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TOWN PLANNING
SUBMITTED TO:
AR.SHWETA BANSAL
SUBMITTED TO:
NITIN SHIVHARE
THE FORUM:
THE FOCAL POINT OF
THE CITY WAS ITS
FORUM.
AN OPEN AREA
BORDERED BY
COLONNADES WITH
SHOPS.
FUNCTIONED AS THE
CHIEF MEETING PLACE
OF THE TOWN.
USUALLY SITUATED IN
THE CENTRE OF THE
CITY AT THE
INTERSECTION OF THE
CARDO AND THE
DECUMANUS.
THE BASILICA:
A ROOFED HALL WITH A WIDE CENTRAL AREATHE NAVEFLANKED
BY SIDE AISLES, AND IT OFTEN HAD TWO OR MORE STOREYS.
IN ROMAN TIMES BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS AND LEGAL
PROCEEDINGS TOOK PLACE IN THE BASILICA, BUT THE BUILDING TYPE
WAS ADAPTED IN CHRISTIAN TIMES AS THE STANDARD FORM OF
WESTERN CHURCH.
THE FIRST BASILICAS WERE ERECTED IN THE EARLY 2ND CENTURY BC
IN ROME'S OWN FORUM, BUT THE EARLIEST WELL-PRESERVED
EXAMPLE OF A BASILICA (C. 120 BC) IS FOUND AT POMPEII.
Pompeii, basilica
Pompeii, basilica
Amphitheater Arles
Theater, Orange
ROMAN COLLONIES
COLONIAE : SETTLEMENTS OR COLONIES ESTABLISHED BY THE
STATE TO FORM A SELF-ADMINISTERING COMMUNITY, OFTEN WITH A
STRATEGIC DEFENSIVE FUNCTION.
THE CREATION OF COLONIAE ALLOWED ROME TO EXTEND ITS
PEOPLE, CULTURE AND CONTROL OVER THE HOSTILE, FOREIGN OR
DESIRED TERRITORIES.
ESSENTIALLY, A COLONY CAME INTO BEING WHEN A GROUP OF
ROMAN CITIZENS, BE THEY VETERANS OR CIVILIANS, RECEIVED FROM
THE STATE A GRANT OF LAND IN A PROVINCE (OR IN ITALY).
THE AMOUNT ALLOTTED TO EACH COLONIST FOLLOWED THE
REGULAR PLOTTING USED AS THE STANDARD THROUGHOUT THE
EMPIRE (CENTURIATION).
ONCE MEASURED, ALL THE COLONISTS' LAND RECEIVED THE PRIZED
STATUS OF IUS ITALICUM, IN WHICH NO TRIBUTE WAS DEMANDED
BECAUSE THEY WERE ALL CITIZENS.
THE ADVANTAGES WERE OBVIOUS, AND IN AN EMPIRE WHERE
COMMERCIAL, SOCIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE COMPETITION WAS
FIERCE, IT HELPED TO HAVE EVERY CONCEIVABLE EDGE.
TOWN FORTIFICATION
THE FOUNDING OF COLONIES REACHED A PEAK IN THE REIGN OF
AUGUSTUS. MOST NEWLY FOUNDED COLONIES WERE PROVIDED WITH
DEFENSES, USUALLY CONSISTING OF A WALL WITH DEFENDABLE
GATEWAYS.
ONE PURPOSE OF THESE COLONIES WAS TO DOMINATE THEIR
SURROUNDING AREAS AND IMPLANT THE ROMAN WAY OF LIFE, BUT
NOT ALL AREAS WERE HOSTILE AND SO TOWN WALLS MAY NOT ALWAYS
HAVE BEEN NEEDED FOR DEFENSES.
HOWEVER, IMPRESSIVE MASONRY WALLS PROVIDED THE COLONY
WITH ENHANCED STATUS, REPRESENTING THE POWER OF ROME.
WALLS VARIED IN PLAN AND CONSTRUCTION FROM TOWN TO TOWN
BUT WERE USUALLY BUILT AS FREE-STANDING MASONRY WALLS WITH A
CAREFULLY FINISHED FACING OF SMALL BLOCKWORK.
GATEWAYS WERE KEPT TO A MINIMUM (USUALLY ONE PER SIDE IF THE
TOWN WAS PLANNED AS A RECTANGLE), AND WERE USUALLY FLANKED
BY TOWERS RISING HIGHER THAN THE WALLS.
THERE MIGHT ALSO BE INTERVAL TOWERS ON THE PERIMETER WALL
ITSELF.
GATEWAYS USUALLY HAD SINGLE OR DOUBLE PASSAGEWAYS FOR
VEHICLES, FLANKED BY NARROWER PASSAGEWAYS FOR PEDESTRIANS.
THANK YOU