Basics of Protection

Power Transmission and Distribution
Power System Structure

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Generation
Transmission / Sub transmission
Medium 24 kV
Voltage 21 kV
15 kV
13.8 kV
Extra High Voltage

High Voltage
765 kV
400 kV
220 kV
132 kV
110 kV
66 kV
Distribution
Medium Voltage
33 kV
22 kV
11 kV
Transmission circuits handle/route largest power , interconnect various power

stations & feed to load centres
Subtransmission circuits feed to distribution substations & bulk consumers within a

geographical area.
Distribution circuits fed from distribution substations feed domestic , medium size
industries and commercial consumers.
Energy Automation
Switchyards Design features

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Design Aspects
Single line diagram
Busbar Arrangement
Fault level
Type of construction
Creepage & Clearance
Grounding & Lightning Protection
Safety Interlocks
Other Miscellaneous items e.g lighting , civil
Considerations for Choice of Busbar Arrangement
Importance of Substation
Reliability
Redundancy
Economics and availability of finance
Availability of Space and Right Of Way for approaching lines
Future Expansion
Energy Automation
Switching Devices
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Ratings
Level
Isolator
Switch
Circuit Breaker
Current Carrying Load

Fault
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Current Making Load

Fault
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Current Breaking Load

Fault
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Isolator is rated only for carrying current,

Make/Break small line charging current.
OPEN/CLOSE operation done under ZERO current condition.
Energy Automation
Unit System
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Stn B
Stn A
Line + Transformer
Absence of Busbar, CB reduces cost

Less Reliability as line fault causes transformer outage
Commonly used as U/G Cable + Transformer system
Energy Automation
Single Bus System

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
A: Single Bus System
B: Single Bus with Bus

section isolator system
C: Single Bus with Bus

section breaker system
Simplest and Economical Arrangement

To improve Reliability bus section isolator/CB is introduced
Energy Automation
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Single Bus System- Primary Components,

Protection Zone
BusEarthing
Switch
Bus
BusPotential
Transformer
BusIsolator
Protection-zone,
busbar
Circuit-breaker
Current
Transformer
Earthingswitch
Protection-zone,
line/trafo
Line
Isolator
Earthingswitch
Wave
Trap
Wave
Trap
Surge
arrester
Potential
Transformer
Line 1
Energy Automation
Line
Isolator
Transformer
Line 2
No. 1 with
Energy Automation

Protection Zone
BusEarthing
Switch
Bus
BusPotential
Transformer
Protection-zone,
busbar
BusIsolator
Current
Transformer
Protection-zone,
line/trafo
Circuit-breaker
Earthingswitch
Line
Isolator
Earthingswitch
Wave
Trap
Wave
Trap
Surge
arrester
Line 1
Energy Automation
Line
Isolator
Potential
Transformer
Transformer
Line 2
No. 1 with
Energy Automation

Over-lapping Protection Zone
BusEarthing
Switch
Bus
BusPotential
Transformer
BusIsolator
Protection-zone,
busbar
Circuit-breaker
Current
Transformer
Earthingswitch
Core !
Core !
Core 2
Core 2
Line
Isolator
Earthingswitch
Potential
Transformer
Line 1
Energy Automation
Line
Isolator
Wave
Trap
Wave
Trap
Surge
arrester
Protection-zone,
line/trafo
Transformer
Line 2
Single Bus with sectionaliser System- Primary Components,

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Bus Section-isolator
Over-lapping
Protection Zone
Bus A
Busdisconnect
Bus PT 1
Bus PT 2
Circuit-breaker
CT
VT
Earthing switch
Linedisconnect
Surge arrester
Earthing switch
To improve Reliability bus section isolator/CB is introduced

Energy Automation
Bus B
Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Main Bus
Transfer Bus coupler
x
CT
Earthingswitch
Line
Isolator
x
CT
Earthingswitch
Line
Isolator
Transfer
Isolator
Transfer
Isolator
Transfer Bus
Wave
Trap
Surge
arrester
Line 1
x
CT
Earthingswitch
CT
Line
Isolator
Transfer
Isolator
Wave
Trap
Wave
Trap
Surge
arrester
Surge
arrester
Line 2
Line 3
A Transfer Bus Coupler & All feeders need one additional isolator.
Energy Automation
Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement Normal operation

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Main Bus
Transfer Bus
Line
Power Flow
Energy Automation
Line
Transformer
Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement Normal operation

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Main Bus
Transfer Bus
Line
Power Flow
Energy Automation
Line
Transformer
Charged
Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement Bay Outage

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Main Bus
Transfer Bus
Line
Power Flow
Energy Automation
Line
Transformer
Bay Out of Service

CT location
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Main Bus
Transfer Bus
Line
Line
Transformer
Protection / CT Transfer Switch required

Energy Automation

CT Location
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Main Bus
Transfer Bus
Line
Line
Trip Transfer Switch Required

Energy Automation
Transformer
Double Main Bus System

or Main & Reserve Bus system
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Bus I
Bus-coupler
BusPT -I
Bus II
BusIsolators
Circuit-breaker
BusEarthing-I, II
CT
Earthingswitch
Line
Isolator
Wave
Trap
Earthingswitch
Earthingswitch
Line
Isolator
Wave
Trap
Surge
arrester
Surge
arrester
Line 1
Energy Automation
Line 2
Transformer
BusPT -II
Double Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement

(DMT)
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Transfer
Bus-coupler
Bus I
Bus-coupler
BusPT -I
Bus II
BusIsolators
Circuit-breaker
BusEarthing-I, II
CT
Earthingswitch
Line
Isolator
Earthingswitch
Transfer
Isolator
Wave
Trap
Wave
Trap
Surge
arrester
Surge
arrester
Line 1
Line 2
Almost all PGCIL 220kV substations use this arrangement

Energy Automation
BusPT -II
245kV Switchyard Layout

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
245 kV Outdoor switchyard (AIS)
1 Bus I
2 Bus II
3 Bus-disconnector
4 Circuit-breaker
5 CT
6 VT
Double busbars, classical layout
7 Line-disconnector with built-on earthing switch

8 Surge arrester
Almost all PGCIL 220kV substations use this arrangement

Energy Automation
One and a Half Breaker Arrangement

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Bus A
Bushing
Q0 11
Q0 41
For future use

Q0 13
Q0 12
Q0 42
Bushing
Bus B
Almost all PGCIL 765kv,400kV substations use this arrangement

Energy Automation
Three Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
2000/1/1/1A
Core Like line

417
Practiced in Europe, Germany

Energy Automation
Ring or Mesh System

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Line 1
Transformer 2
Transformer 1
Line 2
Energy Automation
Power Line Carrier Coupling

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Line Trap
Coupling Cap.
HF
HF
4 / 988
Single Phase to Ground Coupling
HF
Inter System - Coupling
4 / 988
HF
Phase to Phase Coupling
Energy Automation
HF
HF
Switchyards Design Considerations

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Fault level
Expressed as MVA or kA and duration of 1-3 sec.
Depends upon source impedance ie distances from the
power sources
All CBs to be rated for Fault level
Earthing switches for making the fault level
All busbars, bus supports to be designed to withstand
mechanical forces due to short circuits.
Safety Clearance & Creepage Distance
As per voltage level among live parts & earth
Shortest path taken on surface by leakage current.
Grounding & Lightning Protection
Grid/Mesh is formed and burried in ground
Earthing Electrodes (pipe/rod/plates) are connected to mesh
Shield wires to protect against direct lightning strokes
Safety Interlocks in Control schemes
Isolator Open/Close possible only if CB is open.
E/S closing possible only when isolator is closed.etc.
Energy Automation
Power System Structure

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Generation
Medium 24 kV
Voltage 21 kV
15 kV
13.8 kV
Transmission / Sub transmission

Extra High Voltage
High Voltage
765 kV
400 kV
220 kV
132 kV
110 kV
66 kV
Distribution
Medium Voltage
33 kV
22 kV
11 kV
The
Thepurpose
purposeofofan
anelectrical
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systemisistotogenerate
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andsupply
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designed
and
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consumers. The system should be designed and managed to deliver this energytotothe
the
utilisation
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with
both
reliability
and
economy.
utilisation points with both reliability and economy.
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thecomplete
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represents a very large capital investment.
..
Energy Automation
System Disturbances
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Short Circuits
in earthed systems
Symmetrical (3 phase)
Phase to Phase (and Earth)
Phase to Earth
Earth Faults in non effectively
earthed systems
Overload Conditions
Underfrequency/Undervoltage
Overvoltage
Energy Automation
Protective Relaying
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Role of Protection
Protective Relaying is the most important

feature of power system design aimed at
minimising the damage to equipment and
interruption to service in the event of faults. It
is therefore a co-factor among other factors
resorted to improve reliability of power system.
Energy Automation
The Purpose of Protection

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
The protection can not prevent system faults,

But it can:
Limit the damage caused by short

circuits
While:
Protecting people and plant from

damage
Selectively clearing faults in
miliseconds
Protecting plant from overload
conditions
Power system must operate in a safe manner at all times.

