Pakistans Relations

with Neighboring
Countries

Pakistan and its Neighboring Countries

Pakistan is bordered by 4 important countries on
all sides.
China in the north.
India in the north-east.
Iran in the west.
Afghanistan in the north-west.
Mainly historical, economical and social relations
with these four countries.

Countries under discussion

Pakistans Socio-economic relations with China

PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA

Overview

Pakistan has long lasting terms with China and mutual

interest is central point of this strong ties
Aim to transform strong political relations into strong
economic ties.
China provides Pakistan economic, military and technical
assistance.
China is assisting in improving Pakistans Nuclear power
sector and in establishment of seaport in Gwader.
China supports Pakistan on Kashmir Issue while Pakistan
supports China on Tibet, Xinjiang and Taiwan.

Pakistan-China Social Relations

Pak-China
Friendship
has
reached
new
heights recently.
Delegations visit
Several community
projects like the
Pak-China
Friendship Centre
in Islamabad
Student exchange

Inauguration of Pak-China Frien

Pak-China Social Relations Continued

Pak-China Economic Relations

Pakistan

has a long and symbiotic relationship with china.

which is based on mutual support.
Pakistan and china relationship began in 1954-55 as
Pakistan is the first Muslim country to establish relations
with china.
Pakistan helped china to build a relation with the Muslim
world.
Due to Pakistan , china became a member of UNO in
1949 and later on permanent member of Security council.
The two countries had regularly exchanged high- level
visits resulting in a variety of agreements including
CPEC,JF-17 project.

Pak-China Economic Relations

Continued

Current trade between both

countries is at $9 billion, making
China the second largest trade
partner of Pakistan.

Investment in Pakistan's energy

sectors, amidst a surge of
Chinese investment designed
to strengthen ties.

Pakistan has in turn been

granted free trade zones in
China.

Economic corridor & railw

Pak-China Economic Relations

Continued

Pak-China Economic Corridor is under construction.

It will connect Pakistan with China and the Central Asian

countries.

Gwadar port in southern Pakistan will serve as the trade

nerve centre for China in oil trade.

Using Gwadar port will reduce the distance these ships

must travel and will also enable oil transfers to be made
year-round.

DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS
In

Sino-Indian war 1962, China and Pakistan joined hands against

India over the issue of Ladakh area.
Pakistan built the 900 Karakoram road to China .
China in turn provided extensive economic aid and political support
towards Pakistan.
after 9/11, Pakistan has increased the scope of Chinese influence
and support by agreeing to a number of military projects. combined
with extensive economic support and investment from the Chinese.
China supports Pakistan on Kashmir while Pakistan supports China
on the issues of Xinjiang ,Tibet, and Taiwan

ECONOMIC RELATIONS
Economic

trade between Pakistan and China is increased in recent

years.
China greatly increases its investments in Pakistan.
China is helping to develop Pakistan's infrastructure through the
construction of power plants, roads and communication nodes.
Pakistan exports cotton and jute to china.
China sponsored a wide variety of projects in Pakistan.
Gwadar Deep Sea Port.
Larkana sugar mill.
Saindak Copper project in Baluchistan.
The machine tool factory of Karachi
Upcoming projects
Thar coal power plant Lahore orange line metro train project dawood
wind power project at sindh Road network corridor from kashger to
gawader QUAID E AZAM solar power , Bahawalpur Coal fired power
plant, sahiwal. Coal fired power plant, Jhelum.

MILITARY RELATIONS
China

enjoys strong defense ties with Pakistan.

China provided a lot of military equipments to the Pakistan
Army, helping in establishment of factories, providing
technological facilities. as well as financial support:
Heavy mechanical complex
Aeronautical complex (Kamra)
The armies had also scheduled a joint military exercises.
china helped Pakistan when there is no hope of external
support . E.g. in 1965,1971 wars
Both , countries are involved in the several projects to enhance
military and defense systems, which includes :
JF-17 Thunder fighter aircraft
K-8 Karakorum advance aircraft Jl-8 aircraft L-15 aircraft AlKhalid tanks the Babur cruise missile. F-22 navel frigates

 CHINA'S ROLE IN
PAKISTAN'SNUCLEAR PROGRAMS
China

helped Pakistan in developing its nuclear

power plants . China gave technical and material
support in completing. Chashma nuclear power
plant I, II, III ,IV V. That played a major role in
uranium production .
Chinese helped in building the Khushab reactor,
which is playing a key role in Pakistan's
production of plutonium.

