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Alloys
SHAPE-MEMORYALLOY
Ashape-memoryalloy(SAM)is an alloy that
"remembers" its original shape and that when
deformed returns to its pre-deformed shape
when heated
This material is a lightweight, solid-state
alternative to conventional actuators
Two Phases
Austenite
Hard, firm
Inelastic
Resembles titanium
Simple FCC structure
Martensite
Soft
Elastic
Complex structure
Pseudoelasticity
When the metal is changed to the martensite phase
simply by strain. The metal becomes pliable and can
withstand strains of up to 8%.
Shape Memory
The twinned
martensite phase
resemble the
austenite phase from
our point of view, but
on an atomic level,
the structure is
different. There are
phase planes where
the martensite can
reconfigure itself with
24 crystallographically
equivalent habit
planes. This is called
twinning because of
the symmetry across
the planes.
Pseudoelasticity
Pseudoelasticity (superelasticity) occurs when the
alloy is above the martensite temperature, but there is
a load strong enough to force the austenite into the
martensite phase. The alloy will not return to the
austenite phase until the loading is decreased or there
is a large enough change in temperature.
University of Alberta
Nitinol Wires
Nitinol is generally doped with other materials
like Cr, Cu, Al, or Fe.
Flexinol is a popular brand of SMA wire.
Flexinol is designed to take more repeated
stress cycles than pure NiTi mixes.
Specifically designed to manufacturers needs.
0.0010 inch diameter wire can lift 7 grams in 1 second
with a 20 mA current.
0.010 inch diameter wire can lift 930 grams in 1
second with a 1 A current.
Wires are also made to change states at different
temperatures generally between -30 C and 120 C
within 5 C.
Biological Applications
Bone Plates
Memory effect pulls bones together to promote
healing.
Surgical Anchor
As healing progresses, muscles grow around the
wire. This prevents tissue damage that could be
caused by staples or screws.
Clot Filter
Does not interfere with MRI from non-ferromagnetic
properties.
Catheters
Retainers
Eyeglasses
Aircraft Maneuverability
Nitinol wires can be
used in applications
such as the actuators
for planes. Many
use bulky hydraulic
systems which are
expensive and need
a lot of maintenance.
USAF Aircraft Pictures
University of Alberta
Other Applications
Underwire bras
Prevent structural damage to bridges/buildings
Robots
Overstress
A load above 8% strain could cause the SMA to
completely lose its original austenite shape
References
http://www.mkt-intl.com/tungsten/images/niti_1.jpg
Shape Memory Alloys. University of Alberta
2001 SMA/MEMS Research Group
How Memory Metals Shape Product Design. Design News
June 1993
Ryhnen, Jorma. Biocompatibility evaluation of nickeltitanium shape memory metal alloy. 2000
Lin, Richard. Shape Memory Alloys and Their Applications.
Hornboden, E. Review Thermo-mechanical Fatigue of
Shape Memory Alloys. Journal of Material
Science. 2004
Martensitic Transformation. Encyclopedia of Materials:
Science and Technology. 2001