Energy Automation
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Causes and Probability of System

Disturbances
Causes
Operator Mistakes
Pollution/Condensation
Equipment failures, e.g. P.T.'s, Isolators
Transient Overvoltages
Probability
System faults (220/400 kV):
3p.a. and 100 km
10-20 kV metal clad switchgear: 10-3 p.a. and feeder
GIS switchgear:
5-10-2 p.a. and bus
outdoor switchgear: 110/132 kV 7*10-2 p.a. -1and bus
220/275 kV
10 p.a. and bus
400 kV
2*10-1 p.a. and bus
Energy Automation
Principles of Relaying
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Since protective relaying comes into action at the

time of equipment distress, a certain safeguard is
necessary in the unlikely event of its failure to act at
the hour of need. Hence, two groups of protective
schemes are generally employed a)
Primary Protection
b)
Back-up Protection
Primary Protection is the first line of defense,

whereas back-up relaying takes over the protection
of equipment, should the primary protection fail.
Energy Automation
Primary Protection
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
The Primary Protection has following characteristic

features 1.
It has always a defined zone of operation.
2.
It should operate before any back-up protection

could operate, therefore, it should be faster in
operation.
3.
It should be able to completely isolate the fault

from all the current feeding sources.
4.
Energy Automation
It should be stable for all operating conditions.
Back-up Protection
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
1.
Back-up protection should provide sufficient time

for the primary protection to perform its duty.
2.
Back-up protection covers a wider zone of

protection. Therefore, there is always a possibility
of large scale disturbance, when back-up relays
operate.
3.
Under primary protection failure, several back-up

relays may operate for complete isolation of fault.
Energy Automation
Reasons of Primary Protection Failure

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Primary protections failure could be due to any of

the following reasons 1. Current or Potential Transformer failure
2. Loss of Auxiliary Control Voltage
3. Defective Primary Relays
4. Open Circuits in Control & Trip Coil
5. Failure of Breaker
It is therefore logical that back-up relays should not
utilise any of the above items as common with
primary relays.
Energy Automation
Protection Concept
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Circuit Breaker
CT / VT
Cabling
DISTANCE RELAY
Protection
Energy Automation
Battery
The system is only as strong as the weakest link!
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Basic Protection
Requirements
Reliability
dependability (availability)
high dependability = low risk of failure to trip
Security
stable for all operating conditions ,

high security = low risk of over-trip
Speed
high speed minimizes damage

high speed reduces stability problems
Selectivity
trip the minimum number of circuit breakers
Sensitivity
notice smallest fault value
Energy Automation
Zones of Protection
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
To limit the extent of the power system that is disconnected when a fault
occurs, protection is arranged in zones
Zones of protection should overlap, so that no part of the power system
is left unprotected
Location of the CT connection to the protection usually defines the zone
Unit type protections have clear zones reach e.g Diff. Relay, REF relay
Zone reach depends on measurement of the system quantities e.g OC ,
EF, distance relays . The start will be defined but the extent (or reach) is
subject to variation, owing to changes in system conditions and
measurement errors.
Energy Automation
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Protection - One Out of Two

Principle
System
1
Trip
Coil
1
Trip
Coil
2
System
2
Battery 1
Battery 2
Energy Automation
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Redundancy Concept of DC
Circuits
Battery 1
Battery 2
Main Protection
Back-up Protection
87T
TR
TC 1
L-
Energy Automation
87BB
50/51
TR
TC 2
L-
Busbar Protection
Trip remote infeed
BF
TR
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Factors that influence fault current

magnitude
Infeed
Line
Consumer
G
Short circuit power of the infeed
Voltage level
Line impedance
Fault resistance (arc)
Treatment of star point
Estimate of short circuit currents:

Medium Voltage (10 kV upto 30kV)
High Voltage (110 kV)
Extra High Voltage (220kV + )
Energy Automation
ISCmin > ILmax

ISCmin >= ILmax
ISCmin = 0,25 ILmax
Earth faults: Star-point configuration

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
earthed system
Earth fault = short circuit
is recognised by normal
over-current protection.
With low impedance earthing
the residual current detection
must be more sensitive.
Energy Automation
Peterson Coil
isolated neutral
Earth faults = no short circuit

Supply is not disrupted
Earth fault must be alarmed and removed
as fast as possible
Earth fault location is achieved with
wattmetric earth fault detection
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Protection Criterion Current

The overcurrent condition is evaluated I>
Suitable for:
I>
ILmax
I
ISCmin
Additional criterion - Time
(to ensure selectivity)
Protection:
Fuses
inverse time protection
definite time protection
Energy Automation
(IDMT)
(DT)
Protection Criterion - Current Difference

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Evaluation of node I1 + I2 + I3 + ... In = 0; if the equation is not
satisfied the fault is internal

Security is increased by stabilisation |I1|+|I2|+ ... |In| = Istab
Characteristic:
Idiff
Trip
Istab
definite distinction internal / external faults (no back-up)
Protection:
Line differential protection

Generator-, motor-, transformer differential protection
Busbar protection
Energy Automation
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Protection Criterion Impedance

From the voltage and current signals the
impedance is calculated
The impedance is proportional to the fault
distance
Characteristic:
X
Z<
R
Additional criterion - Time
(Required for selectivity and back-up

protection)
Protection:
Multiple stage distance protection
Energy Automation
Measured signals and time grading principle

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
A
Protected object
Protection
device
Example distance protection
t
t3
t2
t1
A
Energy Automation
Z1
Z2
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Comparison Protection
Principle
B
A
Protected object
Protection
device
Protection
device
communication
momentary values/
binary decisions
Protection
device
Energy Automation
Typical Distance Zone Characteristics

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
MHO-circle
ZA
ZSC '
X
starting zone
external
fault
ZSC
combined circleand straight line

characteristic
Zone 3
internal
fault
Zone 2
Zone 1
R
X
polarised
MHO-circle
polygonal tripping
characteristic
(quadrilateral)
RF
ZS = 0
ZL
R
X
XA
settable arc compensation

ZL
RLB
ZS small
RA
ZS large
ZS
Energy Automation
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Further Typical Protection

Criteria
Current increase
Under and over voltage
Directional comparison
Phase comparison
Power direction
Phase angle
Over and under frequency
Frequency gradient
Harmonics
Special criteria in machine protection
Energy Automation
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Typical Protected
Objects
Generators
< 1MVA upto 1500 MVA
Transformers
0,1 MVA upto 1000 MVA
Busbars
from 110 kV up to 750kV
Lines
from 1kV upto 750 kV
Motors
Reactors, Capacitor etc.
Energy Automation
approx. 100 kVA upto 20 MVA
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Redundancy
Concepts
Busbar Protection
Line Protection
1 out of 2 principle
LP1
LP2
trip line
Transformer Protection
Relay
1
.
.
.
Relay
n
Energy Automation
1 out of n principle
trip transformer
Section
1
2 out of 2 principle
&
trip section 1
&
trip section 2
Check
Zone
Section
2
Stability Limits in Transmission System

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
70
stability limit
60
Protection50
Fault
Clearing 40
Time
30
ms
20
10
0
1300
Energy Automation
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
Line
Load
MW
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Failure Rate of Redundant

Systems
0.12
0.1
Failure
rate
active failure (over trip)
0.08
0.06
0.04
passive failure (under trip)
0.02
0
1
Energy Automation
number of relays
10
Why Digital Protection?

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Integration of the protection functions for one

feeder:
Feeder protection device
Example: overhead line of extra high voltage
Energy Automation
Distance protection with I>> or u</i>-exitation

Three-pole reclosure
Directional earth fault detection
Fault location
Event log
Fault recording
Why Digital Protection?

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Self-supervision
Raising of the availability
Plausibility control of the input values

Supervision of the a/d-conversion
Internal testing of the computer systems (watch-dog)
Supervision of the memory chips
Testing the trip-relay-coil
Energy Automation
Contact Terms
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Contacts provide electrical outputs for tripping and remote

indication purposes
Self-reset
The contacts remain in the operated condition only while the controlling quantity is
applied, returning to their original condition when it is removed.
Hand or electrical reset
These contacts remain in the operated condition after the controlling quantity is removed.
They can be reset either by hand or electrically by an auxiliary electromagnetic element
A 'make' contact
is one that closes when the relay picks up
A break contact
is one that is closed when the relay is de-energised and opens when the relay picks up.
Energy Automation
Differential Protection
Measuring Principle
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Basis is the first Kirchhoffs law
I1
trip
Energy Automation
IL
I = II1 + I2I
In the case of load:
I1 = IL
I = 0
I2 = -IL
The currents to a node

are positive defined.
Internal fault
(nfeed from two sides)
I1 = I1,F
I2 = I2,F
I = II1,F + I2,FI
I2
I
I=0
e.g. Transformer
External fault
I1 = IF
I2 = -IF
I = IIF - IFI = 0
no trip
Peculiarity of the Transformer Differential Protection

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
1. Vector group (e. g. Yd5)
2. Different CTs,
tap changer, magnetising cur
I1
I
I
trip region
current transformer
150
tap changer,
CT adaptation
(will be eliminated)
I2
magnetising current
ITr, IRestr.
vector group adaptation restraint function (stabilising) is ne

I = f (Irestr.)
3. Dynamic currents
Irestr. = |I1| + |I2|
inrush current
overflux (overexcitation)blocking via harmonics

CT saturation during
saturation detector
external faults
Energy Automation
Differential Currents with Harmonics

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
energising Y y
i1
iDiff = i1
even,
2nd harm.
t=0
20
40
60
80 ms 100
80 ms 100
energising
i1
D y
2nd
harm.
t=0
paralleling
(energising transformer T1)
i2
iDiff = i1
even
T2
T1
20
even
and
odd
40
iDiff = i2
2nd
harm.
20
Energy Automation
60
40
60
ms
80 t
Differential Currents with Harmonics

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Over-excitation
UTr > UN
iDiff = i1 - i2
odd
i2
i1
3rd and
5th
harm.
External short circuit with

saturation of the CTs at the
low-voltage side
i1
20
80 t
iDiff = i1 - i2
even
and
odd
i2
internal short circuit with

saturation of the CTs at the
high-voltage side
40
60
ms
80
t
iDiff = i1
even
and
odd
i2 ~ 0
20
Energy Automation
60 ms
20
i1
40
40
60
ms
80 t
Differential Protection for Generators and Motors

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Basic principle can be nearly direct used.

