Communication Systems Master PROGRAM

Advanced Mobile Communication

2013-2014

Multiple-AntennaTechniques
Techniques
Multiple-Antenna
Lecture 03-v10

Ayman

Alsawah

ayman.alsawah@hiast.edu.sy

Higher Institute of Applied Sciences & Technology

Multiple-Antenna (MIMO) in the Big

Picture
Uo to 5 x 20 MHz, 8x4 MIMO
OFDM, 4x4 MIMO, All-IP
Carrier Aggregation (to 40 MHz), 16/64 QAM, HARQ,

MIMO

WCDMA (5 MHz), QPSK/BPSK, Freq. full-reuse, fast power contro

8PSK, Adaptive Modulation & Coding
Multiple time-slots/user, packet-switching
Narrow-Band FDMA-TDMA (200 KHz), GMSK

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Why Multiple Antennas?

oit spatial dimension to:

nhance received S(I)NR (Spatial diversity/Diversity Gain or Beamforming/Array G
nhance bit rate (Spatial Multiplexing/Multiplexing Gain)

WiFi AP
IEEE 802.11n (2007)
IEEE 802.11ac (2012)

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Multiple-Antenna Configurations
S = Single
M = Multiple
I = Input
O = Output

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SU-MIMO versus MU-MIMO

Single-User
MIMO

Multi-User
MIMO

LTE
Rel8
/DL (2008)
Wifi 802.11ac /DL (2013)

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Fading problem (Flat fading)

ing of Rx power causes: - degradation in BER if the Bit Rate is fixed

- limitation in Bit Rate if the BER is fixed

Rx Power (dBm)

Average Rx pwr

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Fading margin
Min required pwr
(Rx sensitivity)

Deep fade (target BER violation)

Time

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Error probability

Example of performance over flat

fading
BPSK
Uncoded
Flat Rayleigh fading
Coherence time Tb
Coherent detection

(AWGN)

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(dB)

Solutions?

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Block fading
model
(Approximation)
Example: GSM

Rx Pwr

1-Time diversity via Coding &

Interleaving

Coded speech
packet interleaved
over 8 bursts
1 user-assigned
Nonburst every frame
Interleaved:
of ~5 ms
Packet
interleaved
Interleaved:
on 40 ms
@900 MHz, 120
Deinterleav
km/h:
ed:
After fdeinterleaving,
isolated
d = 100 Hz
errorsThave
more chance to
c = 10 ms

be corrected

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Tc

Deep fade

code word

bit

Error burst

Interleaving depth

Tc

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Frequencies
much be
spaced by
more than the
coherence
bandwidth
Example:
GSMBc

Power gain (dB)

2- Frequency diversity via Freq.

Hopping

900 MHz, 3 Km/h, Rayleigh flat fading

Slow-FH ~200 hop/s

(Optional feature)
Frame 4.6 ms
(8 user bursts)
Typical Urban:
RMS 1 s
Bc = 1/(5RMS)
= 200 KHz

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Time (ms)

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2- Frequency diversity via OFDM

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|H(f)|

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3- Spatial diversity via Multiple

Antennas

For uniform surrounding scatterers:

uncorrelated power gains
if antenna spacing = /2
In practice: spacing

Tx

2 Rx antenna @BTS
= 30 cm
Separation = 2-3 m

Power gain (dB)

Example: GSM900

Rx

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Ant 1
Ant 2

Time

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4- Polarization diversity
H

Methods for exploiting Rx Diversity in

time, frequency, space, polarization, ?

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+45-45
Rx Rx

DECT Handset
(1900 MHz)

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4- Polarization diversity in GSM

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+45

-45

Duplexing
Filter
Main Diversity

From Tx PA

To Combiner

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Rx Diversity: mathematical model

fading complex baseband model (Narrow-band or per-OFDM-subca

rk = hk . s + nk ,

= 1,,L.

s = transmitted symbol (M-QAM in general)

with normalized average power E[|s|2] = 1 & symbol
period Ts = 1
L = number of diversity branches
hk = baseband complex gain on antenna k, invariant
during 1 symbol
{hk} are iid zero-mean complex circular Gaussian random
processes
|hk| is Rayleigh distributed with E[|hk|2] = 1 (normalized
power gain)
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2
|h | (power gain) is exponentially distributed

Rx Diversity: SNR & CSI

rk = hk . s + nk , k = 1,
,L.
Instantaneous SNR: k = |hk|2 . E[|s|2]/E[|nk|2] =|hk|2/N0
Received signal:

Average SNR:

k, ave = E[|hk|2]/N0 = 1/N0 k, AWGN

Instantaneous Ebno:(Eb /N0)k =|hk|2/(N0

Average Ebno:

log2M
M),
= Modulation order

(Eb /N0)k, ave = 1/(N0 log2 M)

branch)

(per

Channel State Information:

Rx = subset of {{mag(h1), , mag(hL)}, {arg(h1), , arg(hL)}

CSI Tx = none!

