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TheOSIModel

and
TCP/IP
ProtocolSuite

CONTENTS
NETWORK SOFTWARE
THEOSIMODEL
LAYERSINTHEOSIMODEL
TCP/IPPROTOCOLSUITE

NetworkSoftwares
To reduce the design complexity, most networks
are organized as a stack of layers or level.
Different Network is having different:
No of layers
Name of each layer
Contents of each layer
Functions of each layer.
Each layer provides some services to its higher
layer, without showing it the details of the
implementation of the offered service.

NetworkSoftwares
This concept is known as data hiding, encapsulation or
data abstraction in Object oriented programming.
Protocol is a set of rules/agreement between the
communicating devices on how communication is to
proceed.
The entities comprising the corresponding layers on
different machines are called peers.
They may be processes, hardware devices or human
being.
The peers communicates using the protocols.

NetworkSoftwares
No data can be transferred directly from layer n of
source to layer n of destination.
The data is passed to the layer immediately below the
layer until it reaches the lowest layer.
Below the lowest layer a physical layer is there in
which the actual transmission occurs.
Between each layer there is an interface.
The interface defines which primitive operations and
services the lower layer will provide to the layer above
it.

NetworkSoftwares
A clear interface minimizes the amount of
data to be passed between layers.
A set of layers and protocols is called a
network architecture.
A list of protocols used by a certain system,
one protocol per layer, is called protocol
stack.

THEOSIMODEL

THEOSIMODEL
OSI stands for Open System Interconnection
(OSI).
An Open system is a model that allows any
two different systems to communicate without
requiring changes to the logic of the
underlying hardware and software.
OSI is built of 7 separate but related layers,
each of which defines a part of the process of
moving information across a network.

THEOSIMODEL
Highest -

Lowest -

LayeredArchitecture
Each layer contains its own set of functions.
The related functions are collected into
discrete groups that became the layers.
Each layer provides some services to its
higher layer, without showing it the details of
the implementation of the offered service.
Layer 3, for example, provides services to
layer 4 and uses services from layer 2.

LayeredArchitecture

Between machines, layer x on one machine


communicates with layer x on another
machine. This communication is governed by
an agreed upon series of rules and
conventions called protocols.
The entities comprising the corresponding
layers on different machines are called peers.
They may be processes or hardware devices.
The processes on each machine that
communicate a given layer are called peerto-peer processes.

LayeredArchitecture
Consider the figure, where a message travels from
device X to Y via a no. of intermediate nodes.
These nodes usually involve only the first 3 layers
of the OSI model.
X

Intermediate nodes

Communication Links
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

7
6
5
4
3
2
1

3
2
1

3
2
1

3
2
1

LayeredArchitecture
The application layer software running at the
source node creates the data to be
transmitted to the application layer software
running at a destination machine.
The application layer hands over the data to
the presentation layer at the source end.
Each layer adds its own headers to the
information as it moves from presentation
layer to the bottommost layer (Physical) at
source end.

AnexchangeusingtheOSImodel

LayeredArchitecture
At the physical layer the communication is direct. The
entire package is converted to a form that can be
transferred to the receiving machine.
At the receiving machine, with each process receiving and
removing the data meant for it. For example, layer 2
removes the data meant for it, then passes the rest to
layer 3. layer 3 then removes the data meant for it and
passes the rest to layer 4 and so on.
Between each layer there is an interface that defines
which operations and services the lower layer will provide
to the layer above it.

LAYERSIN
THEOSIMODEL

PhysicalLayer

The physical layer is responsible for movements


of individual bits from one hop (node) to the
next.

Physical Layer
Physical layer defines the Physical
characteristics of interfaces and the
transmission media.
It defines the type of encoding (how 0s and
1s are changed to signals) before
transmission of data bits.
It also defines the Data rate the number of
bits sent each second.
The physical layer is concerned with the
connection of devices (line configuration) to
the media.
Point-to point
Multipoint

Physical Layer
Physical layer defines different topologies
that is how devices are connected to make a
network.
Mesh
Star
Bus
Tree
Ring
Physical layer also defines the direction of
transmission between two devices
Simplex
Half Duplex
Duplex

DataLinkLayer

The data link layer is responsible for moving


frames from one hop (node) to the next.

Hop- to-hop or Node-to-node delivery

Data Link Layer


Data link layer divides the stream of bits received
from the network layer into managable data units
called frames.
This layer adds the header that contains physical
addresses of the sender and receiver of the frame.
Using these addresses frames are distributed in the
same network.
Each node in the network has a 48 bit alphanumeric
physical address that is written on the Network
Interface Card(NIC).
00 40 95 e0 5d c7 (48bits)
Vendors unique code
(24 bits)

Device code (unique)


(24bits)

Data Link Layer


Data link layer uses a flow control mechanism to
prevent data loss in case of fast sender and slow
receiver.
The data link layer adds reliability/error control to
the physical layer by adding mechanisms to detect and
retransmit damaged or lost frames and manage
duplicate frames.
Data link layer determines which device has
control/access over the link at a given time if there
are many devices connected to the single link.

NetworkLayer

The network layer is responsible for the delivery


of individual packets from the source host to the
destination host across multiple networks.