1. Stabilising characteristic
I
I
Trip area
identically current
Error currents
via CT
IRestr.
2.
Transients
transformers
sensitive setting is
possible
sensitive settings
Insensitive settings at
generators: external short circuit with large
dc time constants
matching transformers
in the secondary circuit
motors:
start-up currents
different primary CTs
transient transfer features of
CT
adifferent
burden
are important (dc component)
Energy Automation
Devices with Differential Protection Functions

7UM62 and7UT6xx -Family
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
7UM621 and 7UM622

for protection objects with
two ends
(machines)
7UT612 for protection objects
with two ends
with three ends
with three ends
7UT635 for protection objects up
to five ends
Energy Automation
Applications
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
7UM 62
7UT612
7UT613
Transformer
7UT613
Two winding transformer

2 or 3phases
Three winding transformer 1 1/2 circuit breaker application

2 or 3phases
with two winding transformer
GS
3~
7UT6
7UT613
7UM 62
7UT612
Short lines
Generator/Motor longitudinal or
transversal differential protection 2 ends
Energy Automation
Short lines
3 ends
Connection Example
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Side1
(Winding1)
Side 3
(Winding 3)
Side 2
(Winding 2)
direct connection to the main CTs

no matching transformers / no
matching connections
7UT613; 633
7UM 62
7UT 612 )*
)* direct zero sequence current
also possible
Energy Automation
numerical vector group

adaptation
without zero
sequence current
correction depending of the type of
earthing of the winding.
increased sensitivity by 33% by
measuring of the zero
sequence
current (7UT6) for single-pole
faults.
1A/5A main CTs adaptation in the
relay
permissible ratio CT nominal
current
to transformer nominal current up
to
1:4
Functional Diagram of the Differential Protection

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
tripping characteristic
and saturat. detection
IDiff
tripping by IDIFF>
IDiff>
i1P
i2P
i3P
measured value i1A*

preprocessing
winding 1
measured value i *
2A
preprocessing
winding 2
measured value i *
3A
preprocessing
winding 3
IStab
iDIFF = i1A* + i2A* + i3A*

basic wave
filtering
IDiff
iStab = | i*1A | +
| i*2A | + | i*3A |
rectified mean value
IStab
harmonics analysis
crossblock
Blocking
by
harmonics
blocking by
2nd harmonics
and 3rd or 4th.
or 5th harmonics
tripping
logic
&
>1
tripping by IDIFF>>
iDIFF>> Stage
i1P, i2P, i3P

i *1A, i *2A, i *3A
IDiff
iDiff
IStab
iStab
Energy Automation
TRIP L1
TRIP L2
fast tripping with

evaluation of
IDiff and iDiff
TRIPcommand
sampling values from winding 1, 2, 3

values after vector group and CT matching
basic wave contents in the differential current
differential current
rectified mean value of the stabilising current
stabilising current
TRIP L3
Measuring Pre-processing, Example for CT Matching (Part

1)
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
SN = 100MVA
1000/1A
IP1 = 500A
(load current)
UN1 = 110kV UN2 = 30kV

2000/1A
Side 1
IN, Trafo = 525A
IS1 = 0,5A
Side 2
IP2 = 1833A
(load current)
IN, Trafo = 1924A
7UM 62 IS2 = - 0,92A

7UT6
measured
secondary currents
IDiff = ?
IRestr. = ?
Energy Automation
Measuring Pre-processing, Example for CT Matching (Part

2)
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
1. Calculation of the transformer nominal current

2. Correction factor
SN
3 UN INTrafo =
I NCT
I NTrafo
3. Correction nominal current

4. Calculation of the differential and stabilising current
Idiff = |I1' + I2' |
Calculation example:
SN = 100MVA; UN1 = 110kV; UN2 = 30kV; IN1CT = 1000A; IN2CT = 2000A
Correction factors:
kW1 = 1,9;
kW2 = 1,04
Load conditions:
Ip1 = 500A;
Ip2 = 1833A
Secondary currents:
Is1 = 0,5A;
Matched currents:
I1' = 0,95A;
Energy Automation
Is2 = 0,92A
I2' = 0,95A
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Example Calculation: Vector Group Correction

Situation: Single Phase Fault, No Load
L1
F1
ISC
F2
Ynd1
ISC/
Source
L2
ISC/
L3
ISC
F1
IL1 =
IL2 =
IL3 =
IE =
F2
-ISC
0
0
ISC
Energy Automation
IL1 =
IL2 =
0
0
IL3 = 0
IE = ISC
Il 1 =
ISC /
Il 2 = - ISC /
Il 3 =
Tripping Characteristic
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
flexible adaptation to various transformers, e.g. with tap changer or different main
high stability against external faults with CT saturation
fast tripping for solid short-circuits within one period
Energy Automation
Relay Settings
Influence of the Tap Changer
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Problem:
The tap changer modifies the transformer ratio

additional error in the differential current
Example:
tap changer c = 16%
c
2 c
c = 0,16 I diff 0 ,087 I res
I diff I res
If IN.Tr. is flowing the additional Idiff is approx. 17,5% of the transformer

current. With slope 1 = 0,25 there is the pick-up threshold at 50%.
The security margin is for steady state conditions high enough.
Considering transient conditions (CT-influence) a small increasing of
slope 1 (to 0,3) is recommended.
Recommendation for voltage setting:
UN, New
Umax Umin
= 2
= UN (1 - c2 )
Umax + Umin
c: steps of tap changer (p.u.)

Energy Automation
Pick up of Differential Protection

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
For triggering of internal tasks, events and fault records the differential
protection function needs a pickup information. This pickup becomes
active, if the differential current or the restraint current is over an internal
threshold (dotted line). Each external large current leads to a pickup.
Pickup doesnt always means internal failure!

Energy Automation
IDiff / IRestr.- Areas for Short Circuit / Normal Operation

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
I diff
I NTr
internal
short circuit/
Inrush
limiting curve
external short
circuit with
CT saturation
external
short
circuit
normal operation
Energy Automation
(nominal current)
(low current)
4
external short
circuit with
a high current
I Restr.
I NTr
Rush Stabilisation
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Cross-block = No (phase separate blocking)

iRUSH = iDiff
filter window
1 cycle
L1-block
Inrush current
in one phase
L2-block
L3-block
1P
I2HAR
Idiff
2P
3P
&
&
Idiff, L1 > trip blocking

Cross-block = Yes (blocking of all phases)
block
L1-block
setting value
15 %
&
L2-block
OR
1
IDiff > trip blocking for a limited time
L3-block
no block
t
Recognise inrush condition by evaluating the ratio 2nd harmonic I2HAR to

basic wave IDiff.
Time limit for cross-block. Reliable reaction to the inrush condition with
cross-block.
Trip of a short circuit after the set time delay.
Energy Automation
Example of an Inrush Current

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
A unit transformer (IN = 396 A) was switched on from the high voltage side
Energy Automation
Stabilising at Motor Starting

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Typical for motor starting is the starting current and the superimposed dc
component with a large time constant. The current transformers (ct) transfer
different this dc component. The result is a differential current and the risk of an
over-function is given.
Detection of motor starting:

Increases the pick-up values for a restricted time
Criterion:
Supervision of
restraint current
Istab > I-Restr. Startup
(until 2 I/InO)
than the
Start-Factor (max. 2)
is active for a restricted
time
T Start Max
(Duration of dynamical
increasing of pickup)
Energy Automation
Setting Recommendations
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Power System Data 1
The setting of this parameters are important, because they are necessary for
the scaling and direction definition of the measurands. At the protection
object transformer the setting for star point Solid Earthed leads to a zero
sequence elimination. Isolated leads to a direct current comparison
(without zero sequence consideration). This setting is only allowed at a really
free star point (no over voltage arrester, no Peterson coil).
At the protection object generator always the direct current comparison
method is active (no zero sequence elimination).
Setting values:
Under normal conditions the factory settings correspond with the practical
experiences.
Its not necessary to change these parameters.
At transformers with tap changer the inclination of SLOPE 1 should be
increased. The setting for the inrush detection can be final select during the
primary test. If we are on the limits (low setting value) an activation of
CROSSBL. 2. Harm. is recommended.
If are current transformer operates on their limit the pickup value Idiff > and die
slope 1 should be increased.
The Idiff >> - stage must be set over the maximum inrush current.
At generators and motors SLOPE 1 can be reduced (to 0,15), if the current
transformers are identical. At generators the Idiff>>-stage must be set over the
transient fault current (3 to 7 IN,G).
Additional at generators its also recommended an activation of increasing the
Energy Automation
pickup
threshold during starting or at external faults (Start-Factor > 1).
Earth Current Differential Protection in the 7UM62

