Training Module On Transmission Network and Testing Concep 1

WELCOME
Training Module on
Transmission
Network and Testing
Concepts
TEST LAB
Sub-Modules
Page No
Chapter-1
PDH & SDH Technologies
6 -- 110
Chapter-2
SDH Synchronization
111 -- 139
Chapter-3
New Generation SDH
140 -- 200
Chapter-4
DWDM
201 -- 285
Chapter-5
SDH & DWDM Products
286 -- 411
Chapter-6
Transmission Network Architecture
412 -- 454
Chapter-7
Network Management System
455 -- 481
Chapter-8
Concepts of Fiber Optics
482 -- 511
Chapter-9
Transmission Testing Concepts
512 -- 639
TEST LAB
Chapter-1

Page No
1.01
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
6 15
1.02
Jitter & Wander
16 21
1.03
Disadvantages of PDH
22
1.04
Advantages of SDH
23
1.05
SDH bit rates and Multiplexing
24
1.06
SDH Frame Structure
25 29
1.07
Frame Alignment
30
1.08
Mapping
..
31
TEST LAB
Chapter-1

Page No
1.09
Aligning of VC-12 with TU-12
1.10 Pointer
..
32
33
1.11 Multiplexing, Pointer & Frame Structure
34 - 46
1.12 Over head and
47 -- 70
1.13 Contiguous & Virtual concatenation
71 81
1.14 Over head byte functionality
82 88
1.15 SDH Layer model
89
Mapping
1.16 Elements of SDH Network
TEST LAB
90 -- 97
Chapter-1

Page No
1.17
Automatic Protection Switching
98 -- 102
1.18
SDH Management
103 110
1.19
Summary
111
TEST LAB
1.01 Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
TEST LAB
PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy)
Plesio means = similar

Chronous means= Timing
Plesiochronous - "almost synchronous, because bits are

stuffed into the frames as padding and the
calls (signal) location varies slightly - jitters - from frame to
frame".
TEST LAB
Pulse Code Modulation

.
The basis of analog to digital conversion is Shannons theory.The theory

states that after transmission the original signal can be reproduced within
certain limits from digital signal obtained by Sampling an analog at regular
intervals and at a rate at least twice the highest significant message
frequency.
The PCM Consists of 3 steps.
Sampling
Quantization
Coding
TEST LAB
Sampling
T1
T2
Audio Signal
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
time
Sampler Output
Pulse Amplitude
Modulated
(PAM) signal
1.
2.
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
Voice Frequency
4 KHz
Sampling
4 KHz * 2 = 8 KHz
TEST LAB
time
Quantization & Encoding

For Quantization CEPT countries use A- Law,other countries use -law is used.In -law the decoder
output value number is 0 to 127 for positive and 0 to 127 for Negative.While in A- Law ,the decoder
output value number is 1 to128 for positive and 1 to 128 for negative.
Quantizing = Amplitude is given a certain value.

Encoding
= 8 KHz * 8 = 64 KHz
TEST LAB
10
2Mb Frame Structure
Signaling
FAS (Frame Alignment signal)

NFAS(Non frame Alignment signal)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
32channels/Tim
e slots
0
Each channel is of 64Kb/s

32 * 64 KHz = 2.048 Mb/s
Capacity = 30 Base Channels
TEST LAB
11
Multi Frame Structure

Submultiframe 1
Submultiframe 2
2ms ( 500Hz )
Multi frame
F0 to F15
125s ( 8 kHz )
Encoded telephone signals
Encoded telephone signals
s
FO
Multiframe
frame alignment
Spare bit
alignment
signal of the assigned channel
F1
A : bit used to indicate MUX alarm (Normal1:0,Alarm=1)
X : Bit reserved for future international use (No use =1) Can be
used for CRC-4 check bit
F 15
Y: bit reserved for domestic use.One bit of 5 can be assigned for 2
Mb/s remote loop back command signal(OFF:1,ON: 0)
CH . 1
a to h = PCM 8 bit encoded telephone
CH . 16
488 ns ( 2048 KHz )
a to d = Signaling of the associated channel (CAS) or the
CH . 15
common signaling channel(CCS)
CH . 30
TEST LAB
12
PDH Bit rates

Sampling x Coding
8kHz
x 8bits
64kbit/s
64kbit/s
32 Channels
(PCM30 or 31, CRC
C12 Container
2Mbit/s
2Mbit/s
4 Channels
8Mbit/s
8Mbit/s
1. PCM 30 Mux (D1 Level )

2. PDH (D2 Level )
4 * 2.048 +stuffing bits = 8.448 Mbps
E1
3. PDH (D3 Level )

4 * 8.448 + stuffing bits = 34.368 Mbps
4 Channels
C4 Container
34Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
E3
4. PDH (D4 Level )

4 * 34.368 +stuffing bits = 139.264 Mbps
5. PDH (D5 Level )

4 * 139 + stuffing bits = 565 Mbps
4 Channels
C4 Container
TEST LAB
E4
140Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
13
Bit Stuffing
Pleisochronous Multiplexing
TEST LAB
14
Bit Stuffing and Justification (Contd..)