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Rx Diversity: 1-Antenna Selection

Select the highest
power gain branch
(max |hk|2)

Suitable for noncoherent detection

where fading phases
are not needed

Used on LTE UL with 2 antennas

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CSI Rx = {mag(hk)}

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Rx Diversity: 2-Antenna Switching

Switch to the max
power gain antenna
when the current one
falls below a given
threshold

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Ant. Sw.

threshold

CSI Rx = {mag(hk)}
Simplified hardware at the
price of degraded error
performance compared to
Antenna
Selection
Better

solutions?
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Rx Diversity: 3-Equal-Gain Combining

CSI Rx = {arg(hk)}
rk = hk . s + nk , k =
1,2.
z = r1 exp(-j arg(h1)) + r2 exp(-j arg(h2))

= (|h1| + |h2|) . s + [ n1 exp(-j arg(h1)) + n2 exp(-j

arg(h
] Instant. EbNo for BPSK):
nstant.
SNR
2))(=
EGC = (|h1|+|h2|)2 E[|s|2]/E[|n1 exp(-j arg(h1))+n2 exp(-j
arg(h2))|2]
2
=
(|h
|+|h
|)
(2N
1
0)
P 2 /=
E[Q((2
)1/2)] (1/N )
BPSK error proba.:
e, EGC

EGC

-L

Expectation w.r.t. (h1, h2) joint pdf

EGC is optimum when branches SINRs have similar values

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Rx Diversity: 4-Max. Ratio Combining

rk = hk . s + nk , k =
1,2.
z = r1 h1* + r2 h2*

CSI Rx =
{hk}

= (|h1|2 + |h2|2) . s + [ n1 h1* + n2 h2* ]

nstant. SNR (= Instant. EbNo for BPSK):

MRC = (|h1|2+|h2|2)2 E[|s|2]/E[|n1 h1* + n2 h2*|2]

= (|h1|2+|h2|2)2 / [(|h1|2+|h2|2)N0]
= (|h1|2+|h2|2) /N0
= |h1|2/N0 +|h2|2 /N0 (sum of branches SNRs)
BPSK error proba.: Pe, MRC = E[Q((2MRC)1/2)] (1/N0) -L

MRC is THE optimum combining method, equivalent to a spatial matched filte

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Bit error probability

BPSK performance over Rayleigh Flat

Fading

Diversity
Gain

Slope
increase

Average SNR per branch

Eb/N0 (dB)

Other methods for exploiting multiple antennas?

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Reminder: Antenna Radiation

Pattern
Isotropic Antenna
Uniform radiation intensity

Directive Antenna

= PT /4 (W/strad)

ion
t
a
v
e
l

Az
im
Tx power = PT

uth

Radiation intensity
= R(, )

Tx power = PT

Gain(, ) = 10 log10 D(, ) is measured in dBi (dB relative to isotropic anten

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Example: Half-wave dipole antenna

Maximum gain = 2.15 dBi

Vertical Cut

Horizontal Cut

Antenna pattern is Tx/Rx reciprocal

How to synthesize more complex directive patterns?

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Array antennas

WiFi AP.

Array antennas allows to control the radiation pattern by

suitably arranging antenna elements and adjusting the
amplitude and phase of the signal received from/fed to each
element, we talk about Beamforming

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Adaptive beamforming

Var. phases

Var. Gains

Tx case

Applications?
RF beamforming

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Main beam steering

Remote electrical
tilting
Interference
reduction

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App. 1: Radar Beam Steering

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App. 2: BS electrical down-tilting

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Max Gain = 15 - 20 dBi

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App. 3: Switched beam

1
2
3
Weights

Codebook
Index
Active beam
selection
Direction of Arrival
(DoA)

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CSI @ BS:
DL: CSI Tx = direction of user
UL: CSI Rx = direction of user
Array Gain
= Average SNR
enhancement due to
radiation focusing in the
direction of user, w.r.t.
average SNR of single
No diversity gain
antenna
Multi-beam is also possible

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App. 4: SIR maximization

CSI @ BS:
DL: CSI Tx = direction of users
UL: CSI Rx = direction of users
Array Gain
Desire
d user
Weights
Beam
synthesis

Spatial filtering
or
Zero-Forcing Beamforming

Interferi
ng user

Directions of Arrivals
What if baseband complex CSI was available instead of DoA

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Baseband Beamforming no
interference
On UL:
CSI Tx = none
CSI Rx = full