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
The earth current differential protection (restricted earth fault protection - REF)
offers a higher sensitivity at single phase faults (approx. 5 %) against the
conventional protection. Its used at generators with low ohmic star point or at
earthed Wye connected transformer windings .
Connection 1
protection
object
Energy Automation
Connection 2
protection
object
At connection 1 the zero

sequence current is
calculated from the phase
currents and direct
measured on the star point
(transformer application)
At connection 2 the zero
sequence current is
calculated only from the
phase currents.
(generator application,
where more than one
generator feeds into the
busbar)
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Measuring Principle of Earth Current Differential Protection

in the 7UM62
protection object:
generator
iL1S1
3I 01 I L1S1 I L2S1 I L3S1
iL1S2
iL2S1
iL2S2
iL3S1
iL3S2
iee2
3I 02 I L1S2 I L2S2 I L3S2
3I02
3I01
or
3I 02 I EE2
1
1
I/InO
Tripping range
I0Diff
Stabilizing range
Range not possible
I-EDS>
1
I0Stab
Energy Automation
I/InO
I 0 Diff 3I 01 3I 02
I 0 Stab 3I 01 3I 02
Commissioning with Browser- Support

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Currents on the high

and low voltage side
Tripping characterist
with actual
operating points
Energy Automation
Benefits for the Customer

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Protection relay with flexible adaptation to the transformer/generator/mo

or short line. Programming of the device data in the relay.
Reduced amount of wiring by direct connection to the main CTs.
No matching transformers and therefore no wiring errors.
Zero sequence current can be measured (in the 7UT6).
Sensitivity for single-pole faults in the transformer increased by 33% .
Flexible adaptation of the tripping characteristic to various main CTs,
tapped transformers.
Exact discrimination between the short circuit condition and the inrush
condition by on-line analysis of the harmonics. Fast tripping for
high-current faults. Saturation detector for external faults.
Thermal monitoring of two transformer windings.
Back-up DMTL/IDMTL with reverse blocking for one winding.
Sensitive short circuit protection for faults winding against earth.
Manifold commissioning aids.
Energy Automation
Why impedance protection?

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Situation:
Meshed network and two infeeds

Directional overcurrent time relays
0,6s
0,3s
0,6s
0,3s
0,6s
0,3s
0,6s
0,3s
non-selective trip
Energy Automation
Basic principle of impedance protection

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Localization of short-circuits by means of an impedance measurement:

- fault on the protected line
Z1
relay A
- fault outside the protected line
Z2
relay A
selectivity
Energy Automation
Distance measurement (principle)

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
IL
1
L
ZL = RL + j XL
2
L
3
E
ZE = RE +j XE
ZE
UL1 UL2 UL3

6 loops:
3 phase- phase loops and

3 phase- ground loops
phase- phase -loop:
UL1-L2 = ZL ( IL1 - IL2)

Measured current
measured voltage
The same applies to the remaining loops
Energy Automation
Distance measurement (principle)

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
IL Z
I
1
L
ZL = RL + j XL
2
L
3
E
ZE = RE +j XE
ZE
UL1 UL2 UL3

phase-ground-loop:
UL1 = L1 ( RL + j XL )- E ( RE +j XE)
L1, E measured current

UL1
measured voltage
The same applies to the remaining loops
06.08.97
dtgerdis3
Energy Automation
Load and short-circuit impedances

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
ZL
distance relay
operating
characteristic
ZLF1
ZLF2
Fault area
ZL
ZLF2
D
RR
ZF2
ZLoad
RR
ZLF1
ZF1
Inc
L
Fault in
reverse
direction
Energy Automation
SC2
SC1
in g
reas
load
R
Load area
RF
F1
RF
F2
ZLoad
Principle of (analog) distance relaying

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
ZS A
ISC
ZL
ZSC
U1= k1 USC= k1 ISCZSC.

Relay design:
operation if
U1< U2
i.e. ZSC< ZReplica
comparator
ZReplica (line replica impedance)

(corresponds to the set zone reach)
U2=k2
ISCZReplica
ZReplica
Ext. fault
Internal fault
R
Energy Automation
Typical distance zone-characteristic

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
MHO-circle
ZR
shifted circle
ZSC'
ZSC'
external
fault
ZSC
ZSC
centre
internal
fault
R
polarised
MHO-circle
quadrilateral
X
X
ZS = 0
RF
XA
ZL
ZS small
ZS high
Energy Automation
ZSC-L
settable arc
compensation
Rarc
RA
ZS
Graded distance zones

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Z3
t = grading time
time
Z2
Z1
t3
t2
t1
B
D1
C
D2
Grading rules:
Z1 = 0,85 ZAB
Z2 = 0,85 (ZAB + 0,85 ZBC)
Z3 = 0,85 (ZAB + 0,85 (ZBC + 0,85 ZCD))
Energy Automation
D
D3
distance
Safety margin is 15
%:
- line error
- CT, VT error
- measuring error
Determination of grading times

(With numerical relays 250 ms is possible)
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
2nd Zone: It must initially allow the 1st zone on the neighbouring feeder(s) to clear the fault.
The grading time therefore results from the addition of the following times:
operating time of the neighbouring feeder mechanical 25 - 80 ms
static:
15 - 40
digital:
15 - 30
+ circuit breaker operating time
HV / EHV:
60 ms (3 cycles) / 40 ms (2 cycles)
MV
up to about 80 ms (4 cycles)
+ distance relay reset time
mechanical: approx. 60-100 ms

static:
approx. 30 ms
digital:
approx. 20 ms.
+ errors of the distance relay internal timers mechanical: 5% of the set time, minimum 60-100 ms
static:
3% of the set time, minimum 10 ms
digital:
1% of the set time, minimum 10 ms
+ distance protection starting time *)
mechanical: O/C starter: 10 ms, impedance starter: 25 ms

static:
O/C stater: 5 ms, impedance starter: 25 ms
digital:
generally 15 ms
+ safety margin (ca.)
grading;
mechanical-mechanical:
100 m
static/digital-mechanical or vice versa:
75 ms
digital-digital
static-static
*) only relevant if the set relay times relate to the instant of fault
detection /orzone
pick-up. This is the case 50 ms
with all Siemens relays. There are other relays where the time is adapted by software to relate to the
instant of fault inception. In the latter case the starting time has to be dropped.
Energy Automation
Determination of fault direction

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Fault location
Where is the fault ?

Current area for
forward faults
USC
SC
Impedance area for

forward faults
SC
ZSC
SC
R
SC
Current area for
reverse faults
current / voltage diagram
Z'SC
Impedance area for
reverse faults
impedance diagram
The impedance also shows the direction, but ....

Energy Automation
Impedance measurement and directional determination

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Why impedance measurement and directional determination separately?

A
line characteristic
fault with arc resistance
in forward direction
fault in forward direction
close-in fault
R
fault in reverse
direction
direction may be determined together with the impedance measurement

but: problems may arise in certain cases (e.g. close-in faults)
separate directional determination required!
Energy Automation
Impedance zones of digital relays (7SA6 and 7SA52)

wa
for
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
rd s
Line
Distance zones
Inclined with line angle
Angle prevents overreach of
Z1 on faults with fault
resistance that are fed from
both line ends
Z5
Z4
Z2
Z1B
Z1
rev
ers
e
Load
Load
forw
a
Z3
e
ers
rev
Energy Automation
rds
Fault detection
no fault detection polygon:
the largest zone
determines the fault
detection characteristic
simple setting of load
encroachment area with
Rmin and Load
Method used in 7SA52 and 7SA6 to measure I and V

Using a signal model (Kalman-Filter)
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Phasors
Z = R + jL
V = I Z
yk A sin 0 k TA B cos 0 k TA e C cos 0 k TA
yk is the sampled value (v or i) - by assuming

= 60 ms the following simplification results
yk a sin 0 k TA b cos 0 k TA
Energy Automation
Im
current
voltage
a
b
Re
Impedance calculation using U- and I-phasors

Principle
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
U U e jU U e jtU
U tU
I tI
I I e j I I e j t I
t 0
Z U I
Z Z e j Z Z cos Z j sin Z
R jX
U U e jU U j U I U
U
cos
j
sin U I
U
I
j I
I
I e
I
I
I
R
Energy Automation
Fast adaptive impedance measurement

Filters with different lengths
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
E. g. Zone Z1
Estimate 1 (n=5)
Estimate 2 (n=6)
Estimate 3 (n=8)
Estimate 4 (n=10)
Estimate 5 (n=13)
Estimate 6 (n=15)
Normal 1 (n = 21)
Normal 2 (n = 26)
Normal 3
0
10
Jump detected
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
ms
Least Square Estimate with quality control

Adaptive Zone restriction
Energy Automation
Numerical filtered phasor measurement

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
1. Fast operation Use short data window