The number of stuffing bits added depends not only on the speed
of the tributaries to the multiplexer, but also on the speed of the
higher order bit stream
The justification process is employed in all the PDH Multiplexers
At the far end of the transmission system, the justification bits are
removed and the original digital signal is recovered
The removal of these justification bits causes a small variation in the
phase of the clock.This variation is called Jitter
TEST LAB
15
1.02 What are jitter and wander?

Jitter:
jitter is the term used to designate periodic or stochastic
deviations of the significant instants of a digital signal from the
ideal, equidistant values.
Otherwise stated, the transitions of a digital signal invariably
occur either too early or too late when compared to a perfect
square wave (reference clock).
Wander:
very slow jitter is known as wander. ITU-T G.810 puts the limit
between jitter and wander at 10 Hz.
TEST LAB
16
Jitter vs Wander
Parameter
Jitter
Wander
Frequency range of phase

variations
Primary disruption
>10Hz
0-10Hz
Causes bit errors
Reference clock source

for measurement
Unit for amplitude
Not required
Synchronization
problem
Absolutely necessary
UI(Unit interval)
Ns
Test times
Minutes
Long-term
measurement (hours,
days)
TEST LAB
17
Jitter and Wander Definitions
Ideal Signal (NRZ)
Jittered Signal
Jitter
TEST LAB
18
Sources of Jitter and Wander

Interference signals
Pattern dependent jitter
Phase noise
Delay variation
Stuffing and wait time jitter
Mapping jitter
Pointer jitter
TEST LAB
19
Definition of Jitter Peak-to-Peak Amplitude

Jitter / UIpp
Jitter
Amplitude
(PP)
Time
Measurement Period
TEST LAB
20
WANDER Definitions
Wander
Long-term timing variation (below 10 Hz)
TIE
"Time Interval Error"
MTIE
"Max. Time Interval Error"
TDEV
"Time Deviation", timing variation as a function of

integration time. Provides information about the
spectral content.
TVAR"Time Variation", square of TDEV

ADEV
"Allen Deviation"
MADEV
"Modified Allen Deviation"
TEST LAB
21
1.03 Disadvantages of PDH

Plesiochronous Hierarchy based on 2Mbps primary rates permits
multiplexing up to 140Mbps respectively.
Changing from one hierarchical level to another requires additional
equipment.
Transmitting a multiplexed signal (34/140 Mb, etc) requires
specialized equipment.
Redirection (cross-connection) of channels must be done by hand on
DDFs.
Administrative connections require separate equipment to support
Supervision, EOW and protection switching.
Compatibility of transmission and administrative signals between
different vendor may give trouble.
TEST LAB
22
1.04 Advantages of SDH
Need for extensive network management capability

within the hierarchy.
Standard interfaces between equipment.
Facilities to add or drop tributaries directly from a

high speed signal.
Standardization of equipment management process.
Need for inter-working between north American and

European systems.
TEST LAB
23
PDH
(asynchronous)
1.05 SDH Bit Rates and Multiplexing
SDH (synchronous)
4 Channels
C4 Container
140Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
USA, HongKong, Taiwan
44.36Mbit/s
44.36Mbit/s DS3
STM-0
E4
STM-1
155Mbit/s
155Mbit/s
STM-4
622Mbit/s
622Mbit/s
STM-16
2.5Gbit/s
2.5Gbit/s
STM-64
10Gbit/s
10Gbit/s
STM-256
40Gbit/s
40Gbit/s
TEST LAB
51Mbit/s
51Mbit/s
STS1
OC1
STS3
OC3
OC12
OC48
OC192
OC768
24
1.06 SDH Frame Structure

A frame with a bit rate of 155.52Mbps is defined in ITU-T
recommendation G.707.This frame is called Synchronous Transport
Module(STM),since it is the first level in hierarchy it is called STM-1
It is made up from a byte matrix of 9 rows and 270 columns
Transmission is row by row, starting with the byte in the upper left
corner and ending with the byte in the lower right corner
The frame repetition rate is 125s.Each byte in payload represents a
64kbps channel
TEST LAB
25
SDH Frame Structure

The STM-n frame structure is best represented as a rectangle of 9 x 270 x n.
The 9 x n first columns are the frame header and the rest of the frame is the
inner structure data i.e. payload (including the data, indication bits, stuff bits,
pointers and management).
The STM-n frame is usually transmitted over an optical fiber. The frame is
transmitted row by row (first is transmitted the first row then the second and so
on). At the beginning of each frame, synchronization bytes A1, A2 are
transmitted .
The multiplexing method of 4 STM-1 streams into a STM-1x4 is an interleaving
of the STM-1 streams to produce the STM-4 stream.
TEST LAB
26
SDH Frame Structure

1
10
270
1
RSOH
3
4
POINTER
POH
PAYLOAD CONTAINER
MSOH
9
PAYLOAD CONTAINER: 9 (Rows) * 260 (Columns) * 64Kbps = 149.76 Mbps
POH:
9 (Rows) * 1
(Column ) * 64 Kbps = 0.576 Mbps
RSOH:
3 (Rows) * 9
(Columns) * 64 Kbps = 1.728 Mbps
MSOH:
5 (Rows) * 9
(Columns) * 64 Kbps = 2.880 Mbps
TEST LAB
27
How Is The Frame Composed ?

