMaximum PowerTX max imum Sensitivity RX

LPath LMaximum M arg ins Gains

102

UMTS Overview

Coverage dimensioning
WCDMA Uplink Physical Channels

-Uplink link budget equation,

Determine SSreq
Ec=No + Eb/No + PG.

Apply link budget equation to get Rmax.

Balanced?

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Coverage dimensioning
WCDMA Uplink Physical Channels

Downlink link budget equation,

Apply link budget equation to get Pdl (Cpich power.).

Check the balance through the following checks.

Balanced
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Coverage dimensioning
WCDMA Uplink Physical Channels

Downlink link budget equation,

Calculate the total power (DCH)

Through Simulation!

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UMTS Overview
Introduction to HSDPA

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HSDPA main principle

What is HSDPA?
High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is a new feature at WRAN to provide high data
rates at the downlink to meet users needs.

How HSDPA works?

In order to increase the data rate:
The modulation technique has been changed from QPSK to 16 QAM.
A new transport channel has been introduced to the system at the same carrier for packed
data HS-DSCH, this channel utilize the remaining amount of power at the power amplifier &
share it quickly among the users.
The main benefits of HS-DSCH is
Reduced delays
Increased data rates
Increased capacity

The TX power at HS-DSCH is changed dynamically very fast every 2ms to adapt with RL
changes, ie similar to power control but very as we use the remaining power at PA which may
needed again for urgency conditions.
Using more than one channelization code for the user, this code used at SF16 at code tree.

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HSDPA main principle

througput

Available throughputs

Number of HSPDSCH
codes

10

10

15

15

Modulation

QPSK

16QAM

QPSK

16QAM

QPSK

16QAM

Maximum bit
rate [Mbps]

2.24

4.48

4.48

8.96

6.72

13.44

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