2. High accuracy
High selectivity
3. Signal distortion does not cause delay or maloperation
Energy Automation
SIR - Definition
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
SIR (Source Impedance Ratio) describes the ratio

between the source impedance and the line impedance!
If
ZL
VF
distance relay
SIR
ZS
ZL
E
Vf
1 SIR
High SIR = Small loop voltage V F

in case of a fault at the end of the line
Note: SIR trip time curves are mostly related to zone 1, i.e. ZL = Z1
Energy Automation
SIR - Considerations about line length and infeed

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
The SIR gives some information about the power of infeed

and the line length!
SIR > 4
SIR < 4 and >0.5
SIR < 0.5
short line*
medium line*
long line*
For a distance relay it is more hard to operate on a short

line (large SIR)
than on a long line (small SIR)!
*Classification according IEEE-Guide
Energy Automation
Trip time curves at SIR = 1

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
SIRSIR=1
= 1 (A-G)
(A G)
50
45
40
Other relays
trip p in g tim e (m s)
35
30
25
20
7SA522
15
10
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
% of zone s etting
Energy Automation
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
Trip time curves at SIR = 30

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
SIR=30 (A-G)
SIR = 30 (A G)
50
45
40
Other relays
trip p in g tim e (m s)
35
30
25
20
7SA522
15
10
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
% of zone s etting
High SIR (low voltage) doesnt effect the tripping time in numerical relays
Energy Automation
Selectivity in distance protection,

Teleprotection is the solution
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Normal setting: X1 = 0.85 XL
1
15%
Faults in this area
are
tripped from side 2
in t2
70%
15%
Faults in this area are tripped Faults in this area

from both sides in first-zone are tripped from
side 2 in t2
time
Faults on approximately 70% of the line length are cleared

without delay at both line ends
Faults in the remaining 30% of the line length
are cleared with a time delay.
Remedy:
Exchange of information between the two line ends
Required:
Communication channel (PLC, microwave radio, fibre optic, etc.)

Teleprotection logic (dedicated device or internal
function in numerical protection devices)
Energy Automation
Teleprotection Schemes
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Permissive Underreach PUTT

Permissive Overreach POTT
Blocking
Unblocking
Energy Automation
Application of Teleprotection Schemes

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
PUTT
POTT
Blocking
Unblocking
Middle + long lines

with FS-Carrier
or FO
Pref. short lines

with FS-Carrier
(2-Ph coupling)
FO or MW
All lines with

AM-Carrier
(less reliable
channel)
EHV-lines with
FS-Carrier.
Continuous signal
sending necessary
(must be admissible)
If second zone
tripping for near end
faults not allowed.
Not applicable to
lines with weak in
feed.
Only forward
overreaching zone
necessary
Reverse looking
blocking zone (fast)
additionally
necessary
No reverse looking
blocking zone
necessary
Simple logic!
Complex logic!
Current reversal
guide
ECHO-logic
(WI-logic)
PUTT - Permissive Under-reach Transfer Trip
Energy Automation
No monitoring of the
AM-channel!
POTT - Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip
7SA522 - Permissive underreach transfer trip (PUTT)

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Z1(A)
Z 1B(B)
Z1
(A)
Z1B
T1B
(A)
TS
T1
OR
transmit
Trip
receive
transmit
Trip
receive
TS
Energy Automation
Z 1B(A)
Z 1(B)
&
Further
zones
TS
T1
OR
Z1
(B)
Z1B
T1B
(A)
&
Further
zones
7SA522 - Permissive overreach transfer trip (POTT)

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Z1(A)
Z 1B(B)
Z1B
T1B
(A)
& TS
OR
OR
transmit
Trip
receive
transmit
Trip
receive
TS
Energy Automation
Z 1B(A)
Z 1(B)
&
Z1 or
further
zones
OR
TS
OR
&
&
Z1B
T1B
(B)
Z1 or
further
zones
7SA522 - Blocking
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
FD (B)
d
dt
(u,i)
(A)
Z1 (A)
FD (A)
Z1B (B)
Z1B(A) FD (A)
FD (B)
Z1 (B)
40 ms
40 ms
Forw.
(A)
FD
(A)
d
dt
(u,i)
(B)
Forw.
(B)
&
TS
transm.
transm.
TS
TV
Z1B
T1B
(A)
Z1 or
further
zones
FD
(B)
TV
&
trip
rec.
trip
Z1B
T1B
(B)
&
Z1 or
further
zones
rec.
TV
Energy Automation
&
TS
7SA522 - Unblocking
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Z1 (A)
A
Z1B (B)
Z1B
T1B
(A)
Z1B (A)
Z1(B)
&
fU
TS
&
Z1 or
further
zones
1
Unblocklogic
transm. f
0
fU
trip
U
rec.
rec.
f0 Off frequency (monitoring frequency)

fU Unblock frequency (send frequency)
&
&
Unblocklogic
U Unblocking signal
B Blocking signal
TS
Energy Automation
TS
trip
U
B
f0 transm.
Z1B
T1B
(B)
Z1 or
further
zones
7SA522 and 7SA6

Teleprotection via serial remote relay interface
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
PUTT and POTT schemes available: plug and protect

Echo, weak infeed trip and direct trip
Phase segregated
Communication prepared for 2 or 3 terminal lines
Transmission of operational measured values from the remote end(s)
28 remote signals can be configured in addition to the
teleprotection scheme
Number of remote relay interfaces: 7SA522 -> 2
7SA6 -> 1
>
Energy Automation
Transient Blocking for Permissive Schemes

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Energy Automation
Weak Infeed Echo Logic

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Receive
Signal
No Distance
Pick-up
Energy Automation
7SA522 - Echo and Tripping

in case of no-infeed or weak-infeed
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Configuration
Settings
Matrix
The receive signal is derived from :
and
*Three-terminal schemes are supported as well
Phase segregated weak-infeed tripping

Note: The echo signal must be routed in
addition to the send signal on the
transmission signal contact
!
17.10.97
en513ase2
Energy Automation
Overreach zone setting for POTT and Unblocking

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
incorrect!
Reverse
looking
zone (A)
Z1B(B)
Energy Automation
Z1B(A)
Reverse
looking
zone (B)
correct
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Digital Station
Protection
Energy Automation
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Design variants
7SS50 Central Design

Matching Transformer measurement
7SS51 Central Design
Measurement per Phase
S IP R O T E C
7SS52 Decentral Design

Measurement per Phase
B U S B A R P R O T E C T IO N
B U SB A R P R O TE CT IO N
Energy Automation
2
SIPROTEC
7 S S5 2 11 -5 C A 00
3
SIPROTEC
B US B A R P R OT E C TI ON
7S S 52 11 -5C A 0 0
7S S5 21 1 - 5C A0 0
48
SIPROTEC
BU SB A R P R O T E C T IO N
7S S 521 1 -5 C A 0 0
SIPROTEC
B U S B A R P R O TE C T IO N
7S S5 2 1 1 -5 C A 0 0
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Function Overview
Consequent further development of the central digital

busbar-/circuit-breaker failure protection 7SS50/51
Further development of the proved measurement-principles, that

Siemens uses in conventional, analog and digital Technique.
High re-use of the software of the 7SS50/51, that today in app.

400 installations is established
Tripping time <15 ms at the contact of the tripping-relays
Transformer saturation allowed after 3 ms
Integrated two-staged circiut-breaker protection
Energy Automation
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Function Overview
Phase-selective measurement for each busbar part.
Additional, disconnector undependened 'Checkzone'
Energy Automation
Busbar sections and Check-Zone

Busbar selective
System I
Energy Automation
Check-Zone
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Busbar selective
System II
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Function Overview
Phase selective measurements for each busbar section
Additional, disconnector undependened 'Checkzone'
By-pass-busbar as separate busbar-section

Detection of short-circuits also in 'gray area' of the copper field
between circuit-breaker and current transformer
Overcurrent interlocking the TRIP-command pro feeder
Feeder- out-of-operation for revision work
Energy Automation
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
System Periphery
4-sub section busbar or 3-sub section withby-pass busbars
48 feeders
12 busbar sections
16 couplings at 2-sub section busbar, 8 at 3/4-sub section-busbar
24 Sectionalizing switch-disconnector
Energy Automation
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
System Structure
S IP R O T E C
central
unit
Central
B U S B A R
2
SIPR OTEC
P R O T E C T IO N
unit
7 S S 5 2 1 1 -5 C A 0 0
3
SIPRO TEC
48
SIPRO TEC
SIPRO TEC
units
Bay bay
units
B USB A R PR OTECTION
7S S521 1-5C A0 0
BUS BA R P R OT ECT ION
Energy Automation
7SS52 11-5 CA 00
BUS B AR PR OTEC TION
7S S5 211 -5 CA 00
BU S BAR PROTE C TION
7SS 5 211 -5 CA00
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Bay unit
SIEMENS
SIPROTEC
Q1 EIN
Q1 AUS
RUN
ERROR
Q2 EIN
Q2 AUS
Q3 EIN
Q3 AUS
Q9 EIN
Q9 AUS
Q7/Q4 EIN
Q7/Q4 AUS
AUSLSUN
G
MITNAHME
AUSSER
BETR
BERWACH
LED
MENU
ESC
ENTER
F1
F3
F2
F4
Energy Automation
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Tasks of the bay-units
Detection, re-conditioning, testing and display of the

measurements
Special treatment of the measurements in coupler panel
Detection of the disconnector-position
Processing of the information for the circuit-breaker

failure protection
Serial copplung for central-unit, alarm transmission
Zyklic testing, self-diagnose
Energy Automation
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Connections panel of the bay-unit

