Chapter 5 and 6

Roman Republic
and
Roman Empire

36 slides
8 slides images only

Roman history can be divided into three convenient periods or

episodes.

Romes Origins: 753-509 B.C.

Roman Republic: 509 B.C. and 31 B.C.
Roman Empire: 31 B.C. to A.D. 476

Emergence of Rome

I.

Geography

a)
i.
ii.
iii.

Mountains
Plains
Rivers

Inhabitants
Neighbors and Influences

b)
c)

Origin of Rome Stories and Myths

Etruscans
Early Rome: 753 509 BC

II.
III.
IV.

Greek Influence

a)

Roman Republic: 509 31 BC

V.

Political
Economic
Religious
Military and Conquest
Family and Gender

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
i.
ii.
iii.

f)

Husbands
Wives
Adoption

Slavery

g)

Culture
i.
ii.
iii.

h)

Laws
Culture / Attitudes
Struggle of Orders Social Divisions

Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic

i.
ii.
iii.

Growing Unrest
New Role for Roman Army
Collapse of the Roman Republic

Roman Empire: 31 BC 4th century AD

VI.

Age of Augustus 31 BC 14 AD

a)

Military
Political
Social Structure

i.
ii.
iii.

Early Empire 14 AD 180 AD

b)

Political
Military
Economic
Social
Culture
Family and Gender
Legal
Religion

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.

Late Empire / Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

c)

Civil Wars
Invasions
Christianity
Reforms

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

v.

VII.
VIII.

Diocletian
Constantine

Causes of the Decline and Fall of the Empire

Selected Emperors and their Stories

Conclusion

Ancient Italy and the City of Rome

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I.

Emergence of Rome
a)
Geography
i.

Mountains

ii.

Plains

iii.

Latium

Rivers

b)

Apennine

Tiber River
Po
Arno
Rubicon

Inhabitants
a)

Neighbors and Influences

Aequi, Greeks
Sabines, Volscians
Etruscans

Origin of Rome Stories and Myths

II.

Latin Speakers Indo European

Aeneas

Virgil, TheAeneid

Written 30 BC

Romulus and Remus, 753 B.C.

Ilia was seduced by Mars and gave birth to twins.

Romulus and Remus were cast adrift on the Tiber

Rome hilltop on plain of Latium

Horatius
Shepherds

III.

Etruscan
a)

Etruscans
a)
b)

IV.

North
Greatest impact on early development
Urbanization combined small villages
Control 100-125 years
adopted many Etruscan customs
alphabet, toga, vaulted arch, gladiatorial contests.
Etruscan power and influence
During period, Rome became actual city state from pastoral
Romans assimilated Etruscans
expelled last of Etruscan kings in 509 BC.

Early Rome, 753-509 B.C.

DO NOT WRITE JUST READ

Livy admitted that: "Events before Rome was born have come down to us in
old tales with more of the charm of poetry than of sound historical record, and
such traditions I propose neither to affirm nor refute." Livy was careful to add
that Roman legends depicted men and women not as they were, but as they
ought to be. In other words, Livy's history is a moral tale, told to countless
generations of Roman citizens.

a)

Greek Influence on the Italian Peninsula

Greeks

10

Greatest impact overall.

Alphabet
Olives
Art
Cultural models
Architecture
Literature

Roman Republic 509 31 BC

V.

Political

a)

In 509 B.C., and after having expelled the Etruscans,

the Romans constructed a form of political organization
we call a republic.

Citizenship?

Four Major Components Checks and Balances

1) Two magistrates or consuls

2) Senate / legislative branch of the government as well as an
advisory body. Contained about 300 citizens. The ranks of the
Senate were drawn from ex-consuls and other officers who served
for life.
3)Assembly of Centuries (comitia centuriata), which conducted
annual elections of consuls, was composed of all members of the
army.
4)Assembly of Tribes (comitia tributa), which contained all
citizens. The Assembly approved or rejected

b)

Economic
i.
Farming

Figs, Corn, Grains, Fruit trees, Olives, Vegetables, Grape

vines

Trade

ii.

Textiles, Metals, Pottery, Olives, Wine, Wool

c)

Roman Religion

Polytheistic

Morphed Greek gods into Roman

Piety toward others gods
College of priests to carry out rituals
Entrails, burnt offerings, feed the gods
gods authority state
Less personal more civic duty

Right relationship of rituals and festivals

Cults

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Every aspect of life was responsibility of individual powers

Man numen
Woman juno

Dionysus

d)

Military and Conquest

Need to consolidate power

South Aequi, Greeks
East Sabines, Volscians
North Etruscans

493 B.C. established the Latin League

Gauls on the march 4th century

sacked Rome

396 B.C., the Romans attacked and destroyed the Etruscan town of Veii.
Roman form of conquest - made them partners.
Confederacy all conquered and assimilated
o Legal status
o Allies by treaty
o privileges
o By 340 B.C. (260?) Rome had defeated the Latin states of Latium
o By 260 BC Rome was looking outside
o Between 264 133 BC development of military power

Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean (264-133 B.C.E.)

