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23
Circulation and
Respiration
PowerPoint Lectures created by Edward J. Zalisko for
Campbell Essential Biology, Sixth Edition, and
Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology, Fifth Edition
Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, Kelly A. Hogan, and Jane B. Reece
Figure 23.0-1
Figure 23.0-1a
Figure 23.0-1b
Figure 23.0-1c
Figure 23.0-2
Figure 23.1
Vessels
Blood
Heart
Circulating
(interstitial) fluid
Molluscs, arthropods
Interstitial fluid
Capillaries
Gills
Heart
Systemic
circuit
Heart
Body
Lungs
Body
Figure 23.1-1
Circulating
(interstitial) fluid
Figure 23.1-2
Interstitial fluid
Capillaries
Heart
Gills
Body
Figure 23.1-3
Systemic
circuit
Heart
Lungs
Body
Figure 23.1-4
Figure 23.1-5
Figure 23.1-6
2.
3.
Figure 23.2-1
CO2
Lung
CO2
Lung
O2
O2
Heart
O2-rich blood
O2-poor blood
Figure 23.2-2
CO2
O2
O2
CO2
O2-rich blood
O2-poor blood
Figure 23.3-s1
Capillaries of
head, chest,
and arms
Superior
vena cava
Pulmonary
artery
Aorta
Capillaries
of right lung
Pulmonary
artery
Capillaries
of left lung
1
Pulmonary vein
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Inferior
vena cava
O2-rich blood
O2-poor blood
2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Capillaries of
abdominal region
and legs
Figure 23.3-s2
Capillaries of
head, chest,
and arms
Superior
vena cava
Pulmonary
artery
Aorta
Capillaries
of right lung
Pulmonary
artery
Capillaries
of left lung
1
Pulmonary vein
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Inferior
vena cava
O2-rich blood
O2-poor blood
2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Capillaries of
abdominal region
and legs
Figure 23.3-s3
Capillaries of
head, chest,
and arms
Superior
vena cava
Pulmonary
artery
Pulmonary
artery
Aorta
Capillaries
of right lung
Capillaries
of left lung
1
Pulmonary vein
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Inferior
vena cava
O2-rich blood
O2-poor blood
2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Capillaries of
abdominal region
and legs
Figure 23.3-s4
Capillaries of
head, chest,
and arms
Superior
vena cava
Pulmonary
artery
Pulmonary
artery
Aorta
Capillaries
of right lung
3
4
Capillaries
of left lung
3
4
1
Pulmonary vein
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Inferior
vena cava
O2-rich blood
O2-poor blood
2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Capillaries of
abdominal region
and legs
Figure 23.3-s5
Capillaries of
head, chest,
and arms
Superior
vena cava
Pulmonary
artery
Aorta
Capillaries
of right lung
3
4
Pulmonary vein
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Inferior
vena cava
O2-rich blood
O2-poor blood
2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Pulmonary
artery
Capillaries
of left lung
3
4
5
1
2
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Capillaries of
abdominal region
and legs
Figure 23.3-s6
Capillaries of
head, chest,
and arms
Superior
vena cava
Pulmonary
artery
Aorta
Capillaries
of right lung
3
4
Pulmonary vein
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Inferior
vena cava
O2-rich blood
O2-poor blood
2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Pulmonary
artery
Capillaries
of left lung
3
4
6
5
1
2
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Capillaries of
abdominal region
and legs
Figure 23.3-s7
Capillaries of
head, chest,
and arms
Superior
vena cava
Pulmonary
artery
Aorta
Capillaries
of right lung
3
4
Pulmonary vein
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Inferior
vena cava
O2-rich blood
O2-poor blood
2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Pulmonary
artery
Capillaries
of left lung
3
4
6
5
1
2
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Capillaries of
abdominal region
and legs
Figure 23.3-s8
Capillaries of
head, chest,
and arms
Superior
vena cava
Pulmonary
artery
Aorta
Capillaries
of right lung
3
4
Pulmonary vein
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Inferior
vena cava
O2-rich blood
O2-poor blood
2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Pulmonary
artery
Capillaries
of left lung
3
4
6
5
1
2
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Capillaries of
abdominal region
and legs
Figure 23.3-s9
Capillaries of
head, chest,