Baseband model:

Exercise:
Prove that: Without noise: Maximize signal power
<=> EGC
With noise:
Maximize SNR
<=> MRC

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Baseband Beamforming with

interference
Baseband model:
User 1

On UL:
CSI Tx = none
CSI Rx = full

User 2

Exercise:
Find weights that yield: y = S1 (interference from user 2 is
cancelled) under perfect CSI Rx and without noise
(Interference Rejection Combining (IRC)).
What is the feasibility condition of this IRC?
In the
noisy case, give the expression of both
y and
the 2013/
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Communication
Ayman
Alsawah,

Space-Division Multiple Access

(SDMA)
Baseband Multi-beam

On UL:
CSI Tx = none
CSI Rx = full

S1

Multiplexing Gain
UL data rate is doubled:
2 users transmit simultaneously

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S2

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Array Gain & Diversity Gain

ay Gain
= Average SNR / Single-Branch average SNR
rsity Gain = - log10( Average error proba.) / log10( Single-Branch averag
@ Hi SNR

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Multiple Tx Antennas (MISO)

Loop Techniques:
annel-State Information (CSI) known @ Tx side through Feedback
Tx Diversity: Antenna selection/switching (Feedback =
antenna index only)
Precoding (pre-weighting) for in-phase combining @
Rx antenna
Tx RF Beamforming: beam steering, beam switching, multibeam. Techniques:
Open-Loop
No CSI @ Tx
STBC (Space-Time Block
Coding)
SFBC (Space-Frequency Block
Coding)

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STBC Example: 2x1 Alamouti

CSI Tx =
none
CSI Rx =
full

Space-Time
Precoding matrix:

No array gain
Diversity gain = 2 (full)
No multiplexing gain (full)
Used in WiFi 802.11n (2008)

S. M. Alamouti, A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless

communications, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Comm., vol. 16, pp. 14511458,
Oct. 1998.
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2x1 Alamouti Precoding & Decoding

Tx Side:

H (orthogonal matrix)
Rx Side:

Decoding:
(inverse ~ transpose & conjugate)
(power constraint ignored here)

Exercise: Find instantaneous & average decoded SNR

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SFBC Example: 2x1 Alamouti

In OFDM-MIMO systems like LTE,
time slots can be replaced with
subcarriers when implementing
Alamouti

Used in UMTS & LTE

TBC & SFBC can be generalized to more than 2 Tx antennas

ee also Alamouti 2x2

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MIMO Flat Fading Baseband Model

R Antennas

h11

Data in

Precoder

x1
x2

hR1
h1T

xT

y1
n1 y
2
n2

hRT

Decoder

T Antennas

out

yR
nR
Generate
CSI Tx

Generate
Precoder

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MIMO Signal Model

Channel matrix:

(R x T)

Rayleigh iid model:

(full rank)

AWGN Noise vector:

Received vector:

y H xn
RX1

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RXT TX1

RX1

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MIMO Spatial Multiplexing

Spatial Multiplexing is a Closed-Loop (Full CSI Tx & Rx)
MIMO technique for increasing data rate (i.e. obtaining a
multiplexing
gain)
- Channel
matrix is considered
deterministic (known to the
receiver) and can be decomposed using SVD = Singular-Value
Decomposition:
RXT

RXR RXT TXT

where: U & V are unitary (orthogonal) square matrices (i.e. UUH

= IR, VVH = IT)
is a diagonal matrix whose main diagonal is formed of
min{T, R} strictly positive real values:

R>T

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R=T

R<T

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MIMO: simple & great idea!

H
y

V
xn
Received vector:

ts send

~
x Vx

instead ofx

(data pre-processing):

~
y UV H Vx n Ux n

ow multiply the received vector

~
y

byU H

(post-processing):

y UH ~
y U H Ux U H n x n~

y x n~

min{T, R} parallel Gaussian channel

H
n~ Uhas
n the same distribution as n

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U
since

is unitary

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~
x Vx

~
x1

~
y1

~
x2

n1 ~
y2

H=UVH

y UH ~
y

UH

n2

~
yR

~
xT
Feedback = V

nR
LTE & WiMax (up to 8x4 on DL)
WiFi .11n (4 streams)
WiFi .11ac (8 streams)

ase T<R: T data symbols are sent on parallel

T received values + (R-T) zeros to be ignored

ase TR: R data symbols + (T-R) dummy zeros are sent on parallel
R received values

all cases: data rate is increased by min{T, R}

Multiplexing Gain

(For the same error performance than SISO and without extra spectrum)

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