Punic Wars (Carthage and Rome)

First Punic War, 264-241 B.C.E.

Sicily
Carthaginian troops
Sicilian town of Messana.

Second Punic War, 218-201 B.C.E.

Third Punic War, 149-146 B.C.E.

Eastern Mediterranean, Macedonia was made a Roman province in 148 B.C.E.

146 BC: Greece

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began in Spain.
Rome protested to Carthage about its treatment of Saguntum
Hannibal seized Saguntum.
Carthage sought revenge for Sicily.
In 218 B.C., Hanibal led an army from Spain, across the Alps and into Italy

Asian territory:

By 44 B.C., the Romans controlled all of Spain, Gaul (France), Italy, Greece, Asia
Minor, and most of North Africa (80% of the coastal lands of the Mediterranean).

Roman Family and Gender

e)

Paterfamilias

Husbands / fathers

Power

Absolute
Women / wives

More oppty than Greece where women were kept in seclusion

Divorce

Arranged marriages

Dowry

Roles changed as empire expanded and by 2nd century AD

divorce more common

Women more control and public life

Father did not transfer control to husband he kept it.

When father died, daughter had more control of her life dowry.
Adoption

Children

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Not all members born into family became members of family

Even if adopted held all legal rights as natural born

Slavery

f)

Romans used more than anyone - 20-35 percent of the population

Before 3rd century 1-2 slaves per farmer
Roman conquest of Mediterranean changed everything

During Republic period, most were from conquest

Prestigious to have many slaves

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Greeks had greatest influence on Rome overall.

Tutors, Shop assistants, craftsmen, Domestic help, Farm labor

Revolts

First Slave Revolt 135-132 B.C.

Second Slave Revolt 104-100 B.C

Third Slave Revolt 73 BC

Sicily, Spartacus - revolted in 73 B.C.E.

g) Culture
i. Law: Laws of the Twelve Tables.
i. Commission, statutes to fill ten bronze
tablets, plebeians were dissatisfied, two
additional tablets were added.

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iii.

The Struggle of the Orders: Social Divisions in the

Roman Republic
The "Struggle of the Orders"
struggle between patrician and plebeian over issue of
legality.
494 B.C., plebeians threatened to leave Rome
set up their own independent state.

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Plebians
Withdrawal from city (1st half of 5th century BC)
Demands
Assembly of Plebeians created in 471 B.C.E.
4th century B.C.E. plebeians could become consuls
287 B.C.E. Roman citizens equal under the law

h)

Decline and Fall of Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.E.)

i.
Growing Unrest
i.

Latifundias contribute to the decline of small farms

i. Farm landowners were the backbone of the Roman army
ii. Small farmers drifting to the cites forming a large class
of landless poor
soldiers away from Rome for years.
Wealth in hands of few
By the middle of the 2nd century, there was a threefold problem brewing in the
Roman Republic.

1) the senatorial class, growing in number and more wealthy than

ever before
2) the urban masses were divorced from the land
3) the army disgusted by the senatorial class

133 B.C. Roman politics, polarized around two factions in Senate.

"Optimates," the better people

"Populares," the champions of the oppressed

Optimates were by conservative defenders of the good old days / status quo.

Populares demanded redistribution of land to dispossessed

Reforms
Gracchi brothers
Propose land reform

New role for the Roman army

ii.

Social War and the arrival of Marius and Sulla

Marius
Recruitment of volunteers from urban and rural proletariat
opened the army to anyone who was poor, but fit and willing to fight
Loyalty Oath

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Collapse of the Republic

iii.

Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar (1st Triumvirate)

Marcus Aurelius

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VI. Roman Empire: 31 BC 4th Century AD

i. Age of Augustus (31 [could also be 29] B.C. -14 AD)
a)

b)

c)

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Military
To maintain order foreign and domestic
Army
Standing army of 28 legions; 150,000 men - Romans
Auxiliaries, 130,000 men who were non-citizens
Praetorian Guard of elite troops; 9,000 men
Stabilization of the frontiers
Augustus conquered the central and maritime Alps and then expanded control of the
Balkan peninsula up to the Danube
Failure in Germany
Political
Emperor Augustus given title of imperator (commander-in-chief) by the senate
Inherited the Republican system
Governing the provinces
Social Structure
Roman belief governance of world
A divine rule believed by all Romans
Augustus encouraged upper class birthrate
Adultery was made criminal
Revised tax laws
Social Stratification: Limited Mobility
Senatorial economic based
Equestrian anyone who owned property valued at 400,000 sesterces
Lower Classes lost power when assemblies dismantled

ii. The Early Empire (14-180)

a) Political

Five Good Emperors (96-180)

Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pious, Marcus Aurelius.
Augustus stepson and subsequent four emperors = Five Good Emperors

Pax Romana
Public work projects
Equal treatment
Tolerance / Diplomacy
Peace and prosperity for nearly 100 years.