PDH Payload
Container (C)
Container + Path Overhead (POH)
Virtual Container (VC)
Virtual Container + TU Pointer
Tributary Unit (TU)
more than 1 Tributary Unit
Tributary Unit Group (TUG)
biggest Tributary Unit Group

Tributary Unit Group + AU Pointer
=
=
Administrative Unit (AU)

Administrative Unit (AU)
more than 1 Administrative Unit
Administrative Unit Group
Administrative Unit Group +

Section Overhead (SOH)
SDH Frame
TEST LAB
28
SDH Hierarchy - TUG Structure

C-12
VC-12
TU-12
X3
TUG-2
C-3
VC-3
TU-3
X7
X1
TUG-3
X3
C-4
VC-4
ALIGNMENT
POINTERS
MULTIFLEXING
ADDITION OF OVERHEADS
TEST LAB
AU-4
X1
STM-1
29
1.07 Frame Alignment
PCM-30 ( 32 Bytes)
125s
125s
125s
R
PCM-30 ( 32 Bytes)
PCM-30 ( 32 Bytes)
TEST LAB
125s
R
R PCM-30 ( 32 Bytes)
30
1.08 Mapping
125 sec
125 sec
125 sec
125 sec
35 Bytes
TEST LAB
31
1.09 Aligning of VC-12s With TU-12s
TEST LAB
32
1.10 Pointers
New Data Flag

Normal value-0110 (in active)
1001 (active)
SS bits
TU-2 00+10 bit pointer value (0 to 427)
TEST LAB
33
1.11 SDH
Multiplexing Structure
Frame Structure
Pointer
TEST LAB
34
SDH Multiplexing Structure (1)

STM-256
X1
AUG-256
x1
AU-4-256c
VC-4-256c
C-4-256c
AU-4-64c
VC-4-64c
C-4-64c
AU-4-16c
VC-4-16c
C-4-16c
AU-4-4c
VC-4-4c
C-4-4c
VC-4
C-4
139264 kb/s
C-3
44736 kb/s
34368 kb/s
C-2
6312 kb/s
x4
STM-64
X1
AUG-64
x1
x4
STM-16
x1
X1
AUG-16
x4
x1
STM-4
AUG-4
X1
x4
STM-1
X1
AUG-1
x1
AU-4
STM-0
x1
TUG-3
x3
AU-3
X1
x3
VC-3
x7
TU-3
VC-3
x7
x1
TUG-2
TU-2
VC-2
x3
Poi nter pr ocessi ng
TU-12
Multiplexing
VC-12
C-12 2048 kb/s
VC-11
C-11 1544 kb/s
x4
Aligning
TU-11
Mapping
TEST LAB
35
SDH Multiplexing Structure (2)

STM-256
X1
AUG-256
x1
AU-4-256c
VC-4-256c
C-4-256c
AU-4-64c
VC-4-64c
C-4-64c
AU-4-16c
VC-4-16c
C-4-16c
AU-4-4c
VC-4-4c
C-4-4c
VC-4
C-4
139264 kb/s
C-3
44736 kb/s
34368 kb/s
C-2
6312 kb/s
x4
STM-64
X1
AUG-64
x1
x4
STM-16
x1
X1
AUG-16
x4
x1
STM-4
X1
AUG-4
x4
STM-1
X1
AUG-1
x1
AU-4
STM-0
x1
TUG-3
x3
AU-3
X1
x3
VC-3
x7
TU-3
VC-3
x7
x1
TUG-2
TU-2
VC-2
x3
Poi nter processi ng
TU-12
Multiplexing
VC-12
C-12 2048 kb/s
VC-11
C-11 1544 kb/s
x4
Aligning
TU-11
Mapping
TEST LAB
36
Multiplexing Process of SDH

Example: 2 Mb/s to STM-4
LO POH
pointer offset value
TU-1 PTR
TU-1 PTR 3 TU-1 PTR 2 TU-1 PTR 1
TUG-2
HO POH
AU-4 PTR
VC-12
SOH
C-12
C-12
TUG-2
TUG-3
AU-4 PTR
S 2.048Mb/s
VC-12
21
pointer offset value
AUG-1
PDH
AUG-1
VC-12
TU-12
VC-12
VC-12
31
2.048Mb/s
TUG-3
TUG-3
11
TUG-2
TUG-3
VC-4
VC-4
AU-4
VC-4
AUG-1
AUG-1
AUG-4
TEST LAB
AUG-1
AUG-4
STM-4
37
STM-1 Frame Structure

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 bits = 1 byte
125 s
( 1)
( 2)
( 9)
270 bytes
9
261
( 1)
( 2)
9
rows
R-SOH
AU PTR
Payload Capacity
M-SOH
( 9)
270 columns
125 s
TEST LAB
R-SOH: Regenerator Section Overhead

M-SOH: Multiplex Section Overhead
38
Byte Interleaved Multiplex and Frame Structure STM-N

STM-1 (AU-4) STM-N
AAA
STM-1
STM-1
STM-1
BBB
CCC
NNN
STM-1
AU-4
AU-4
AU-4
9 x N
R SOH
9 rows
AU-4
CBA N
STM-N
CBA
byte interleaved multiplexing