IL 1
IL 2
I
18 LED s
L3
I0
L C D -A n z e ig e
Q 1 E IN
Q 1 AUS
F o l ie n t a s t a t u r
TTL
LW L
Z e n t r a le in h e it
( L W L , 1 , 2 M B i t /s )
TTL
LW L
TTL
Q 2 E IN
Q 2 AUS
V .2 4
B e d ie n u n g /D ia g n o s e
(R S 2 3 2 , 1 9 ,2 k B d )
Q 3 E IN
Q 3 AUS
Q 4 /7 E IN
Q 4 /7 A U S
A U S L 1 /1
A U S L 1 /2
Q 9 E IN
Q 9 AUS
A U S L 2 /1
A U S L 2 /2
F e ld e in h e it
S V S SVS
L1
SVS
S V S L1
L2
L2
S V S SVS
L3
7SS521
L3
S V S LS-EIN-Befehl
- Im p u ls /
L S P r fu n g
A U S L 3 /1
A U S L 3 /2
A U S /1
A U S /2
SVS-Freigabe
S V S - F r e ig a b e
M itn a h m e
G egenende
A U S LS
- F rPrfung
e ig a b e
L S - ALS
U SAUS
L S - E IN
Abzweig auer Betrieb
LS Strung
L S b e r e it
G e r te s t ru n g
Abz. auer
B e trie b
UH+
UH-
Energy Automation
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Central Device
SIEMENS
SIPROTEC
RUN
7SS520
ERROR
MENU
ENTER
ESC
LED
Energy Automation
F1
F2
F3
F4
+/-
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Tasks of the Central unit
Phase- and section selective busbar protection
Circuit-breaker failure protection
Data-traffic and synchronisation with the bay units
Zyklic test of the whole system
Management of the parametrisation- and configuration data
Operation interface
Operation- and fault alarms, fault recording
Energy Automation
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Connections of the central unit

F e ld e in h e it 1
( L W L , 1 ,2 M B it /s )
M e ld u n g 1
TTL
LW L
34 LEDs
F e ld e in h e it 4 8
( L W L , 1 ,2 M B it /s )
TTL
LW L
L C D -A n z e ig e
F o lie n t a s ta t u r
TTL
S y s t e m s c h n it t s t e lle
(L W L )
LW L
B e d ie n u n g /D ia g n o s e
( R S 2 3 2 , 1 9 ,2 k B d )
TTL
V .2 4
Z e n tr a le in h e it
Z e it s y n c h r o n is a t io n
D i f f .- s t r o m b e r w a c h u n g fr e ig e b e n
S t r s c h r e ib u n g
f r e ig e b e n
S t r s c h r e ib u n g
e in fr ie r e n
M e ld u n g 1 6 ( 3 2 )
L E D - Q u it t ie r e n
G e r te s t ru n g
UH+
UH-
Energy Automation
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Serial Interface Bay unit-Central unit
Synchrone data transmission
Full duplex traffic with 2 fibre-optic (62,5/125um, 820nm, 1,5km,

FSMA)
Data protocol according to HDLC with transmission of telegramm

length (High Level Data Link Control procedures for data
communication)
1,2 MBaud
Zyklus time 1ms (50Hz), 0.83ms (60Hz)
Hamming-distance d = 4
Energy Automation
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Two-staged for fault outside the busbar areas

Stage 1: repeating of the feeder-off command (1/3-polig)
Stage 2: Switching-off all feeders at the same
busbar section after Differential
measurement with
reverse feeder current
Phase selective unbalance (reversion)
Differential current limit normalized from feeder nominal current
Separate set values IDiff and IStab for circuit-breaker failure
Specific feeder minimum current limit
Selective breaker intertripping of the opposide ends at circuit-breaker

failure
Energy Automation
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
For faults inside the busbar areas

breaker intertripping at opposide ends
By external autonomous circuit-breaker failure

Selective busbar distribution of the TRIP-commands with overcurrent
release
in connection with external circuit-breaker failure-protection device
Pro feeder free eligible functionality of the SVS
Energy Automation
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Function Assignment
Central unit
Master,
managt
das
manages
the
System
ZPS
(BSZ1)
bearbeitet
processing
Check-Zone
Check-Zone
DPR
ZPS
(BSZ2)
DPR
bearbeitet
processing
geradzahlige
parrity numered
Abtastwerte
sampling
values
ZPS
(BSZ3)
DPR
Processing
bearbeitet
odd numbered
ungeradzahlige
sampling values
Abtastwerte
ZPS
(SBK)
DPR
ZPS
(SK1)
1 2
koppelt jeweils bis

zu 8 Feldeincoupling
upto
an
8heiten
bay units
Feeder 1
Bay unit
Energy Automation
ZPS
(SK6)
48
Processing the bayinformation, alarms

and commands
A/D C
CPS: Central Processor Station Protection

COC: Control, Operation, Copling
DPR
Feeder 2
Bay unit
A/D C
PP: Processing Protection

SC: Serial Coupling
IOC: In-output Central unit

CS: Current Supply
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Hardware Structure
Central unit
ZPS
(BSZ1)
ZPS
(BSZ2)
ZPS
(BSZ3)
DPR
DPR
DPR
DPR
DPR
DPR
ZPS
(SK1)
ZPS
(SK2)
ZPS
(SK3)
EAZ1
EAZ2
DPR
DPR
DPR
ZPS
(SK4)
ZPS
(SK5)
ZPS
(SK6)
48
Feeder1
Bay unit
Feeder 2
Bay unit
A/D C
A/D C
CPS: Central Processor Station Protection

COC: Control, Operation, Copling
Energy Automation
PP: Processing Protection

SC: Serial Coupling
Modular
system
Less assembly
group-types
Easy upgraded
Simple wiring
SV
ZPS
(SBK)
1 2
Feeder 48
Bay unit
A/D C
IOC: In-output Central unit

CS: Current Supply
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
TRIP- Control and Testing
Short circuit inside the

Check Zone calculated
from all sample values
Short circuit in selective

section x calculated from
parity numbered sections
Short circuit in selective

section x calculated from
odd numbered sections
ZPS
(BSZ 1)
ZPS
(BSZ 2)
ZPS
(BSZ 3)
DPR
DPR
DPR
TRIP-circuittesting
OFF-Relay
(pro feeder)
+L
L-
Three-canaled TRIP-control pro feeder
Energy Automation
back to table of contents
GA
GAFront
FrontView
Viewof
ofaaControl
ControlPanel
Panel
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
1.
Shows the Total height of the Panel
2.
Base frame dimensions are shown
3.
Width of the panel is shown
4.
Height at which various equipments are

mounted are shown
5.
Mimic details ae shown.
6.
Remember while doing this you need to match

the mimic with existing panel
7.
Keep things like Contol switch and Hand reset

Flag of relays and push button at operating
height
8.
Between various rows of Items remember to

keep 50 mm gap so that cable trough can be
put
9.
Ensure that switch doesnot foul on other

equipment when it is turned for operation
Antivibration Pad to be provided if required.

Our Standard
2200 Panel + 100 Base + 15 AV Pad = Total 2315
2200 Panel + 100 Base = 2300
Energy Automation
GA
GAFront
FrontView
Viewof
ofaaRelay
RelayPanel
Panel
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Ensuer sufficient space for

horizontal and Vertifal mounting as
well as easy servicing on later date
Ensure sufficient space for Cable

trough mounting
Ensure sufficient space in side of the

panel for bends available there
Energy Automation
Side
SideView
Viewof
of Simplex
SimplexPanel
Panel
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
1.
Depth of the panel is shown
2.
Bus wire slot dimention and

location is shown
3.
Door is single leaf or double leaf is

shown
4.
Cable entry details are shown
Energy Automation
Antivibration pad
will be here if used
Side
SideView
Viewof
of Duplex
DuplexPanel
Panel
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Front
Panel
Corridor
Panel
Rear
Panel
Cable
entry
Energy Automation
19
19Rack
Racktype
typepanels
panels
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
1U = 44.5 mm
Energy Automation
Panels
Panelswith
withFront
FrontGlass
Glassand
andall
allEquipment
Equipmentmounted
mountedon
onSwing
Swingframe
frame
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Energy Automation
Panels
Panelswith
withEquipment
Equipmentmounted
mountedinside
insideon
onSwing
SwingFrame
Frame
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Energy Automation
Internal
Internalview
viewof
ofPanel
Panel
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Energy Automation
Schematic
SchematicDrawing
DrawingContents
Contents
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
INDEX
LEGEND
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
TRIP LOGIC (IF ANY)
DC DISTRIBUTION & DC SUPPLY SUPERVISION
AC DISTRIBUTION & AC SUPPLY SUPERVISION (IF ANY)
INDICATING METERING CIRCUIT WITH TRANSDUCERS
ENERGY METER CIRCUIT
PT FUSE FAIL CKTS
CT / PT CONNECTION OF MAIN RELAYS
CT / PT CONNECTION OF BACKUP RELAYS
BINARY INPUTS OF MAIN RELAYS
BINARY INPUTS OF BACKUP RELAYS
CONTACT DISTRIBUTION OF MAIN RELAYS
CONTACT DISTRIBUTION OF BACKUP RELAYS
TRIP RELAY CIRCUIT
CB TRIP CIRCUIT WITH TRIP CIRCUIT SUPERVISION
CB CLOSING CIRCUIT
ISOLATOR OPENING/ CLOSING CIRCUIT
TEMPERATURE SCANNER CIRCUITS
CB CONTACT MULTIPLICATION RELAY
OTHER CONTACT MULTIPLICATION RELAY CIRCUITS
SWITCH CONTACT DISTRIBUTION
PUSH BUTTON CIRCUIT FOR GENERATOR APPLICATIONS
SYNCHRONISING CIRCUIT WITH CHECK SYNC, GUARD & MULTIPLICATION RELAY
ANNUNCIATION CIRCUIT
INDICATION CIRCUIT
Energy Automation
SLD
SLDwith
withCT
CT//PT
PTLocation
Location
Mentions this core is
what
circuit
No. 1connected
with
to
Energy Automation
CT Sec
Shorting
Mentions the Bus

layout
Energy Automation
Mentions CT Detaiis
DC
DC//AC
ACDistribution
DistributionCircuit
Circuit
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Can be used for