CONCLUSION

Pak-china

relation holds great important in the

world. The need of the time is that both countries
work together to make it strong.
Pak-China relation is not only on the political level
but people of both the countries share a deep and
special bond. It was clear from the visit of
Chinese President to Pakistan.
This historic friendship termed as stronger than
steel, sweeter than honey, deeper than oceans
and higher than mountain.

Socio-economic relations with India

REPUBLIC OF INDIA

Overview

Ever since Independence and the break up of the sub-continent,

Pakistan and India have had less than cordial relations.

The wars which took place in 1948, 1965 and 1971 further added
to the hostility between the two nations.

Kashmir issue remains a thorn in relations.

Now battles between India and India are fought on the cricket
pitch, showing that hostility remains in the hearts of the nation.

Economic relations are strained due to this historical animosity

although the cultural similarities cannot be denied.

 INDO PAK RELATIONS

History
1948 Kashmir Battle
Indus Water 1960
1965 Indo-Pak war
1971 East Pakistan
Lahore declaration 1990
Lahore & Kargil 1999
Agra conference 14 July 2001
Mumbai and proxy terror war
in Balochistan/Fata/Karachi/
Afghanistan
Nridra Moodi Government

 IMPORTANT ISSUES
Kashmir hurdel in all
types of relations
Indian Interfarance in
neighbouring countries
Water issue (1948 and
1960)
Nuclear race
Trade visa issue
Siachin,other issues

INDIAN POLICY TO ITS NEIGHBOURS

Chinas progress
CPEC
Gas Pipeline
Try to overtake SAARC
since 1985
Using US to blackmail
Pakistan.
Balochistan, Fata,
Karachi.

 Indo Pak Relations

Tries to normalize relations

Social Relations of Pakistan with

India

Pakistan culture is quite similar to Indians as we

Muslims were once Indian Muslims and after
independence we were separated but the rituals
and culture didnt change.

They have same degree of cuisines and languages.

It was even difficult to make a clear distinction

between Pakistani music and Indian music

Social Relations Continued

The
millions
of
Muslims
who
migrated from India
to the newly created
Pakistan
during
independence came
to be known as the
Muhajir people.
They are settled
predominantly
in
Karachi
and
still
maintain family links
in India.

People migrating to Pakist

Indo-Pak Social Relations Continued

Relations between Pakistan and India have also resumed

through platforms such as media and communications.

Aman ki Asha is a joint venture and campaign between The

Times of India and the Jang Group calling for mutual peace
and development of diplomatic and cultural relations.

Indo-Pak Social Relations Continued

The
Wagah
border
connects Lahore, Pakistan
with Amritsar, India.

Each evening, the Wagah

border ceremony takes
place in which flags are
lowered and guards on
both
sides
make
a
pompous military display
and
exchange
handshakes. Ceremony is
viewed by 100s of people
everyday.

Indo-Pak Social Relations Continued

Wedding and matrimonial ties are still there. Some Indian

and Pakistani people marry across the border, particularly
with present generation of relatives who had migrated
from India.

Sports like Cricket and Hockey matches between the two

have often been political in nature and are followed
closely by the two nations.

Indo-Pak Social Relations Continued

Transport between India and Pakistan has been developed

for tourism and commercial purposes and bears much
historical and political significance for both countries.
Language is a very important link
between social relation as Urdu is
technically classified as an
Indo-European language on the
Western Hindi branch of the language
tree.

Urdu & Hind

Economic Relations with India

Trade across direct routes has been curtailed formally.

Actions are being taken for cooperation between the two
countries for the benefit of people through improved
economic relations and Pakistan - India trade to bring
prosperity to people of two countries.
The bulk of India-Pakistan trade is routed through Dubai.
But now Pakistan, India agrees over greater trade through
land route.
In the TTA with Afghanistan, Pakistan refused to provide
India with land route to Afghanistan through Pakistan.

ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN

Overview
Iran was the first to extend recognition to the new
State.
It established diplomatic relations with Pakistan in
May 1948.
Iran-Pakistan relations have fluctuated over the years.
Iran supported Pakistan whenever it faced the serious
crises and was in danger.
It extended moral, political, diplomatic and financial
support to Pakistan.
However the events of 9/11, the growing US-Pakistan
relations, and wars on Irans flanks have had their
effect on the relations between the two states.