261 x N
ABC
NABC
AU PTRs
M SOH
N 125 s
TEST LAB
39
Pointer Function
VC-4(1)
VC-4(2)
R SOH
VC-4(3)
AU PTR
M SOH
TU12 PTR
P
O
H
POH
VC- 12
TU-3 PTR area
POH
VC- 12
VC- 12
STM-4
POH
V
C
4
2 M signal
Example:
2 Mb/s to STM-4 via AU-4
VC-4 (4)
63
VC-12 (63)
TEST LAB
2
1
40
AU-4 Pointer and Pointer Offset Number
H1 * * H2 * * H3H3H3
VC-4
H1
H2
NNNNSS I D I D I D I D I D
0 0 0 1 1 1
87 # #
86 # #
435 # #
522 # #
521 # #
696 # #
782 # #
same number for 3 consecutive bytes
10 bits
Pointer Configuration
TEST LAB
41
TU-12 Pointer and Pointer Offset Numbering

V1
105
V1
V5
36 bytes
35 bytes
139
V2
0
20
125 s
J2
V2
125 s
V5
Z6
34
V3
35
V3
V1
V2
N N N N S S I D I D I D I D I D
10 bits
Pointer Structure
69
V4
70
K4
V4
* In this case, pointer offset value is set

20(0000010100)
VC-12
104
TU-12
500 s
500 s
TEST LAB
42
Pointer Renewal
A
STM-1
STM-1
STM-N
AB
input signal
A
multiplexed signal
delay
STM-1
STM-1
delay
)
frame aligned signal
TEST LAB
43
AU-4 Justification (1)

1
N e g a tiv e ju s tif ic a tio n o p p o r tu n ity

( 3 b y te s )
4
0 0 0
P o s itiv e ju s tific a tio n o p p o r tu n ity

( 3 b y te )
9
H1
H2
pointer value
I : Increment bit
D : Decrement bit
N : New data flag bit
Negative justification control

invert five D-bits accept majority vote
Positive justification control
invert five I-bits accept majority vote
TEST LAB
44

- Positive Justification start of VC-4
H1 Y
Y H2
H3 H3 H3
n-1 n
n n+1 n+1
Frame 1
125 s
pointer value (n)

H1 Y
Y H2
H3 H3 H3
n-1 n
n n+1 n+1
Frame 2
250 s
pointer value (I bits inverted)

H1 Y
Y H2
H3 H3 H3
positive justification
n-1 n
start of VC-4 (new)
n n+1 n+1
Frame 3
375 s
pointer value (n+1)

H1 Y
Y H2
H3 H3 H3
n-1 n
n n+1 n+1
Frame 4
TEST LAB
500 s
45

- Negative Justification -
start of VC-4
H1 Y
Y H2 1
1 H3 H3 H3
n-2 n-1 n-1 n-1 n
n n+1 n+1
Frame 1
125 s
pointer value (n)

H1 Y
Y H2 1
1 H3 H3 H3
n-2 n-1 n-1 n-1 n
n n+1 n+1
Frame 2
H1 Y
Y H2 1
pointer value (D bits inverted)

start of VC-4 (new)
negative justification
n-2 n-1 n-1 n-1 n
250 s
n n+1 n+1
Frame 3
375 s
pointer value (n-1)

H1 Y
Y H2 1
1 H3 H3 H3
n-2 n-1 n-1 n-1 n
n n+1 n+1
Frame 4
TEST LAB
500 s
46
1.12 STM-1
Overhead
Mapping
TEST LAB
47
STM-1 Frame Structure and SOH

9 bytes
261 b ytes
R SO H
A U P TR
STM-1 PAYLOAD
MSOH
S ec tion O verhead
A 1
B1
D 1
A1
B2
D 4
D 7
D 10
S1
B2
Z1
A1
B2
Z1
A2 A2
A2
J0
E1
F1
D 2
D 3
A U P o in te r( s )
K1
K2
D 5
D 6
D 8
D 9
D 11
D 12
Z2
Z2 M 1 E2
R SO H
M SO H
: bytes reserved for national use
TEST LAB
48
Function of SOH (1)

Framing
Regenerator section trace
check
Data communication channel
Order wire
User channel
Error monitoring
APS signaling
Synchronization status
A 1
Section
status
A1 A1
J0
A 2 reporting
A2
A 2
B1
D 1
B2
D 4
D 7
D 10
S1
B2
Z1
B2
Z1
E1
F1
D 2
D 3
A U P o in t e r ( s )
K1
K 2
D 5
D 6
D 8
D 9
D 11
D 12
Z2
Z2
M 1 E2
(A1, A2)
(J0)
regenerator section connection
(D1-3)
(D4-12)
(E1)
(E2)
(F1)
(B1)
(B2)
(K1,2)
(K2)
(S1)
(M1)
R SO H
RDI
regenerator section DCC, 192 kb/s

multiplex section DCC, 576 kb/s
accessible at regenerators
accessible at multiplexers
64 kb/s clear channel
regenerator section BIP-8
multiplexer section BIP-24N
automatic protection switching
also used as MS-AIS and MS-RDI
indication of quality level
REI (count of BIP-24N)
; Remote Defect Indication
(formerly FERF, Far End Receive
Failure)
SO H
REI
; Remote Error Indication
(formerly FEBE, Far End Block Error)
MS
; Multiplex Section
TEST
49
DCC LAB
; Data Communication Channel
Function of SOH (2)