b) Military

Frontiers and Provinces 3.5 million square miles

Consolidation of the frontier
Strengthening the provinces
Cities and towns spread culture, law, and Latin language

c) Economic

Prosperity
Extensive trade -- food and luxury goods
Agriculture the primary occupation
Industrial development: bronze work, pottery, brickmaking

d) Social Conditions
Increased wealth better conditions in Rome
Wealthy and poor treated well
212 Roman citizenship for all

e) Culture and Society in the Roman World

Roman Literature

Subsidized by wealthy patrons and by state

Catullus (c. 87-54 B.C.E.)
greatest lyric poet
express emotions

Virgil (70-19 B.C.E.), Aeneid

Virtues of duty, piety, and faithfulness

Roman Art
Copy Greek statues
Architecture

Arch, vault, and dome

f) Family
Upper Class

Patrician / Equestrian
Living conditions - good
Weakened paterfamilias
Women more independence
Right to inherit, own and dispose of property, attend races/theater,
operate businesses
Influence upon husbands

Lower Classes

Living conditions poor

Drudgery of life
Free grain
Entertainment

g) Roman Law

Twelve Tables, 450 B.C.E.

Codified

Law of nations Natural Rights

Justice, Equality, Innocence
All men equal before law (more theory than practiced)

Standards of justice established

Innocent until proven guilty
Right to defend themselves before a judge

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h) Religion

Augustus attempted to revive Roman religion of worship many gods

Polytheistic
Toleration
Mystery religions / cults: Hellenistic

Hellenistic cults
Sacrificial, emotional, bonding
Mithras: agent for chief god of light (Sun)

The Jews

By 6 AD Judea was made a Roman province

Unrest among the Jews

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Sadducees
Pharisees
Essenes
Zealots

Revolt of Jews in 66 was crushed by Romans four years later

The Jewish temple in Jerusalem was destroyed

Growth of Christianity
Jesus of Nazareth (c. 6 B.C.E.-29 C.E.), Messiah
Paul of Tarsus (c. 5-c. 67)
Preach the message to all, not just Jews
Key figure in spreading Christianity outside Jewish
community
Increasing intolerance of Christianity by the Romans

iii. Late Empire / Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

Imperial Rome

Largest population of any city in empire 1.5 million

Polyglot
Overcrowded / noisy
Police force
Chasm between rich / poor
Temples, Baths, Markets Grandeur for all to experience
About 200,000 received free grain
Entertainment!!

Gladiatorial contests amphitheater or Colosseum

Public spectacles
Colosseum could seat 50,000

Entertainment and distraction

Fulfilled a political and social need
Diverted attention from daily misery
Condemned men and gladiators sometimes free men trained in gladiator
schools

 Decline

and Fall of the Roman Empire

Military Monarch 193 - 235

Civil war, 235 - 284

Invasions

Persians
Germanic Tribes

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Plagues

Population declined, trade and industry declined, labor

shortage, soldiers looted from farmers, debased coinage
(inflationary), armies unpaid and yet needed, agricultural
collapse, economic collapse, invasions, plagues and the
Romans looked to mercenaries to help hired Germans.

The Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine

By 284 order is beginning to be restored

Transformed late Empire into new Empire and new governmental,. Economic,
social structure with a new state religion Christianity.

Diocletian (284-305)

Four administrative units

Economic policies

Constantine (306-337)

Expanded on Diocletians reforms

Edit of Milan
New capital
Political reforms
Military reforms
Enlarged army, mobile units created

Theodosius the Great 378 AD Christianity became official state

religion throughout empire

Fall of the Western Roman Empire

Invasions
Huns, Visogoths (germanic)
Roman defeat at Adrianople in 378
451 Romans and Visogoths: Aetius and Theodoric v. Huns under Attila

Rome sacked by Visogoths

Rome sacked by Vandals in 455

Other Causes for fall

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

In the East, the Eastern Roman Empire continued

for another 1000 years.
Byzantia

Constantinople

VII. Selected Emperors and their stories:

Julius Caesar - Antony Cleopatra / Octavian and Octavius
Tiberius
Gaius
Claudius:
Nero:

Caligula

VIII. Conclusion

Rome - Pantheon

Trajan - Pantheon

Forum

The Later Restored Roman Empire

2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license.

Circus Maximus

Fresco - Pompeii

Fresco Pompeii
Household god shrine

If anyone is looking for some tender love in this town, keep in mind
that here all the girls are very friendly

Lupanare

Fortunata, Myrtis

DO NOT WRITE. JUST PERUSE AND CONSIDER.

The lack of concern for privacy is supported by the clients
themselves. As seen in table III.I, the largest category of graffiti is
the inscription of a name (43%). The clients of the brothel seem
most interested in simply leaving their mark on the brothel by
laying claim to the location rather than a specific sex act that
occurred there. This realization has broad implications for
understanding of the types of interactions that occur within spaces
formerly designated solely as erotic or sexual. Brothels, in
addition to being places of exchanging sex for money, are also
arenas where men can congregate and build bonds of friendship, or
societas. Further support for extending the types of relationships
into non-sexual areas comes from the graffiti. Several of the graffiti
preserve graffiti referring to groups of men.