PAK-IRAN RELATIONS
Pakistan and Iran are close neighbours, sharing
909 km border in the western side.
They are bound together in culture, religion,
ethnicity and traditions since times immemorial.
Iran was the first country to accord international
recognition to Pakistan when it was established in
1947.
Both of the countries have supported each other
financially, economically, militarily and politically.
Iran supported Pakistan in 1965 and 1971 wars

 COUNTRY COMPARISON
IRAN

PAKISTAN

Population

77,356,669

180,440,005

Area

1,648,195 km (636,372 sq
mi)

796,095 km (307,374 sq mi)

Population Density

48/km (117.4/sq mi)

226.6/km (555/sq mi)

Capital
Largest City

Tehran

Islamabad

Tehran

Karachi

Government

Islamic republic, Theocratic,

and Unitary state

Islamic republic, Federal,

parliamentary democratic
republic

National language

Persian

Urdu, English

Main Religions

98% Islam (90% Shi'a 10%

Sunni), 2% religious
minorities, including Bah's,
Mandeans,, Zoroastrians,
Jews, and Christians

95% Islam (85% Sunni, 10%

Shi'a), 1.6% Christianity, 1.6%
Hinduism, 2.0% others

ON MAP

 BEGINNING OF JOURNEY

PAK Iran relations started when the Prime

minister of Pakistan visited Iran in 1949 and as a
return shah of Iran visited Pakistan in 1950.

In May 1950, a treaty of friendship was signed by

the Prime minister Liquate Ali Khan and Shah of
Iran and then a Baghdad pact known as CENTO
was signed between Turkey, Pakistan, Iran , Iraq
and United Kingdom for mutual co-operation and
protection, as well as non-intervention in each
other's affairs

 SUPPORT IN WAR TIME

After the joining in R.C.D(Regional Co-operation for

development) in 1964, there was a period of wars for
Pakistan

In 1965, In INDO-PAK war, Iran played an important role in

Indo-Pakistani war in 1965 and its qualified nurses,
medical supplies, and a gift of 5,000 tons of petroleum for
the duration of the fighting. Iran was also reported to have
purchased 90 Sabre Jet Fighters from West Germany and
to have sent them to Pakistan

During the 1971 war with India, Pakistan received full

military and diplomatic support from Iran against India.

Pak-Iran Social Relations

Iran Centre of Culture (Khana-e-Farhung) was established

but was not fully successful in promoting goodwill.

Social tensions are likely to continue in both the countries

in future.

The deepening differences based on ethnicity, language,

religious sectarianism and economic disparities in Pakistan
would have wider results and slow down the performance
of the domestic political system as well as the pursuit of
the external policies.

Pak-Iran Social Relations

Shia-Sunni sectarian clashes, in particular, could have farreaching Impact on Iran-Pakistan relationship.
More importantly, Irans
growing relations with India
particularly in defense could
affect Iran-Pakistan relations
in the coming years.

Pak-Iran Economic Relations

Quantum of trade is relatively low.
Iran exported US$265 million to Pakistan whereas
Iran imported US$92 million from Pakistan during the
financial year 2003-2004.
The Pak-Iran gas pipeline, also known as the Peace
pipeline, is an under construction pipeline to deliver
natural gas from Iran to Pakistan, thought to be
finished in December 2014.

Pak-Iran Economic Relations Continued

The principal items of trade between Iran and
Pakistan are textile, agricultural products, fruits and
iron ore.
Iran has also shown keen interest to make investment
in various economic, industrial and mining sectors in
Pakistan.
An agreement to promote bi-lateral trade was signed
by Governor of Irans Sistan-Balochistan Province,
Hussain Amini and his counterpart from Pakistans
Southwest Baluchistan province, Owais Ghani.

ECONOMIC TIES WITH IRAN

ECONOMIC ties with IRAN

In 2008, Iran agreed to finance an energy project
in Pakistan worth 60 million $ with 1000 MW
Electricity.
International Freight Rail line worth $20 billion
from Islamabad to Istanbul via Tehran agreement
signed in2009.
Iran-Pakistan-India Gas Pipeline-talks begins in
1994.
India has IPI deal but Iran and Pakistan signed
their first gas pipeline deal in february 2010.

GAS PIPELINE ISSUE

In 1995, Pakistan and Iran signed a preliminary
agreement for construction of a natural gas pipeline
linking the Iranian South Pars natural gas field in the
Persian Gulf with Karachi,
In 2000, Indian, Iranian, and Pakistani government
officials continue to negotiate the possible routes, modes
of transport, and geopolitics of the Iran to India natural
gas pipeline.
The project still lying pending!

PROPOSED ROUTE FOR THE PIPELINE

ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF
AFGHANISTAN

Overview
Brief history and background of relations.

Pakistan shares its longest borderline with Afghanistan

in the north-west, the Durand Line, that of 2250 km.

Both countries, being Islamic Republics, were expected

to have a somewhat friendly relation.