Framing
Data communication channel
Order wire
User channel
Error monitoring
APS signaling
Synchronization status
Section status reporting
A1
B1
D1
A1
B2 B2
D4
D7
D10
S1 Z1
A2 A2 A2 J0
E1
F1
D2
D3
AU Pointer(s)
B2 K1
K2
D5
D6
D8
D9
D11
D12
Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2
A1
(A1, A2)
(J0)
(D1-3)
(D4-12)
(E1)
(E2)
(F1)
(B1)
(B2)
(K1,2)
(K2)
(S1)
(M1)
RSOH
regenerator section connection check

regenerator section DCC, 192 kb/s
multiplex section DCC, 576 kb/s
accessible at regenerators
accessible at multiplexers
64 kb/s clear channel
regenerator section BIP-8
multiplexer section BIP-24N
automatic protection switching
also used as MS-RDI
indication of quality level
REI (count of BIP-24N)
; Remote Defect Indication

(formerly FERF, Far End Receive Failure)
REI
; Remote Error Indication
MSOH
(formerly FEBE, Far End Block Error)
MS
; Multiplex Section
bytes reserved for national use
DCC LAB
; Data Communication Channel
TEST
50
RDI
Section and Path Trace Method

Node A
LPT
HPT
MST
Node B
RST
RST
MST
HPT
LPT
RST
J0: Section trace
VC-4 POH (J1: Path trace)
VC-3 POH(J1: Path trace)
VC-12(J2: Path trace)
RST: Regenerator Section Termination MST: Multiplex Section Termination
HPT: High Order Path Termination
LPT: Lower Order Path Termination
Path Trace
Node -A
: Used
Node -B
Path Trace
: Used
Transmit path trace : 123-565656
Transmit path trace : ABCDEFG
Path Trace expected value
Path Trace expected value
: ABCDEGF
Received value
: ABCDEFG
: 123-565656
Received value
TEST LAB
: 123-565656
51
Section Trace(J0)
Node B
Node A
R
S
T
R
S
T
R
S
T
Node C
R
S
T
R
S
T
R
S
T
Terminated Section of
Section Trace
Terminated Section of
Section Trace
RST: Regenerator Section Termination
TEST LAB
52
Principle of BIP 8
1121 * * * K1 * * * 81 12 22 * * * K2 * * * 82
#n
Block
1i 2i * * * Ki * * * 8i
1n 2n * * * Kn * * * 8n
1 2 * * * ** K * * * * 8
# n+1
Block
B1 byte
n
Ki =
1
even - - - - - K=0
odd - - - - - K=1
TEST LAB
53
BIP Computing Area
RSOH
RSOH
AU PTR
MSOH
counted
after scrambling
#n
A U PTR
M SOH
counted
before scram bling
B1
B1 renewed at every regenerator
# n+1
B2 B2 B2
B2 renewed only at m ultiplexer
BIP 8 for Regenerator Section
BIP N x 24 for Multiplex Section
TEST LAB
54
Higher-Order POH Functions (VC-3, VC-4)

Path error monitor
Path status report
(B3)
(G1)
Path trace
(J1)
Signal label
(C2)
Path user channels

APS signaling
(F2, F3)
(K3)
Position indicator
Network operator byte
(H4)
(N1)
VC-3 / VC-4
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
V C-3 / VC-4
pa yload
BIP-8
REI (Remote Error Indication)
count of error (BIP-8 results)
RDI (Remote Defect Indication)
receiving path AIS, signal failure
path trace mismatch
verification of VC connection
user programmable, 15 characters
indication of VC composition
unequipped, equipped-non-specific,
TUG structure, locked TU, ATM,
async. 34M or 45M, async. 140M,
MAN (DQDB), FDDI
64 kb/s clear channels
automatic protection switching at the
higher order path level
multiframe position for the VC-1, VC-2
for tandem connection maintenance
N1
REI; formerly FEBE (Far End Block Error), RDI; formerly FERF (Far End Receive Failure)
TEST LAB
55
TU-12 multiframe indication byte

VC-3/VC-4
POH Portion
(V4)
H4(00)
VC-3/VC-4 Payload
9 rows
PTR(V1)
H4(01)
VC-3/VC-4 Payload
PTR(V2)
H4(10)
VC-3/VC-4 Payload
1
X
X
X
X
2
X
X
X
X
3
1
1
1
1
H4 bits
4 5 6
1 X X
1 X X
1 X X
1 X X
7
0
1
1
1
8
1
0
0
1
Frame No
0
1
2
3
Time
0
500s TU-n multiframe
X: Bit reserved for future international standardization. Its content

shall be set to 1" in the interim.
PTR(V3)
H4(11)
VC-3/VC-4 Payload
(V4)
H4(00)
VC-3/VC-4 Payload
In H4(X Y), X Y represent bits 7 and 8 of H4
TEST LAB
56
Path Trace (J1)

