THIRD EDITION

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
Dee Unglaub Silverthorn, Ph.D.

Chapter 20, part A

Integrative Physiology II:
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by
Dr. Howard D. Booth, Professor of Biology, Eastern Michigan University
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

About this Chapter

How the kidney functions in body water balance

How this is sensed and regulated
How sodium balance affects ECF volume & cells
How potassium balance affects excitable tissues
How [H+] and buffering maintain pH balance
How behavior affects water and ion balance

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Steroid Hormones: Structure and Action

Excretory & circulatory balance body electrolytes
ECF osmolarity affects cell volume
Provides essential ions & molecules for
metabolism

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Steroid Hormones: Structure and Action

Figure 20-1: Integrated responses to changes in blood volume and blood pressure
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Body Water Balance

Drinking & eating

provides water
Kidney conserves
water so output =
intake

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 20-2: Water balance in the body

Body Water Balance

Figure 20-3: Role of the kidneys in water balance

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nephron Recycling: Overview

Proximal tubule
Glucose & Na+
Loop of Henle
H2O, Na+, K+ & Cl Distal tubule
Na+ & H2O
Collecting duct
H2O, Na+ & urea
Hormone regulated
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nephron Recycling: Overview

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 20-4: Osmolarity changes as fluid flows through the nephron

Urine Osmolarity Regulation: Collecting Duct

H2O recycling
Hormone
Regulated
Vasopressin
Aquaporins

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Urine Osmolarity Regulation: Collecting Duct

Figure 20-5: Water movement in the collecting duct in the presence and absence of vasopressin
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Formation of Water Pores:

Mechanism of Vasopressin Action

Vasopressin
20 messenger
Aquaporins
New pores

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Formation of Water Pores:

Mechanism of Vasopressin Action

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 20-6: The mechanism of action of vasopressin

Water Balance Reflex:

Regulators of Vasopressin Release

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 20-7: Factors affecting vasopressin release

Water Reabsorption in Descending Loop of Henle

Countercurrent
multiplier exchange
Medullary osmotic
gradient
H2OECFvasa
recta vessels

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 20-10: Countercurrent exchange in the medulla of the kidney

Sodium Balance: Intake & Excretion

[Na+] affects plasma & ECF osmolarity

[Na+] affects blood pressure & ECF volume
Aldosterone regulates Na+ excretion

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Sodium Balance: Intake & Excretion

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 20-11: Homeostatic responses to eating salt