However, this prediction was proved wrong right in the

beginning ever since Afghanistan refused to recognize
Pakistan as a sovereign state in 1947.

Ever since then, Pakistans social, economical and

political relations with Afghanistan have been turbulent.

Social Relations of Pakistan with

Afghanistan
There

is a grave social issue of Afghan

refugees who crossed over legally and illegally
when the USA attacked Afghanistan decade
ago.
Increase in crime rate took place due to this.
Pakistan also was under economic stress due
to refugee camps.
Pakistan and Afghanistan have never had a
written socio-cultural agreement promoting
friendship between the two countries.

 Location of Afghanistan:

History of Afghanistan:
Afghanistan (Land of the Afghan) is a mountainous
country in Central Asia with a history and culture that
goes back 5000 years
In the ancient times, the land was called Aryana by its
inhabitants. In the
medieval era, it was called Khorasan, and in modern
times, its people have decided to call it Afghanistan.

 Geography of Afghanistan:

Afghanistan is located in Hearth/North of Asia,

Afghanistan has 34 provinces,
Afghanistan has 7 Neighboring Countries,
(India, China, Pakistan, Iran, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan &
Turkmenistan)
Afghanistan is a Mountain country,
The Second big Mountain of the World is located in
Afghanistan.

About Afghanistan:
is

a landlocked country
located in central asia
population 29 millon
area 647500 sq km.
42nd most populated
41st largest

Durand Line:

The Pakistan-Afghan boundary was drawn in 1893 by Sir

Mortimer Durand.
The boundary was accepted by the king of Afghanistan in
a treaty the 1893.
The definition of this boundary, called the Durand Line.
When Pakistan came into being, Afghanistan claimed on
the boundary of Pakistan.
They demand some territory of NWFP and Baluchistan.

Opposition in UNO:
In initial era Pak-Afghan relations were in critical
phase , Afghanistan was first Muslim State in the
World whose against the membership of Pakistan
in UNO.
Afghanistan put forwarded the anti Pakistan
resolution in UNO.
Pakistan joined the United Nations on September
30 1947,
Afghanistan didnt consider Pakistan an
independent state.

Zahir Shah Speech:

In 1950, the tension reached to its climax when Afghan king Zahir
Shah made an anti Pakistan speech at a celebration in Kabul.
The Afghanistans flag was hoisted and anti Pakistan leaflets were
dropped by the Afghan Air force.

Assassination of Liaqut Ali Khan:

Reinstatement of Relations:
In 1960s Afghanistan and Pakistan agreed to restore diplomatic
relations, re-open their closed borders and resume trade and
commercial ties.

1965 war:

The relations were improved to such an extent that during the

1965 India Pakistan war, Afghanistan sided with Pakistan which
enabled Islamabad to fully concentrate on its war with India and
worry less about the security of its western border.

1971 war:

King Zahir Shah, in his state visit of 1968, was given a very warm welcome by
Pakistan.

Afghanistan maintained strict neutrality during the 1971 war between India
and Pakistan and refrained from taking advantage of Pakistans
preoccupation in war.

Deposition of Zahir Shah:

In July 1973, Sardar Daud, an ardent champion of Pakhtoonistan issue,
deposed King Zahir Shah while he was on visit to Europe with the help of leftist
forces and in connivance with the Soviets.

Doud Support to Separatists in

Pakistan:
It was feared that the Daoud comeback would once again arouse separatist
movements amongst Pakhtoon and Balochi living across Durand Line. And it
did happen in Balochistan when Afghanistan provided sanctuaries to the
Murree and Bugti insurgents in mid 70s.

Soviet invasion:

The December, 27th 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, which killed

Hafizullah Amin and installed Babrak Karmal as the countrys president.
Which created a frightening situation for Pakistan as it brought the Red Army
dangerously close to the Khyber Pass, the traditional gateway of invasions of
South Asia from the north.

American assistance to Pakistan:

President Carter, on May 4, 1980, declared:

We will provide military equipment, food and other assistance to help
Pakistan defend its independence and national security against the seriously
increased threat from the north.
The Americans supply of arms, ammunition and equipment to the
Mujahideen, was funneled through Pakistans ISI.

Pakistani assistance to Mujahidin:

The leading recipient of Amerikan aid was Hezb-i-Islami that proved to be the trust
worthy and deserving resistance force.
It was Pakistans skill-full use of intelligence and resources against Soviet forces
that made Afghanistan a bleeding wound for Moscow.

Geneva Pact:
Finally, the Peace Accord between Pakistan and Afghanistan was signed in Geneva
on April 14, 1988, with the two superpowers as its co-guarantors.