Node B
Node A
L
P
T
Node C
Cross
connection
c
b
d
L
P
T
Terminated Section of J1 (J2) Path Trace

LPT: Lower Order Path Termination
[It will change to HPT(High Order Path Termination) when VC-4 J1 is used]
TEST LAB
57
Tandem Connection
B Network (Operator Administrative area)
A Network
C Network
VC
VC
MS
RS
RS
RS
MS
Tandem Connection
Path
B3 monitor
Error count
N1 byte in VC
MS
RS : Regenerator Section
MS: Multiplex Section
B3 monitor
Error detection (for all VCs in a bundle)

Data link (for the first VC in the bundle)
Compare
Error in TC
* The Tandem Connection is applicable to a single VC or bundled VCs.
TEST LAB
58
Functions of POH (VC-1x, VC-2)

V5
J2
Path error monitor

Path status report
(V5)
(V5)
BIP-2
REI (Remote Error Indication)
count of error (BIP-2 results)
RFI (Remote Failure Indication)
RDI (Remote Defect Indication)
receiving path AIS, signal failure
Signal label
(V5)
Path access point identifier
(J2)
indication of VC composition
unequipped, equipped-non-specific,
asynchronous, bit synchronous,
byte synchronous, equipped-unused
verification of VC connection
user programmable, 15 characters
Network operator byte

APS signaling
(N2)
(K4)
125s
N2
K4
BIP-2
1
500s
REI
3
RFI
4
Signal Label
5
V5 byte
RDI
8
for tandem connection maintenance

automatic protection switching at the
lower order path level
REI ;
RDI ;
RFI ;
former FEBE (Far End Block Error)

former FERF (Far End Receive Failure)
formerly this bit was assigned to Path Trace
TEST LAB
59
Table for SAPI & API

CRC of previous 16 multiframe for J1
maximum 15 characters (ex. Tokyo-Osaka #21)

1 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 J1
(Space)
&
_ (Under Bar)
(Apostrophe)
(Colon)
(Semicolon)
<
>
(Comma)
(Hyphen)
(Period)
0 x x x x x x x
(T)
J1
0 x x x x x x x
(o)
J1
0 x x x x x x x
(k)
J1
0 x x x x x x x
(#)
J1
0 x x x x x x x
(2)
J1
0 x x x x x x x
(1)
J1
125s
2ms
example : VC-4 or VC-3 case
Total 94 characters plus space
TEST LAB
60
End-to-End Maintenance Signal

Low Order Path Section
High Order Path Section
Multiplex Section
Regenerator
Section
LOVC
HOVC
Regenerator
Section
REG
LT
LOS
LOF
LT
HOVC
LOVC
LOS
LOF
LOP
LOP
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS
RDI (FERF)
AIS
RDI (FERF)
BIP-8
RDI (FERF)
BIP-8
BIP-24N
BIP-8
REI (FEBE)
REI (FEBE)
BIP-2
REI (FEBE)
MUX
Terminal Equipment
generation
TEST LAB
detection
61
Mapping 2Mbps Signal into VC-12

V5
R
V5
R
V5
R
TS0
32 bytes
32 bytes
TS1 to 15
TS16
TS17 to 31
R
J2
C1C 2O O O O R R
R
J2
10OOOORR
R
J2
R
TS0
32 bytes
140
bytes
R
N2
500 s C1 C2 O O O O R R
35 bytes
125 s
TS1 to 15
TS16
TS17 to 31
32 bytes
R
N2
10OOOORR
32 bytes
32 bytes
R
K4
C1 C2 R R R R R S 1
S2 I I I I I I I
R
K4
10RRRRRR
31 bytes + 7 bits
32 bytes
TS 0
R
N2
R
TS0
TS1 to 15
TS16
TS17 to 31
R
K4
R
TS0
TS1 to 15
TS16
TS17 to 31
Asynchronous
Bit Synchronous
I ;
O;
C;
S;
R;
information
overhead
justification control
justification opportunity
fixed stuff
* The latest recommendation deleted

bit synchronous mapping.
R
Byte Synchronous
TEST LAB
62

J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
Z3
K3
Z5
T1
3 rows
T2
3 rows
T3
R
C 1 , C2
S 1, S 2
I
3 rows
125s
84 bytes
:
:
:
:
Fixed stu ffing bit

Justification control bit
Justification opportunity bit
Information bit
VC-3 POH
3x 8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I C 3x8 I
3x8 I
3x 8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I C 3x8 I
3x 8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I C 3x8 I
3x8 I
3x 8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I C 3x8 I
3x 8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I C 3x8 I
3x8 I
3x 8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
=R RR RR RR R
= R R R R R R C1 C 2
TEST LAB
AB
= R R R R R R R S1 S2 I I I I I I
63
A B8
I