and arms
Superior
vena cava
Pulmonary
artery
Aorta
Capillaries
of right lung
3
4
Pulmonary vein
3
4
5
1
7
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Inferior
vena cava
O2-rich blood
O2-poor blood
Capillaries
of left lung
Right atrium
Pulmonary
artery
Capillaries of
abdominal region
and legs
Figure 23.3-s10
Capillaries of
head, chest,
and arms
Superior
vena cava
Pulmonary
artery
10
Capillaries
of right lung
Aorta
3
Pulmonary vein
3
4
5
1
7
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Inferior
vena cava
Capillaries
of left lung
Right atrium
O2-rich blood
O2-poor blood
Pulmonary
artery
Capillaries of
abdominal region
and legs
Figure 23.3-s11
Capillaries of
head, chest,
and arms
Superior
vena cava
Pulmonary
artery
10
Capillaries
of right lung
Aorta
3
4
5
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Inferior
vena cava
11
O2-rich blood
O2-poor blood
Capillaries
of left lung
Pulmonary vein
Right atrium
Pulmonary
artery
Capillaries of
abdominal region
and legs
Figure 23.4
To body
O2-rich blood
O2-poor blood
From
body
Left
lung
Right
lung
Right atrium
Left atrium
Valves
Valves
Right
ventricle
From body
2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Left
ventricle
Figure 23.5-s1
1 Heart is relaxed.
Blood flows in.
DIASTOLE
0.4
sec
Figure 23.5-s2
2 Atria contract.
Blood is forced into ventricles.
1 Heart is relaxed.
Blood flows in.
0.1
sec
DIASTOLE
0.4
sec
SYSTOLE
Figure 23.5-s3
2 Atria contract.
Blood is forced into ventricles.
1 Heart is relaxed.
Blood flows in.
0.1
sec
0.8 sec
DIASTOLE
0.4
sec
3 Ventricles contract.
Blood is pumped out.
2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
0.3
sec
SYSTOLE
Figure 23.6-1
Right
atrium
Right
ventricle
Left atrium
Electrical
impulses
Left
ventricle
Figure 23.6-2
Wire leading to
Heart
heart pacemaker
Artificial
pacemaker
Blood Vessels
If the heart is the bodys pump, then the
plumbing is the system of arteries, veins, and
capillaries.
Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
Veins carry blood toward the heart.
Capillaries allow for exchange between the
bloodstream and tissue cells (via interstitial fluid).
Blood Vessels
All blood vessels are lined by a thin layer of tightly
packed epithelial cells.
Structural differences in the walls of the different
kinds of blood vessels correlate with their different
functions.
Blood Vessels
Veins convey blood back to the heart at low
velocity and pressure after the blood has passed
through capillary beds.
Veins (but not arteries) also have one-way valves
that prevent backflow, ensuring that blood always
moves toward the heart.
Figure 23.7
From heart
To heart
Epithelium
Valve
Epithelium
Epithelium
Smooth
muscle
Smooth
muscle
Connective
tissue
Connective
tissue
Artery
Venule
Arteriole
Capillary
2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Vein
Figure 23.8
Tissue cell
Capillary
Red blood cell
Fro
m
art
ery
Diffusion of O2
and nutrients
out of capillary
and into
tissue cells
LM
in
ve
(a) Capillaries
To vein
To
Interstitial
fluid
Diffusion of
CO2 and
wastes out
of tissue
cells and
into capillary
Figure 23.8-1
Capillary
LM
(a) Capillaries
Figure 23.8-2
Tissue cell
Fro
m
a rt
ery
Diffusion of O2
and nutrients
out of capillary
and into
tissue cells
To vein
To
Interstitial
fluid
in
ve
Diffusion of
CO2 and
wastes out
of tissue
cells and
into capillary
Figure 23.9
To heart
Valve (open)
Skeletal muscle
Valve (closed)
Blood
The circulatory system of an adult human has
about 5 L of blood.
Just over half this volume consists of a yellowish
liquid called plasma, consisting of water and
dissolved salts, proteins, and various other
molecules, such as nutrients, wastes, and
hormones.
Blood
Suspended within the plasma are three types of
cellular elements:
1. red blood cells,
2. white blood cells, and
3. platelets.
Figure 23.10
55%
Blood
is spun.
Platelets
45%
Red blood cells
Figure 23.10-1
55%
Platelets
45%
Red blood cells
Figure 23.10-2
Blood
is spun.
Blood Doping
Athletes sometimes abuse synthetic EPO to
enhance their blood oxygen level, a practice
referred to as blood doping.
Blood doping is difficult to detect because EPO is a
hormone produced naturally by the body and
because synthetic EPO is rapidly cleared from the
bloodstream.
