What is a

Hybrid Vehicle?
Contents
Contents
Why
Why are
are hybrid
hybrid vehicles
vehicles necessary
necessary now?
now?
Types
Types of
of Hybrid
Hybrid Systems
Systems

22
77

Features
Features of
of THS
THS (TOYOTA
(TOYOTA Hybrid
Hybrid System)
System)
THS
THS II
II (TOYOTA
(TOYOTA Hybrid
Hybrid System
System II)
II)

11
11
14
14

Characteristics
Characteristics when
when driving
driving aa hybrid
hybrid vehicle
vehicle
Hybrid
Hybrid Vehicle
Vehicle Lineup
Lineup

18
18
20
20

Number
Number of
of Hybrid
Hybrid Vehicles
Vehicles for
for Sale
Sale

21
21

What is a Hybrid Vehicle?

Why are hybrid vehicles necessary now?
Expansion of the automobile market

What is a Hybrid Vehicle?

Why are hybrid vehicles necessary now?
Increase in energy consumption
(Mtoe)

Energy
Consumption

2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1990

2000

2010

2020

2030

(Mtoe: Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent)

What is a Hybrid Vehicle?

Why are hybrid vehicles necessary now?
Global warming caused by CO2

CO22

CO2 Concentration

(ppmv)

600

500

400

300
260
1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
4

What is a Hybrid Vehicle?

Why are hybrid vehicles necessary now?

An Eco-car which has good fuel

consumption and low CO2 emissions is
necessary.
5

What is a Hybrid Vehicle?

Why are hybrid vehicles necessary now?
Hybrid technology is the core technology for
developing the ultimate Eco-car.
Ultimate eco-car

Alternative
Fuel HV

Diesel
HV

Biofuels
Synthetic Fuels
CNG

Alternative
Energy
6

DPNR

Low CO22
emission
Clean emission

Plug-in
HV
THS II

FCHV

D-4
Lean Burn

Common-rail

Diesel
Engine

EV

VVT-i

Gasoline
Engine

Electrical
Energy

What is a Hybrid Vehicle?

Identification of Toyota & Lexus Hybrid Vehicles
Badges

What is a Hybrid Vehicle?

ERGs Emergency Response Guides
Read and study the contents carefully to minimise
risk.

What is a Hybrid Vehicle?

Types of Hybrid Systems
Series Hybrid System
The engine drives a generator and an electric motor
uses this generated electricity to drive the wheels.

Balance of engine and

motor operation
(conceptual diagram)
Engine
Motor

What is a Hybrid Vehicle?

Types of Hybrid Systems
Parallel Hybrid System
Both the engine and the motor drive the wheels.

Balance of engine and

motor operation
(conceptual diagram)
Engine

10

Motor

What is a Hybrid Vehicle?

Types of Hybrid Systems
THS (TOYOTA Hybrid System)
Strong points of both the series and parallel systems
are realized in one system.

Balance of engine and

motor operation
(conceptual diagram)
Engine

11

Motor

What is a Hybrid Vehicle?

Types of Hybrid Systems
Hybrid system comparison
Fuel Economy Improvement
System

12

Driving Performance

Idling
Time
Reduction

Energy
Recovery

High-efficiency
Operation
Control

Total
Efficiency

Acceleration

Continuous
High
Output

Series

Parallel

THS
(Seriesparallel)

: Excellent

: Very Good

: Somewhat Unfavorable

What is a Hybrid Vehicle?

Features of THS (TOYOTA Hybrid System)
4 functions

Idling Time
Reduction

EV
Drive

Motor
Assist

Regenerative
Braking

THS
13

What is a Hybrid Vehicle?

Features of THS (TOYOTA Hybrid System)
THS Operation (Outline)

14

Starting
from Rest

Normal
Driving

Motor Only

Motor and
Engine

Acceleration

Motor and Engine

(Additional
Electricity Extracted
from Battery)

Deceleration

Charging
Battery

Stopped

Engine
Automatically
Stopped

What is a Hybrid Vehicle?

Features of THS (TOYOTA Hybrid System)
Comparison with a conventional vehicle
Item
Power
Source
Transmission

Conventional
Vehicle
Engine

Hybrid Vehicle
(THS)
Engine
Motor

Generator
A/T

M/T
CVT

Power Splitting
Device
Hydraulic

Brakes

Battery

15

Powertrain
Control

Hydraulic
Brakes

12 V Battery

ECM

Brakes
Regenerative
Brakes
12

V Battery
201.6 V
Battery
HV

ECU
ECM
Inverter

Note about THS

Driving

the vehicle using the motor

is possible (the engine is off).
Engine power is used to drive the
vehicle and generate electricity.
Splits

engine, motor, and generator

power.
Functions as a CVT.
Cooperative control between the
hydraulic brakes and regenerative
brakes is performed.
High voltage is used for driving the
vehicle using the motor.
These components control the
engine, motor, and generator.

What is a Hybrid Vehicle?

THS II (TOYOTA Hybrid System II)
Concept

Low Fuel
Consumption

16

Higher
Power

What is a Hybrid Vehicle?

THS II (TOYOTA Hybrid System II)
The PRIUS delivers low fuel consumption and higher
power using the THS II.
PRIUS
(ZVW30)
PRIUS
(NHW11)

(km/L)

Japanese 10 - 15
Mode Fuel Efficiency

Better Fuel
Economy

COROLLA
(1.3L)

PRIUS
(NHW20)

COROLLA
(1.5L)

Trade-off between
performance and fuel economy
in conventional vehicles
CAMRY
(2.4L)

Better Acceleration
17

0 - 100 km/h Acceleration (sec.)

What is a Hybrid Vehicle?

THS II (TOYOTA Hybrid System II)
Main differences between THS and THS II

MG2

MG1

274 V

HV Battery

THS

[PRIUS (NHW11)]
High
High
Power
Power

Max.
650 V
MG2

MG1

Boost Converter
201.6 V

THS II

18

Low
Low
Energy
Energy
Loss
Loss

[PRIUS (ZVW30)]

HV Battery

What is a Hybrid Vehicle?

Characteristics when driving a hybrid vehicle
The vehicle can run on gasoline only, and does not
need to be recharged.
If the battery charge decreases, the engine drives the
generator, which recharges the battery.

19

What is a Hybrid Vehicle?

Characteristics when driving a hybrid vehicle
The vehicle can be driven while the READY indicator
light is on.
The engine will stop while the vehicle is stopped in
order to improve fuel economy.
The engine starts up automatically after the vehicle
starts off.

READY Indicator Light

20

What is a Hybrid Vehicle?

Hybrid Vehicle Lineup
1997

2001

PRIUS
(NHW11)

2003

2004

2006

2007

GS450h

PRIUS
(NHW20)

2009

RX450h

HS250h
ESTIMA*

ALPHARD*

CROWN*

1997

21

2001

LS600h

RX400h

CAMRY

2004

PRIUS Plug-in
(ZVW35)

HIGHLANDER
(MHU48)

HIGHLANDER
(MUH 23, 28)

2003

PRIUS
(ZVW30)

2006

2007

2009

*: Only for the Japanese market

What is a Hybrid Vehicle?

Number of Hybrid Vehicles Sold
1997

2001

2003

2004

2006

2007

2009

2003

2004

2006

2007

2009

Cumulative Sales

2,000,000

1,600,000

1,200,000

800,000

400,000

1997

2001

Cumulative sales top 2-million mark

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