STM-1
1 byte
SOH
VC-4
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
PTR
SOH
POH W
;
;
;
;
;
in fo r m a tio n
o v e rh e a d
ju s t ifi c a tio n c o n tr o l
ju s t ifi c a tio n o p p o r tu n it y
f ix e d s t u f f
W
X
Y
Z
20 blocks of 3 bytes
POH
1
I
O
C
S
R
13 bytes
=
=
=
=
I I I I I I I I
C R R R R R OO
R R R R R RRR
I I I I I I SR
12 bytes
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
TEST LAB
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
64
Mapping ATM Cell Into VC-4

V C -4
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
VC-4 POH
header
A T M c e ll
53 bytes
TEST LAB
65
VC-12 (2 Mb/s) to VC-4 (STM-1)

27 0 = 2 61 + 9
S OH
9
STM-1
AU PTR
S OH
125 s
AU-4
AU PTR
125 s
26 1 = 86 x 3 + 3
P
9 O S S
H
VC-4
P TR
(NPI)
1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 3 1
1 2 3
125 s
x3
86 = 12 x 7 + 2
TUG-3
P TR
N
P
I
(1)
(2)
1 2
7 1 2
(3)
(4) ~ (11)
7 1 2
x7
7 1 2
V1
36
9
1
x3
125 s
V2
125 s
36
V3
PTR
TU-12
125 s
12 = 4 x 3
P TR
TUG-2
(12)
36
V C 12
125 s
TEST LAB
36
500 s
66
Mapping of VC-12 into VC-4
TEST LAB
67
VC-3 (34 Mb/s) to VC-4 (STM-1)
TEST LAB
68
Scrambler
data
+
clock
D Q
D Q
D Q
D Q
D Q
D Q
D Q
C S
C S
C S
C S
C S
C S
C S
scrambled
data
set = frame pulse

scrambler output
modulo 2 addition
A + B =
+ 1 =
+ 0 =
+ 1 =
+ 0 =
not scrambled
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
.
.
.
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
.
.
.
1
2
3
.
.
.
.
.
scrambled
1111111000000100 - - - -
SOH
TEST LAB
Payload
Pay
l oad
1111111000000100 - - - -
69
E1 PDH Signal Extraction from STM-1

9 bytes
9 H1* * H2 * * H3 * *
Rows
261 bytes
AU PTR
J1
P
V C -4 O S S
H
261= 86x3+3
PTR
(N P I)
123 123 123
4 bytes
V1
9
Row
123
V1
V5
36
35
V2
9
Row V5
86=12x7+2
9 H1* * H2 * * H3 * *
Rows
J1
PTR
N
P
I
TUG-3 S
(1 )
1 2
(2 )
71 2
(3 )
712
(4 ) ~ (11 )
71
(1 2 )
7 1 2
9
Row
12=4x3
9 H1* * H2 * * H3 * *
Rows
J1
PTR
J1
4
PTR
4
TU-12
STM-1 Frame
VC-12
TU-12
(4x9 frame)
TEST LAB
36
9
Row
TUG-2
V2
V3
144
TS
V4
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
9 H1* * H2 * * H3 * *
Rows
34
2
J2
V5
V3
35
140
TS
N2
35
4
36
K4
TU-124 Multiframes
(4x9 Frame)
C-12
V4
35
36
VC-12
4 Multiframes
TU-12
frame in a row
70
2.048Mbit/s
Information
1.13 Contiguous & Virtual Concatenation

NE-A
STM-16
AU-4#1
STM-4
AU-4#2
NE-B
STM-1
STM-1
AU-4#1
AU-4#2
AU-4#3
AU-4#3
AU-4#4
AU-4#4
NE-C
STM-16
NE-D
STM-1
AU-4#1
STM-4c
VC-4-4c
AU-4-4c
AU-4#2
AU-4#3
AU-4-4c
AU-4#4
Contiguous
Concatenation
Virtual
Concatenation
TEST LAB
Contiguous
Concatenation
71
Virtual Concatenation
For the transport of payloads that do not fit efficiently into
the standard set of virtual containers (VC-3/4/12)
VC concatenation can be used. VC concatenation is
defined for:
VC-3/4- to provide transport for payloads requiring
greater capacity
than one Container-3/4;
VC-12- to provide transport for payloads that require capacity greater
than one Container-12.
TEST LAB
72
Contiguous Concatenation of X VC-4s

(VC-4-Xc, X=4, 16, 64, 256)
261X
9X
3
RSOH
AU-4-4c PTRs
MSOH
STM-N
VC-4 POH
261X
1
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
Fixed
Stuff
261N
9N
C-4-Xc
RSOH
AU-4-4 PTRs
MSOH
STM-N
X-1
VC-4-Xc
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
261N
C-4-N
VC-4-N
VC-4 POH
VC-4 POH
Concatenated VC-4-Xc
VC-4-N
TEST LAB
73
AU-4 Pointer and Concatenation Indication

a) Nine AU-4 pointer bytes
H1
1*
1*
H1
H2
H3
H3
H3
H2
b) Normal AU-4 pointer
c) Concatenation indication
1 0 0 1 U U 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(H1, H2) = AU-4 pointer, H3= pointer action byte , Y=(100UU11)

U=Unspecified, 1*=(11111111)
N = New data flag bit, S= size bit, I= increment bit, D= decrement
bit, U=Unspecified
TEST LAB
74
Virtual concatenation of X VC-3/4s