Figure 23.11
Aerobic capacity
in liters O2/minute
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
4.1
4.1
4.0
4.4
4.2
4.1
2.0
0
Control
18
Day of experiment
33
Figure 23.12
Colorized SEM
Colorized SEM
Colorized SEM
Colorized SEM
Fibrin
Figure 23.12-1
Colorized SEM
Figure 23.12-2
Colorized SEM
Figure 23.12-3
Colorized SEM
Platelets
(bits of membrane-enclosed
cytoplasm that aid clotting)
Colorized SEM
Fibrin
2.
Figure 9.28
Queen
Victoria
Albert
Alice
Louis
Alexandra
Czar
Nicholas II
of Russia
Alexis
Figure 9.20
Blood
Group
(PhenoGenotypes
type)
A
IA IA
or
Antibodies
Present in
Blood
Carbohydrate
A
Anti-B
Carbohydrate
B
Anti-A
I i
IB IB
or
IB i
AB
IA IB
ii
Anti-A
Anti-B
Cardiovascular Disease
Diseases of the heart and blood vessels are
collectively called cardiovascular disease, and
they account for 1 in 3 deaths in the United States.
Coronary arteries are the vessels that supply
oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.
Figure 23.13
Aorta
Coronary artery
(supplies oxygen
to the heart muscle)
Dead muscle
tissue
Blockage
Cardiovascular Disease
Chronic disease of the coronary and other arteries
throughout the body is called atherosclerosis, in
which plaque develops in the inner walls of
arteries.
When a coronary artery becomes partially blocked
by plaque, a person may feel occasional chest pain,
a condition called angina.
If the coronary artery becomes fully blocked, heart
muscle cells quickly die.
Figure 23.14
Passageway
for blood
Partially blocked
passageway
Plaque
Normal artery
Figure 23.14-1
Passageway
for blood
Normal artery
Figure 23.14-2
Partially blocked
passageway
Plaque
Cardiovascular Disease
Approximately one-third of heart attack victims die
almost immediately.
For those who survive, the ability of the damaged
heart to pump blood may be seriously impaired for
life because heart muscle cannot be replaced or
repaired.
Certain drugs can lower the risk of developing clots.
Angioplasty is the insertion of a tiny catheter with a
balloon that is inflated to compress the plaque and
widen clogged arteries.
Figure 23.15
Catheter
Artery
Plaque
causing
blockage
Bypass
Plaque
causing
blockage
2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Vein
Blood
flow
Balloon expanded
Stent
Cardiovascular Disease
A stent, a small wire mesh tube that props open an
artery, is often inserted during the angioplasty
process.
Bypass surgery is a much more drastic remedy. In
this procedure, a vein is removed from a patients
leg and is sewn onto the heartshunting blood
around the clogged artery.
Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular disease involves inherited factors
but can be reduced by
not smoking,
exercising regularly, and
eating a healthy diet high in fruits, vegetables, and
whole grains.
Figure 23.UN01
CO2
O2
Environment
Cell
C6H12O6
Glucose
6 O2
Oxygen
Cellular
respiration
6 CO2
6 H2O
ATP
Carbon
dioxide
Water
Energy
Figure 23.16
Tracheae
(branching
internal tubes)
Gills
(extensions of the
body surface)
Tracheae
(internal
tubes)
Gills
Sea slug
Leech
Stinkbug
O2
O2
Respiratory
surface
(skin)
Lungs
(internal sacs)
Opossum
CO2 O2
CO2
CO2
Lungs
(localized
internal organs)
O2
CO2
O2
CO2
Respiratory
Capillary surface
(gills)
Respiratory
Respiratory
No
Capillary surface
capillaries surface
(tracheae)
(lungs)
Capillary
Figure 23.16-1
Skin
(entire body surface)
Gills
(extensions of the
body surface)
Gills
Leech
Sea slug
CO2
CO2
O2
Respiratory
surface
(skin)
2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
O2
Respiratory
Capillary surface
(gills)
Capillary
Figure 23.16-2
Tracheae
(branching
internal tubes)
Lungs
(localized
internal organs)
Tracheae
(internal
tubes)
Stinkbug
Lungs
(internal sacs)
Opossum
CO2 O2
O2
CO2
O2
CO2
Respiratory
No
Respiratory
capillaries surface
surface
(tracheae)
(lungs)
2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Capillary
2.
3.
