CHAPTER 4

HEAT

CHAPTER 4

HEAT

Understandi
ng

4.1 Thermal Equilibrium

4.2 Specific Heat Capasity

4.3 Specific latent Heat
4.4.The Gas Law

-two object in thermal

contact with same temp.
(no net heat transfer
between them)

-the amount of heat that

required to raise its
temperature of 1kg of the
substance by 1 C
(Jkg-1C-1)

-heat energy required to

melt 1 kg of the
substance at its melting
point without change in
temperature (solid to
liquid)
-Q=ml

Thermal
equilibrium

HEAT

temperature

- Transfer energy
from a hot object
to a cold object
until both reach
the same
temperature

-measure the
hotness of the body

-is the heat energy

required to change 1 kg
of the substance from
liquid to gas at boiling
point without change of
temperature
-Q=ml

4.1
Understanding
Thermal
Equilibrium

Thermal
Equillibrium
Temperatur
Hea
e
t
Definition
Thermomet
er

Working
Principle
Calibration

Unit
Liquid In
Glass

Learning Outcomes
explain

thermal equilibrium
explain how a liquid-in-glass
thermometer works

Temperature
The

degree of hotness of
an object
base quantities
S.I. unit: Kelvin, K.
Other unit : Celsius,C

Heat
a

form of energy that is

transferred between objects
in thermal contact
Derived quantity
S.I. unit : joule, J.

Thermal Equilibrium

Milk bottle
immersed in
a bowl of
water
When

two objects are in thermal contact, heat

is transferred from one object to the other.
The temperature of the objects determines the
direction of energy transfer between them.
The energy transferred between objects in
thermal contact is known as heat.

How a doctor measure

your body temperature?

Figure (a) : Object A and B in thermal

contact

Heat

is transferred from A to B & from B to A, but the

rate of heat transfer from A to B is greater than the
rate of heat transfer from B to A.
Thus, there is a net heat transfer from A to B.

A hot and a cold object in thermal

contact

In thermal equilibrium

(a) the

rates of heat transfer from A to B &

from B to A are equal, i.e. the net rate
heat transfer between the two object is
zero.
(b) the temperature of A is equal to
temperature of B.

thermal equilibrium

There

is no net flow of heat between two

objects
Two objects have the same temperature.

Refresh!!!
Thermal

Equilibrium
Temperature
Heat

How to calibrate a thermometer so

that it can be used to measure
temperature?
100oC

0o C

temperature scale is obtained by

choosing 2 fixed points of temperature:
(a) the ice point
(b) the steam point.
The range between them is divided
equally into 100 divisions or degrees.

Liquid-in-glass Thermometer
The

bulb contains a fixed mass of liquid.

The volume of the liquid increases when
it absorbs heat.
The liquid expands and rises in the
capillary tube.
The length of the liquid column in the
capillary tube indicates the magnitude of
the temperature.

Characteristic of Liquid used in a

Liquid-in-glass Thermometer

1.
2.
3.
4.

be easily seen/opaque
expand and contract rapidly over a
wide range of temperature
not stick to the glass walls of the
capillary
Higher boiling point & lower freezing
point

 The

liquid commonly used is mercury. Why?

(a) freezing point = -39oC
(b) boiling point = 357oC
Lower temperatures suitable liquid is
alcohol,
(a) freezing point = -115 C
(b) boiling point = 78C.

Exercise
SPM 2006, Paper2 Section A
2. Text book : Mastery Practice 4.1 ,
Q3 (page 110)
1.

SPM 2006 P2(A)

(10 marks) text book page

Suitable
characteristic

Answer
1. Lowest Freezing point
(1m)
Can be used to measure object which has
lower temperature
(1m)
2.Highest Boiling point
(1m)
Can be used to measure object which has
higher temperature
(1m)
3. Lowest Tranparency
(1m)
Can be seen easily
(1m)
4. Lowest Adhesion to glass
(1m)
not stick to the glass walls of the capillary
(1m)

Choice:

1.
2.
3.
4.

(1m)
Lowest Freezing point =-40oC
Highest Boiling point = 425oC
Opaque
Lowest Adhesion to glass
(1m)
Q

Characteristic

Explanation

Lowest Freezing
point

Can be used to
measure object which
has lower temperature
Highest Boiling point Can be used to
measure object which
has higher
temperature
Lowest Transparency Can be seen easily
Lowest Adhesion to
glass

Choice : Q
Reason:

not stick to the glass

walls of the capillary

Practical Text Book

Experiment page 72

Thermal Equilibrium

Aim:
To observe the changes in temperature when
two substances come into thermal contact

 The

temperature of the water in

beaker & basin is recorded at time, t =
0 min, 5 min, 10 min, 15 min..until
both temperature is the same
Continue for another 3 readings
Tabulate data in table form
Plot graph of temperature, T against
time, t

 Extra

apparatus?
Stopwatch (1 x 8) & glass rod (2 x 8)
Extra step?
Get data with 60s interval time until
the temperature of both water in basin
& beaker is equal.
Continue get 3 more reading.
Plot graph.

Tabulate data in this table.

Time,t/min

5.0 10.0
0
0

Temperatur Beaker
e of the
water, T/oC
Basin

What graph should you plot?

Discussion
1.

What do a rise and fall of temperature of

the water indicate?
The transfer of heat energy

2. Discuss the transfer of energy between

the water in the beaker and the water in
the basin.

Figure (a) : Object A and B in thermal

contact

Heat

is transferred from the A to B & from B to A, but

the rate of heat transfer from A to B is greater than
the rate of heat transfer from B to A.
Thus, there is a net heat transfer from A to B.

Discussion

What can you say about the rates of

transfer of energy when the readings of
the two thermometers become equal?
the rates of transfer of energy are
equal.

Conclusion
When object are in thermal
equilibrium,
1. The net rate of heat transfer = 0
2. The temperature of both object are
equal

 The

temperature of A, which has a net heat

loss, will decrease while the temperature of
B, which has a net heat gain, will increase.
Heat transfer will continue until a state
thermal equilibrium is achieved.
The temperature of B increases because
the heat transferred to it increases the
kinetic energy of its molecules.
When the average kinetic energy of
molecules of an object increases, its
temperature also increases.