Future tapping
Iincoming DC Source
Tapped in Buswire
block
Incoming protected
by a Fuse or MCB
Taken for adjacent
panel or for
associated panel
Every ckt protected

by Fuse of MCB
Energy Automation
Metering
MeteringCircuit
Circuit
No. 1 withShows
Energy Automation
Wire is
from
Previous
Sheet
Check for Polarity of connection in case of MW, MVAR

Check for 3 Ph 3 W or 3 Ph 4 W
Energy Automation
Energy
EnergyMeter
MeterConnection
Connection
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Typical
TTB Usage
Energy Automation
Annunciator
AnnunciatorCircuit
Circuit
Output of
annunciator for Bell /
Hooter of Trip / Non
trip
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Potential Free Inputs

of ANnunciator
Energy Automation
Push button for

accept / reset /
lamptest
CT
CT//PT
PTConnection
Connectionto
toRelays
Relays
Test block connection
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Energy Automation
Binary
BinaryInput
InputConnection
Connection
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Energy Automation
Binary
BinaryOutput
OutputConnection
Connection
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Energy Automation
Trip
TripRelay
RelayCircuit
Circuit
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Energy Automation
Trip
TripCircuit
Circuit&
&Its
Itssupervision
supervision
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Trip Ckt of CB
Trip Ckt Suprn
Energy Automation
CB
CBClosing
ClosingCircuits
Circuitsand
andits
itsInterlocks
Interlocks
Isolator Condition
No. 1with
Energy Automation
Earth Switch Condition

Field CB Condition
86 Trip Relay Not Optd
BB Trip Relay not optd
CB Open Condition
Other External Permission
Scada Closing
Energy Automation
Terminal
TerminalBlocks
Blocks
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Why is a terminal Block used?

A TB Is used when any cable or wire connection enters and exits a Panel.
What are the Types of Terminal Blocks ?
Stud Type generally Used for All Circuits
Disconnecting Type generally used for CT and PT Circuits where testing might be essential.
Ring type Lugs are used for connection of Wires to the TBs
Other type of lugs are Flat type and Pin Type which are being used with pin type TBs Generally not in
Siemens use
TERMINAL BLOCK ALLOCATION

USE THE FOLLOWING TERMINAL BLOCK SERIES DEPENDING OF APPLICATION
X1 - CT / PT CONNECTION
X2 - CB CONNECTION
X3 - ISOLATOR
X4 - ANNUN / INDICATION / OTHER
X5 - SPARE
X6 - INCOMING AC/DC
X7, X70, X71 - BUS WIRING
X8 - SCADA
Energy Automation
Painting
Paintingof
ofPanels
Panels
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
What is the Colour of the Panel (Exterior and Interior) To be mentioned with IS Shade
It is to be mentioned whether the Finish should be Glossy, Semiglossy or MAC finish
Thickness of Paint should be mentioned in Microns varies from 50-150
Base frame colour is generally black
Types of Painting Powder coating (Followed in Siemens), Spray painting.
Energy Automation
Panel
Panelconstruction
construction//Degree
Degreeof
ofProtection
Protection
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
This mentions about the quality of enclosure mentioned as IP31 IP55 with each digit specifying for
entry of dust with varying dimensions, water and at what angle or position of the object.
Thickness of sheet steel is varying for load bearing member and other parts of panel. Generally it is 3mm
for load bearing member like front sheet etc., and 2mm for other parts like top, bottom, doors, etc.
Antivibration pad is a small rubber type material kept between the base frame and the actual panel this is
generally 15 mm thick
Colour
Colourand
andthickness
thicknessof
ofWires
Wires
Red, Yellow, Blue, Black are used for denoting the CT and PT circuits indicating various phase & neutral.
Black is used for single phase ac
Grey is used for DC circuits
Green is used for Earthing
2.5 or 4 Sqmm wire is generally used for CT and PT connections, 1.5 Sq mm used for others.
Prefabricated thin cables used for
Energy Automation
Ferrule
FerruleNumbering
Numbering
FERRULE NUMBERING TO BE FOLLOWED GENERALLY

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
THE FERRULE NUMBERS TO START WITH FOLLOWING ALPHABETS SUITABLY

FOR EACH TYPE OF CIRCUIT
A - MAIN PROTECTION
B - BUSBAR PROTECTION
C - BACKUP PROTECTION
D - METERING
E - PT CIRCUITS
G - SYNCHRONISING CIRCUITS
H - 1 PH AC CIRCUIT
J - INCOMING DC CIRCUIT
K - TRIPPING CIRCUIT
L - INDICATION / ANNUNCIATION CIRCUIT
T - RED FERRULE FOR TRIP
(ON SPECIFIC REQUEST ONLY)
U - SPARES
FERRULE NUMBER ENDINGS
FERRULE NUMBRES SHOULD END WITH THESE DIGITS FOR CT OR PT CIRCUITS
NUMBERS
NUMBERS
NUMBERS
NUMBERS
ENDING WITH 11 WILL BE

R PHASE CT OR PT CIRCUIT
Y PHASE CT OR PT CIRCUIT
B PHASE CT OR PT CIRCUIT
Ne PHASE CT OR PT CIRCUIT
(USE OF NUMBERS LIKE 6 AND 9 SHOULD BE REDUCED)

(USE OF ALPHABET "I" SHOULD BE AVOIDED)
Energy Automation
Details
Detailsof
ofother
otherCRP
CRPAccessories
Accessoriesother
otherthan
thanMain
MainRelay
Relay
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
INDICATING METERS - SIZE, ANGLE OF DEFLECTION, ANALOG OR DIGITAL, NO

OF DIGITS IF DIGITAL, SCALE, CTR, PTR, ACCURACY CLASS
TRANSDUCERS - CTR, PTR, ACCURACY CLASS, RANGE OF OUTPUTS, NUMBER
OF OUTPUTS, GALVANICALLY ISOLATION REQUIRED OR NOT, AUX SUPPLY
REQUIRED OR NOT
SWITCHES - NO OF WAYS, NO OF POSITIONS, RATING, STAYPUT OR SPRING
RETURN, INSCRIPTION, LOCKABLE OR NOT
INDICATION LAMP - COLOUR, SIZE, AUX SUPPLY, LED TYPE OR FILAMENT
PUSH BUTTON - COLOUR, SIZE, NUMBER OF NO/NC, NORMALTYPE OR STAYPUT
OR LOCKABLE.
AUX RELAYS - MODEL NO, CASE SIZE (WHETHER DRAWOUT OR NON DRAWOUT
OR MIDOS ETC) , NUMBER OF CONTACT, AUXILIARY SUPPLY, CURRENT COIL
RATING OF ANY, PT SUPPLY RATING IF ANY. ALSO CHOOSE WHETHER THE
WIRING DIAGRAM USED BY YOU IS AVAILABLE IN THAT PARTICULAR C
ENERGY METERS - ELECTRONIC OR ELECTROMECHANICAL TYPE, 3 PHASE 3

WIRE OR 3 PHASE 4 WIRE, TVM OR ONLY KWH, EXPORT IMPORT REQUIRED OR
NOT, CLASS OF ACCURACY, AUXILIARY SUPPLY REQUIREMENT IF ANY.
STRIP CHART RECORDERS - TYPE OF INPUT, NUMBER OF PENS, SPEED OF
RECORDER, WIDTH OF THE RECORDER, AUXILIARY SUPPLY REQUIREMENT.
Energy Automation
DIGSI Configuration and operational

software for SIPROTEC - devices
Milestones of DIGSI
Long tradition and strong experience
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Versions of
DIGSI
DIGSI 4
WINDOWS 95/98/ME/NT4/2000/XP
- Serial via front interface
-Rear service interface (Port C)
- Substation control interface with
Profibus FMS module (Port B)
- Starting 07/2004: Via Ethernet
interface with Ethernet module (Port B)
All version 1,2, 3 and 4

relays from SIEMENS
Comprehensive additional
functions (fault record, CFC,
display editor )
DIGSI 3
WINDOWS 3.1
Serial via
front interface
or rear substation
control interface
All version 1, 2 and version