Figure 23.17
O2
1 Breathing
CO2
Lung
2 Transport of gases by
the circulatory system
Circulatory system
3 Exchange of gases
with body cells
O2
CO2
Capillary
Cell
2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Mitochondria
Figure 23.18-1
Pharynx
Nasal cavity
Esophagus
Larynx (voice box)
Left lung
Trachea (windpipe)
Right lung
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Diaphragm
Heart
Figure 23.18-2
To
heart
O2-rich
blood
From
heart
O2-poor
blood
Bronchiole
O2CO2
2
OCO
2
Alveoli
Blood
capillaries
Figure 23.19
Rib cage
expands as
rib muscles
contract.
Air
inhaled
Air
exhaled
Lung
Diaphragm
contracts
(moves
down)
Inhalation
(Air pressure is higher in
atmosphere than in lungs.)
Diaphragm
relaxes
(moves up)
Exhalation
(Air pressure is lower in
atmosphere than in lungs.)
Figure 23.20-s1
Brain
Stimulus:
CO2 levels in
the blood rise
as a result of
exercise.
Figure 23.20-s2
Brain
Stimulus:
CO2 levels in
the blood rise
as a result of
exercise.
Breathing
control
centers
Breathing control
centers in the brain
monitor the rising CO2
levels in the blood.
Figure 23.20-s3
Brain
Stimulus:
CO2 levels in
the blood rise
as a result of
exercise.
Breathing
control
centers
Breathing control
centers in the brain
monitor the rising CO2
levels in the blood.
Rib muscles
2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Diaphragm
Response:
Nerve signals trigger
contraction of
muscles to increase
breathing rate and
depth.
Figure 23.21
O2 in
inhaled air
CO2 in
exhaled air
Air spaces
Alveolus
CO2
O2
CO
O2
Capillaries
of lung
CO2-rich,
O2-poor
blood
Heart
Tissue
COcapillaries 2
O
2
CO2
Interstitial
fluid
O2-rich,
CO2-poor
blood
O2
Figure 23.21-1
O2 in
inhaled air
CO2 in
exhaled air
Air spaces
Alveolus
CO2
O2
CO
2
O2
Capillaries
of lung
CO2-rich,
O2-poor
blood
O2-rich,
CO2-poor
blood
Heart
Figure 23.21-2
CO
2
O2
Capillaries
of lung
CO2-rich,
O2-poor
blood
Heart
Tissue
C capillaries
O
O2-rich,
CO2-poor
blood
O2
Interstitial fluid
CO2
O2
Figure 23.22
Colorized SEM
Artery
Red
blood cells
Heme
group
Hemoglobin molecule
Polypeptide
Colorized SEM
Figure 23.22-1
Artery
Red
blood cells
Figure 23.22-2
Heme
group
Polypeptide
Hemoglobin molecule
2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 23.23
Figure 23.23-1
Figure 23.23-2
Figure 23.24
Figure 23.2
CO2
O2
CO2
Lung
CO2
Lung
O2
O2
Heart
O2-rich blood
O2-poor blood
O2
CO2
Figure 23.6
Wire leading to
heart pacemaker
1
Right
atrium
Left atrium
Electrical
impulses
Right
ventricle
Left
ventricle
Heart
Artificial
pacemaker
Figure 23.18
Pharynx
Nasal cavity
Esophagus
Larynx (voice box)
Left lung
Trachea (windpipe)
O2-rich
blood
Right lung
Bronchus
From
heart
O2-poor
blood
Bronchiole
Bronchiole
O2 CO2
Diaphragm
Heart
To
heart
Alveoli
Blood
capillaries
Figure 23.UN02
CO2
Pulmonary
arteries
O2
Capillaries
Pulmonary circuit
Pulmonary
veins
Heart
Aorta
Venae cavae
Veins
Systemic circuit
Venules
O2-rich blood
O2-poor blood
2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Figure 23.UN03
From
lungs
To
lungs
Pulmonary
arteries
Right
atrium
From
body
Pulmonary
veins
Left
atrium
Venae
cavae
Aorta
Right
ventricle
Left
ventricle
To
body
Figure 23.UN04
Capillary
Epithelium
Valve
Smooth
muscle
Connective
tissue
Artery
Vein
Figure 23.UN05
Platelets
(allow for blood clotting)
SEM
SEM
SEM
Figure 23.UN06
CO2
O2
O2
CO2
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Alveolus
Lung
CO2
From heart
Capillaries
O2
To heart