Network Layer
Network layer adds the header that contains logical
addresses of the sender and receiver of the data.
Using these addresses messages are distributed in
different networks.
Logical addresses signifies the connection of a host
to its network.
When independent networks or links are connected
together to create internetwork, the connecting
device route or switch the packets to their final
destination. Network layer provides these routing
mechanism.

TransportLayer

The transport layer is responsible for the


delivery of a message from one process to
another.

Transport Layer
Transport layer adds the header that contains
service point addresses (port addresses) of the
sending process and receiving process of the data.
Using these addresses messages are transmitted not
only from one computer to next but also from a
specific process (running program) on one computer
to a specific process (running program) on the
other.
Transport
layer
reassembles
correctly
the
segmented parts of a message by using the
sequence number contained in each parts of the
message.

Reliableendtoenddeliveryofamessage

Reliable end-to-end delivery of a message


Transport layer is responsible for process-toprocess delivery of the entire message. A process
is an application program running on the host.
Unlike the network layer that oversees the
source- to-destination delivery of individual
packets and does not recognize any relationship
between those packets, transport layer ensures
that the whole message arrives intact and in
order overseeing both error and flow control at
the sourceto-destination level.

Transport Layer
Depending upon the connection the transport
layer are of two types
Connection less no connection
Connection oriented connection
between the messages
Both flow and error control is done in this
layer but it is performed end-to-end rather
than across a single link.

SessionLayer

The session layer is responsible for dialog control


and synchronization.

Session Layer
The session layer is the network dialog
controller. It establishes, maintains and
synchronizes
the
interaction
between
interacting systems.
This layer decides which user application
sends data, at what time and whether the
communication is simplex, half duplex or full
duplex.

Session Layer
The session layer decides the order in which
data needs to be passed to the transport
layer.
This layer divides a session into sub-sessions
for avoiding retransmission of entire message
by adding check pointing features .
After a specific amount of transfer a
checkpoint needs to be provided so that if the
connection is break and then restored we
need not to start the transfer all over again
from the start, rather we can start it from the
last checkpoint.

PresentationLayer

The presentation layer is responsible


translation, compression and encryption.

for

Presentation Layer
When two hosts are communicating, they might
using different coding standards and character
sets for representing data internally.
The translation between formats of the senders
and receivers message is done by this layer if two
formats are different.
This layer performs encryptions and decryptions
for security.
For efficient transmission the presentation layer
performs data compression before sending and
decompression at the destination.

ApplicationLayer

The application layer is


providing services to the user.

responsible

for

Application Layer
It allows the users to access the network
resources. The application program using the
network services are reside at this layer.
This layer provides abstraction of the underlying
network to the end user and an application.
It allows a user to access, download or upload
files from or to a remote host.
It allows user to use mail services, remote login
and browsing the web pages.

Summary of Layers

Example: How message is passed through different


layers?

Consider the figure below. Node A wants to send a


packet to Node D.
C

G
F
E

Example: How message is passed through different


layers?

Logical addresses of Node A & D (i.e ADDL(A) and


ADDL(D)) are added to the actual data to form a
data unit at the network layer (DN).
ADDL(A)
ADDL(D)
Actual
Data
Figure: Data unit at the network layer.

When DN is passed from the network layer at


Node A to DLL at Node A, the following
happens:

Example: How message is passed through different


layers?

1. The routing table is consulted, which maintains


the next node to which the frame should be
sent for a specific destination node, which is D
in this case.
2. Let us consider the next node is F, based on
the congestion conditions at that time, the path
A-F is selected.

Example: How message is passed through different


layers?

3. At this point, data link layer of A forms a data


unit(DD) which has encapsulated DN and added the
physical address of A and F as ADDP(A) and
ADDP(F) to it.
ADDP(A)

ADDP(F)

DN
ADDL(A)
ADDL(D)
Actual Data

Figure: DD at A

Oth
er
Info

Example: How message is passed through different


layers?

4. Using the physical address of adjacent nodes A


and F, the packets move from A to F, after
performing the flow control functions (i.e; checking
if node F is ready to accept a frame from A and at
what data rate).
5. Here the packet is passed on , from the data link
layer to the network layer of node F after
performing the error control function( i.e; verifying
whether the packet is error free).

Example: How message is passed through different


layers?

6. Here ADDP(A) and ADDP(F) are removed and


DN is recovered. Now using the ADDL(D) it is
checked whether the packet is meant for the
current Node( in this case F) or not. If not DN
needs to be sent to the next hop to reach node D.
ADDL(D) is extracted.
7. Again the routing algorithm is performed at F
using ADDL(D) as the final destination and the
congestion conditions, and a path is chosen which
is F-G in this case.

Example: How message is passed through different


layers?

8. The network layer at F passes DN to the data


link layer of F. Here the physical addresses of F
and G are added to form the data unit at the data
link layer of F.
ADDP(F)

ADDP(G)

DN
ADDL(A)
ADDL(D)
Actual Data

Figure: DD at F

Oth
er
Info

Example: How message is passed through different


layers?

9. This continues until the data unit at data link


layer reaches node D. There again the physical
addresses are removed to get the original DN,
which is passed on to the network layer at node D.
10. The network layer verifies ADDL(A) and
ADDL(d), ensures that the packet is meant for
itself, removes these addressed and sends the
actual data to the transport layer at node D.

TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

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