3 relays from SIEMENS
Protocol used for version 3
relays (like IEC60870-5-103)
DIGSI 2
All version 1 and version 2
relays from SIEMENS
ASCII - characters
First numerical relays from
SIEMENS
MS DOS
Serial via
front interface
CP/M V2.0
1990
Energy Automation
V3.0
1994
V3.3 V4.0
1999
V4.5
2004
Direct access to the relay about the front-interface

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
I4
DIGS
RS232Kabel
DIGSI - cable
I4
DIGS
Energy Automation
I4
DIGS
Central access with DIGSI 4 about

the rear service-interface (Port C)
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
RS485 or fiber optic cable
RS485 or
fiber optic
<-> RS232
converter
RS232-cable
I4
DIGS
Energy Automation
Rear service
interface
(Port C)
Central access with DIGSI 4 about

the rear service-interface via a telefon network
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Rear service
interface
(Port C)
Serial RS485 or fiber optical connection
Dial up
modem +
RS485/FO
converter
telefoncable
Headoffice / Central office /

Support-Center
Telefon network
public / private /
utility owned
analog / digital
(ISDN)
Energy Automation
I4
DIGS
Dial up modem
telefoncable
RS232-cable
DIGSI
4
Central operation with DIGSI 4 about

the rear service-interface via an Ethernet network
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Rear service
interface
(Port C)
Serial RS485 or fiber optical connection
Ethernetmodem +
RS485/FO
converter
Router /
Switch
Patchcable
I4
DIGS
Ethernetmodem
Headoffice / Central office /

Support-Center
RS232 Kabel
Internet / Intranet,
WAN / public,
LAN / private /
utility owned
I4
DIGS DIGSI
4
Ethernet patch-cable
Ethernetmodem
Energy Automation
Commissioning - / ServiceNotebook
Serial
RS232cable
DIGSI - The manager that keeps order

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Easy management of relays in

projects
Selection of relays from a catalog

Archiving, export, and import
Variation management
Plug and play
Reading out process data with
single-keystroke operation
Work like in MS Windows Explorer

Any station topologies
Same platform as for SICAM
Substation Automation System
Energy Automation
DIGSI One program for all SIPROTEC relays

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Uniqu
e !! !
Energy Automation
Components of DIGSI
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Allocation matrix
Parameterization
Change relay display
Logic program
Test
Energy Automation
Fault
evaluation
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
DIGSI - The function tree is the central

coordinating point
The function tree is the

central coordinating point
"What you see is what

you need
Graphic visualization of
the tripping characteristic
Comparison of
parameters
Structured tab card

Energy Automation
dialogs
DIGSI - The allocation matrix, a clear overview

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Routing of indications,
measured/metered values,
commands to inputs/outputs,
LEDs, CFC, buffers, system
interface, feeder control
diagram
No incorrect input possible

Energy Automation
Matrix instead of nested

operating sequences
Popup menus provide the

options
Overview using filter,

hiding/showing
DIGSI - Compare parameter sets

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Offline/Offline
comparison
Offline/Online
comparison
Comparison can be
freely configured
Energy Automation
DIGSI - Test functions, support for commissioning

and operation
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Testing and diagnostic functions

Quick and problem-free testing of
wiring
Output of indications via the

system interface
Simuation of make and break of

binary outputs
Simuation of binary inputs

(set input without voltage)
Relay specific test functions

.
Energy Automation
DIGSI - Fault record analysis with SIGRA

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Energy Automation
DIGSI Optional logic programming with CFC

(Continuous Function Chart)
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
PLC integrated into the SIPROTEC 4 relays

Fully graphic, no progamming skills required
Libraries with standard blocks
Dragging blocks from the catalog into the chart, then
linking with a mouse click
Connecting block inputs and outputs with information

items (measured values, indications, circuit breaker
positions, ...)
Energy Automation
Consistency check with guarantee of effectiveness of
DIGSI - Typical CFC applications

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Logically checking the release conditions for a breaker control command
(e.g. by the position of a further disconnector and the information item

charged spring")
Display of an application-specific group indication in an LED
(single indications logically combined with operators, such as AND, OR,
NOT)
Display of a new dynamic symbol for an item of equipment in the display
(various states calculated by the CFC logic)
Switchover of the parameter group
(on phase currents dropping below a limit value)
Blinking alarm LED if the switching authority is set to "LOCAL"
Implementation of expansions for protection function
(e.g. "Reverse power protection" or "Efficiency monitoring")
Forced sequence switching after pressing a function key on the relay
(e.g. automatic grounding)
Step-by-step load shedding on power deficit
(calculation of suitable feeders by the CFC logic)
...
Energy Automation
DIGSI Design the display with the Display Editor

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Changing the preconfigured basic

displays and feeder control diagrams
Operation like with a conventional image

editor (e.g. PAINT)
Libraries with static and dynamic

symbols, including user symbols, different
standards (IEC, ANSI)
Linking of the dynamic symbol with the

associated item of equipment, measured
value in the allocation matrix
Typical diagrams can be stored as

templates
for later use in other projects
Energy Automation
DIGSI - Station configuration and monitoring for busbar

protection
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Busbar protection 7SS52 is set with

DIGSI 4 (V4.30)
Drawing with the Display Editor

Libraries with static and dynamic
symbols, including user symbols
Linking of dynamic symbols with the

associated item of equipment,
measured value, ...
Typical diagrams can be stored as

templates
On-line visualization (HMI)

Lines are colored depending on
state
Energy Automation
Measured Values can be freely

placed
DIGSI - Protection data export into

substation automation system (SICAM)
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Consistent data
base
XML file export

with DIGSI 4.5
for IEC 61850
Energy Automation
Running
under MS Win
95/98/ME/NT4/
2000/XP
DIGSI - the benefits

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
1 program
for all tasks
1 program
for all relays
User
friendly
Standardized
over the bay and
station control levels
Energy Automation
DIGSI 4 You
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Demo programs (On CDROM)

DIGSI 4 DEMO
SIGRA 4 TRIAL & DEMO
Training
In German and English, in
Nuremberg, but also "locally"
anywhere in the world
Hotline
Phone: +49 1805 247 000
eMail:
services@ptd.siemens.de
Newsletter
4x a year, information about
products, tips & tricks,
Internet
solutions, training dates
Information about DIGSI, Online forms for product
registration, hotline queries,
software order
under
http://www.siprotec.com
Energy Automation
DIGSI Latest News in the INTERNET

www.siprotec.com
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Energy Automation
CFC
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
Energy Automation
CFC
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
NEG Y= X1
(+)
X1
X1
AND Y= A *
A
B
B
(+)
&
B
Y
OR Y= A + B
A
B
(+)
Energy Automation
CFC
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
XOR
Y= X1 * X2 + X1*
X2 X1
X2
(+)
X1
=1
X2
X1
X2
TIMER
F1- EIN IE
F1- EIN IE
LED 1 AM
5000
Energy Automation
LED 1 AM
CFC
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
INPUTS
Energy Automation
OUTPUTS
CFC
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
INPUTS
Energy Automation
OUTPUTS
CFC
No. 1 with
Energy Automation
4 Logic levels
Interlocking (Priority lower than protection, event triggered)
Slow PLC (Priority lower than protection, event triggered
Rapid PLC (Priority higher than protection, event triggered)
Blocking of protection functions
Measurand Processing (cyclical all 600ms)
Revers Power (ANSI 32)
Power Factor (ANSI 55)
Instrument Transducer Inputs

(4-20mA)
Energy Automation

Basics of Protection

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Basics of Protection

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Power Transmission and Distribution

Power System Structure

Transmission / Sub transmission

Extra High Voltage

Transmission circuits handle/route largest power , interconnect various power

Subtransmission circuits feed to distribution substations & bulk consumers within a

Power Transmission and Distribution

Switchyards Design features

Power Transmission and Distribution

Current Carrying Load

Current Making Load

Current Breaking Load

Isolator is rated only for carrying current,

Power Transmission and Distribution

Absence of Busbar, CB reduces cost

Power Transmission and Distribution

Single Bus System

A: Single Bus System

B: Single Bus with Bus

C: Single Bus with Bus

Simplest and Economical Arrangement

Power Transmission and Distribution

Single Bus System- Primary Components,

Power Transmission and Distribution

Single Bus System- Primary Components,

Power Transmission and Distribution

Single Bus System- Primary Components,

Power Transmission and Distribution

Single Bus with sectionaliser System- Primary Components,

To improve Reliability bus section isolator/CB is introduced

Power Transmission and Distribution

Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement

Transfer Bus coupler

Power Transmission and Distribution

Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement Normal operation

Transfer Bus coupler

Power Transmission and Distribution

Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement Normal operation

Transfer Bus coupler

Power Transmission and Distribution

Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement Bay Outage

Transfer Bus coupler

Bay Out of Service

Power Transmission and Distribution

Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement

Protection / CT Transfer Switch required

Transfer Bus coupler

Power Transmission and Distribution

Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement

Trip Transfer Switch Required

Transfer Bus coupler

Power Transmission and Distribution

Double Main Bus System

Power Transmission and Distribution

Double Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement

Almost all PGCIL 220kV substations use this arrangement

Power Transmission and Distribution

245kV Switchyard Layout

245 kV Outdoor switchyard (AIS)

Double busbars, classical layout

7 Line-disconnector with built-on earthing switch

Almost all PGCIL 220kV substations use this arrangement

Power Transmission and Distribution

One and a Half Breaker Arrangement