Peshawar accord:

The Peshawar accord was the agreement between different leaders of

Afghanistan about future government structure after soviet union elimination
at Peshawar.

Tahreek e Taliban:

Tehreek-i-Islami-i-Taliban Afghanistan emerged in and around Kandhar in

September 1994 and began as a new movement.
With in three years Taliban were finally able to control 27 out of 32 provinces
by the 3rd weak of May 1997.

Pakistani Support to Taliban :

Pakistan extended full diplomatic and economic support to the Taliban

Government.
To reconstruct Chaman- Kandhar - Herat- Kushka highway Pakistan provided
financial and technical support to the Taliban as well.

US opposition:

US policy towards Taliban started changing because of Talibans oppressive

behavior towards women and presence of Osama and Talibans open support
for him.
On May 5th, 1999 the US Senate passed a resolution calling on President
Bush not to recognize any government that discriminated against women.
Taliban allowed Usama to live comfortably in Afghanistan and in return he
provided personnel, money and hundreds of Arab fighters to participate in the
Taliban military campaigns in the north.

PAKISTAN-AFGHANISTAN RELATIONS SINCE 9/11

The horrific acts of September 11, 2001 changed the world and
Pakistan Found itself between the devil and the deep sea.
It marks a new phase of the Pakistan foreign policy in general and
Pakistans Afghanistan policy in particular.

Reestablishment of government in
Kabul:

After the disintegration of Taliban and surrender of Kabul, UN arranged

meeting of selected Tribal chiefs in Bonn (Germany) to decide upon
Afghan interim government under Hamid Karazi with six months mandate
commencing from 22 December 2001.

Hamid Karzai visit to Pakistan:

Pakistan supported the interim set up and Hamid Karzai paid an official visit to
Pakistan in February 2002.
And started again bilateral relations on friendly terms.
Pakistan offered all sort of moral, political and economic support to
strengthen new government in Kabul under the presidency of Karzai.

Foreign hand and particularly Indian

Factor:

On the contrary Afghanistans distant neighbor like India was provided

opportunity to further its strategic interests against Pakistan.
Since then, India has found a vast platform in Afghanistan to conduct its
covert activities in Baluchistan through Balochi dissidents and FATA
through TTP in order to destabilize Pakistan.

Pak-Afghan Economic Relations

Transit Trade Agreement

The Pakistan-Afghanistan Transit Trade Agreement is

a two-sided contract signed first in the 1950s.

Its terms have been renegotiated several times and

the latest contract was signed in 2010.

This treaty allows Afghanistan access to the port

of Lahore, and also access to a land route to export
goods to India.

Pak-Afghan Economic Relations

Continued
Trade between the two countries has increased from
830.2 million USD in 2006-07 to 2.5 billion USD in
2010-11 due to non commercial goods.
It declined in the following years.
Bilaterally formal trade is increasing but informal
trade is higher than formal trade.

Other Actions Taken to Improve Trade

The two states signed a MoU for the construction of rail tracks
in Afghanistan to connect with Pakistan Railways (PR), which
has been in the making
since at least 2005.

In November 2010,
the two states formed
a joint chamber of
commerce to expand
trade relations and
solve the problems
traders face.

Pak-Afghan Bor

Issue of Smuggling
Another trade issue is the smuggling of goods,
usually across the turbulent area of Torkhem.
It is thought that this illegal trade makes up more
GDP then the legal trade between the two countries.
All kinds of goods, even vehicles, are transported
illegally in containers across the border through
Torkhem.
Government officials have been thought to be
involved in this scandal.
It is still on-going with no solution visible.

Brief summary of topic

CONCLUSION

Conclusion of Topic
Pakistan has a fierce independent foreign policy,
especially when it comes to issues such as development
of nuclear weapons, construction of nuclear reactors,
foreign military purchases and other issues that are vital to
its national interests.
The relations of Pakistan with India are always under the
black clouds, both the countries do take steps towards the
betterment like Aman ki Asha but still there is a great
hurdle between the two countries.
Iran has been a respected, popular, and favorable nation
among Pakistanis, with 76% of Pakistanis have
consistently view their western neighbor positively, making
Pakistan the most pro-Iran nation in the world.

Conclusion Continued

China is the only country with Pakistan has friendly relations

as Pakistan was the first one to recognize them as a new
state. Pak-china friendship is going towards betterment day by
day.
Relations with Afghanistan has always been critical, although
Pakistan being the most supportive state for Afghanistan but
still there are a number of things which cause trouble.
Pakistan is doing its best to strive for a strong yet friendly
foreign policy to promote goodwill but also remove threats from
its neighbors.

THANK YOU!