TRANSISTOR

BJT:
AC Analysis

DC and Small-Signal
Components

In realistic and useful electronic circuit, the

input can be decomposed into two separate
components:
The DC component, VI
The small signal component, vi(t)

The DC component signal is not a function of

time (as a constant e.g. VI=12V)
The small-signal component vi(t) is a function
of time. This signal is an AC signal
This signal vi(t) is referred as the small-signal
component because its magnitude is generally
small for all time t

DC and Small-Signal
Components

DC and Small-Signal
Components
The purpose of DC analysis is to establish a Q-point (quiescent

point) or DC operating point. The goal is to set the Q-point such

that it does not go into saturation or cutoff when an ac signal is
applied
If the Q-point is in active region, the transistor can operate as an
amplifier.
The purpose of AC analysis is to obtain the gain (ratio of output
voltage and input voltage)
To obtain

Current and Voltage Gain, Ai and Vi

Input Impedance, Zi
Output Impedance, Zo
by adopting simple circuit model or transistor equivalent model.

AC Analysis : AC Equivalent
AC analysis; Circuit
Short all capacitors
Open circuit all DC Supplies and ground them

AC Analysis : AC Equivalent
Circuit
Transistor can be redrawn for small-signal AC
analysis.
BJT is replaced with an equivalent circuit.
Two transistor equivalent model will be introduced
THE re TRANSISTOR MODEL.
THE HYBRID EQUIVALENT MODEL

AC Analysis : Two Port

System

The important parameter for AC analysis:

Input impedance, Zi
Output impedance, Zo
Voltage Gain: AV = (Vo/Vi)
Current Gain: Ai = (Io/Ii)

Input Impedance

Input impedance is the equivalent impedance for the

two port system when it is viewed from the input
direction.
Zi is given as Zi = Vi / Ii
Ii can be calculated by adding a resistance, R sense on
the input terminal

Input Impedance : Example

Determine input impedance, Zi

Output Impedance

Output impedance is determined at the output

terminal when the input voltage supply is
shorted.
In order to get Zo, an output voltage signal, Vo
is applied at the output terminal.

Output Impedance

Zo is given as
Zo

Vo
Ii

Io is calculated by adding a resistor, Rsense at the

output terminal.
Io

(V Vo )
Rsense

Output Impedance :
Example

Determine output impedance, Zo

Voltage Gain

Voltage Gain, AV = Vo / Vs
In the figure above, no load is connected to
the output terminal. Therefore, the gain is
knows as No Load Gain AVNL = Vo / Vi
Vi must be determined first before find A V

Voltage Gain
Vi is determined by using voltage-divider rule where :
By rearranging Vs:
Thus;

Voltage Gain : Example

Determine Vi ,Ii ,Zi ,Av

Voltage Gain : Solution

Current Gain

We know

Ii =

-V
Vi
and I o = o
Zi
RL

It is given

Ai =

Io
;
Ii

Thus

Ai =

-Vo R L
VZ
=- o i
Vi Z i
Vi R L

And

A i = -A v

Zi
RL

LOAD LINE & Q-POINT

(B) Voltage Divider Circuit

(A) Fixed Bias With Emitter Resistor

LOAD LINE & Q-POINT

AC Analysis

HYBRID EQUIVALENT MODEL

re TRANSISTOR MODEL

1.

Problem-Solving
Technique:
BJTwith
AC
Analyze circuit
onlyAnalysis
dc sources to find Q point
(DC analysis).

2. Replace the dc current sources with open-circuit and

ground it
3. Replace the coupling and bypass capacitors with
short-circuit
4. Replace transistor with its equivalent circuit, which is
the small-signal model or hybrid model.
5. Analyze the small-signal equivalent circuit

Equivalent Circuit
for Common Emitter

Note that for the

capacitor has been
shorted and the
symbol used for the
current is in small
capital to indicate
that AC signal is
applied.

(RE Bypass)

Zib = r

Zi = R1//R2//Zib

Zo = RC

Small-Signal Hybrid Model

for NPN BJT (RE Bypass)
gm
ib

I CQ
VT

VT
I CQ

g m r
g m vbe ib

gm = transconductance
VT = temperature equivalent voltage =26mV at room te

(RE Bypass)

Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit for NPN

Common Emitter circuit (Hybrid
Model)
ib

Avs ( g m RC )(
Avs

( ) RC
r RB

because

gm

r
)
r RB

or

Important Parameters (RE Bypass)

Z i r
Z o RC
Av

vo
vi

vo ( ib ) RC
vi (ib )r

Av

vo ( ) RC

vi
r

Avs

vo vo vi
x
vS vi vS
vi

Avs

Zi
(vs )
Z i RB

vo ( ) RC
Zi

x
vS
r
Z i RB

Since Z i r ;

Avs

( ) RC
r RB

Hybrid Model : Voltage Divider

Circuit
(RE Un-bypass) Example 1
Determine VTh, RTh, IB,
IC, and VCE
Draw an equivalent AC
Circuit
Calculate r, Zi, Zo, Avs
and Ai.

Hybrid Model (RE Un-bypass)

(Answer)
Zi

Zib

Zo

gm

gm

IC
VT

, VT 26mV

Z ib r (1 ) RE
Z i R1 R 2 Z ib
Avs

Z o RC

vo
RC
Zi

(
)
vs
r (1 ) RE Z i RS

Important Parameters (RE Un-bypass)

IC

r
gm
,VT 26mV
gm
VT
Z ib r (1 ) RE
Z i R1 R 2 Z ib
Av

vo
vi

Z o RC
vo ib RC
vi ib Z ib ib (r (1 ) RE )

Av

vo
RC
Av
vi
r (1 ) RE
vi (

Avs

Zi
)v s
Z i RS

vo
RC
Zi

(
)
vs r (1 ) RE Z i RS

re MODEL - PNP
The PNP Transistor can be replaced by
a re model as given

Common Base

re model

re MODEL - PNP
The diode can be represented by an ac
resistance

Common Base

re model

re MODEL - PNP
Likewise for NPN Transistor

Common Emitter

re model

re MODEL BASIC
FORMULA
Diode resistance
26mV
re

IE

In common emitter re equivalent circuit:

Input current = Ib
Output current = Ic

Recall Ib and Ic relationship Ic = Ib

Current that flow into the diode:
Ie =(+1) Ib
Normally >>1 thus Ie = Ib .

re MODEL BASIC
FORMULA

Input impedance Zi = Vi / Ii = Vbe / Ib

--(1)
Vbe is voltage across diode resistance, r e.
Using Ohms Law Vi = Vbe = Iere =Ibre.
--(2)
Substituting (2) into (1) yields
Zi = Vbe / Ib = (Ibre) /Ib

re MODEL VOLTAGE
GAIN

In order to find Av, assume Zo =

For the defined direction of IO and polarity VO
VO = - Ic (RL) = - RL (Ib)
Vi = Ii Zi = Ib (re)

re MODEL VOLTAGE
GAIN

The Voltage Gain is given as

Vo
I b RL
RL
Av

Vi
I b re
re

The resulting minus sign reveals that output

and input signal are 180o out of phase.

re MODEL CURRENT
GAIN

The current gain for common emitter

I
I
I
A o cis b
i

Ii

Ib

Ib

Exercise 2
Given = 120 and Ie = 3.2 mA with ro
= , determine:
a) Zi
b) Av with a load of RL = 2k
c) Ai with the same load.

Answers
a) 975
b) -2.05
c)120