(VC-3/4-Xv, X=1.256)
a) VC-3-Xv Structure
1
b) VC-4-Xv Structure
X x 84
C-3-#X
C-4-#X
125s
1
1 J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
9 N1
1
1 J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
9 N1
X x 260
125s
85
85
VC-3-Xc
VC-3#1
VC-3#X
125s
125s
1
1 J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
9 N1
1
1 J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
9 N1
261
261
VC-4-Xc
VC-4#1
TEST LAB
VC-4#X
125s
125s
75
Virtual Concatenation Multiframe Structure

a) Mulltiframe indicator MFI1 Configuration
(from Frame 0 to 15)
No used
Bit No in H4
MFI2(MSB)
MFI X
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Frame
Frame
Frame
b) Mulltiframe indicator MFI2

( from Frame 0 to 255)
Bit No in H4
MFI2(LSB)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
Frame
Frame
Frame
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
Frame 14
Frame 15
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
Frame
Frame
Frame
Frame
Frame
126
127
128
129
130
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
Frame 254
Frame 255
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
TEST LAB
Sequencce
indiccator
SQ LSB
(bit 5-8)
76
Sequencce
indiccator
SQ MSB
(bit 1-4)
VC-3/VC-4-Xv multiframe and sequence indicator
C-4/3-Xc
X
C-4/3-Xc
MFI1:0
MF12_MSB:0
MFI1:0
MF12_MSB:0
MFI1:1
MF12_LSB:0
MFI1:1
MF12_LSB:0
MFI1:15
MFI1:15
MFI1:0
MF12_MSB:0
MFI1:0
MF12_MSB:0
MFI1:1
MF12_LSB:1
MFI1:1
MF12_LSB:1
SQ:X-1
SQ:0
TEST LAB
77
VC-12-Xv Structure
1
X34
1
2
3
4
1
1 V5
2 J2
3 N2
C-12#Xc
500s
1
1 V5
2 J2
3 N2
4 K4
35
35
4 K4
VC-12#Xv
500s
VC-12#X
500s
VC-12#1
TEST LAB
78
Capacity of virtually concatenated VC-12-Xv
If carried in
Capacity
In steps of
VC-12-Xv
VC-3
1 to 21 2176 kbit/s to 45 696 kbit/s
2176 kbit/s
VC-12-Xv
VC-4
1 to 63 2176 kbit/s to 137 088 kbit/s
2176 kbit/s
VC-12-Xv
Unspecified
1 to 64 2176 kbit/s to 139 264 kbit/s
2176 kbit/s
TEST LAB
79
VC12 Extended Signal label byte coding - in K4 bit 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
MFAS
Extended Signal Label

MSB
LSB
0 R R R R R R R R R R R R
MFAS: Multiframe Alignment Signal
0: Zero
R: Reserved bit
b12 b13 b14 b15
b16 b17 b18 b19
Hex
code
0000
0000
00
0000
0111
07
0000
1000
08
Mapping under development
0000
1001
09
ATM mapping
0000
1010
0A
Mapping of HDLC/PPP framed signal
0000
1011
0B
Mapping of HDLC/LAPS framed signals
0000
1100
0C
Virtually concatenated test signal, O.181

specific mapping
0000
1101
0D
Flexible Topology Data Link mapping
1111
1111
FF
Reserved
MSB
LSB
Interpretation
Reserved
TEST LAB
80
K4 bit 2 multiframe: K4 (b2)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Frame count
Sequence indicator
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
R: Reserved bit
TEST LAB
81
1.14 Overhead Byte Functionality

SOH
VC-3/4
POH
VC-1/2
POH
A1, A2
B1, B2
J0
D1... D3
D4..D12
E1, E2
F1
K1, K2
S1
M1
Frame synchronization
Parity bytes for transmission error monitoring
Regenerator section DCC
Multiplex section DCC
Order wire for voice communication
User channel for maintenance purposes (data, voice)
Automatic protection switching (APS)
Synchronization status message
MS-REI (remote error indication)
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2, F3
H4
K3
N1
Higher order path trace

Path parity byte for error monitoring
Signal Label (composition of payload)
Path status and performance
Path user channels
Payload specific byte
Network operator byte (Tandem Connection Monit.)
V5
J2
N2
K4
Error check, path status, signal label

Lower order path trace
Network operator byte (Tandem Connection Monit.)
TEST LAB
82
Embedded Overhead Bytes
A2
J0
F1
D3
1 H3
K2
D6
D9
D12
M 1 E2
X
X
X
X
H3
H3
Media dependent bytes

X Reserved for national use
VC-3/4 POH
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
VC-11/12/ 2 POH
V5
J2
N2
K4
RSOH
Pointer
SOH: Section overhead

POH: Path overhead
MSOH
P O H
AU - PTR
STM-1 SOH
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2
B1
E1
D1
D2
H1 Y
Y H2 1
B2 B2 B2 K1
D4
D5
D7
D8
D10
D11
S1
Payload
The overheads (SOH, POH) are used for maintenance and

supervision of the SDH transmission network.
TEST LAB
83
Functions of Regenerator Section Overhead
A1
B1
D1
A1 A1 A2 A2 A2
E1
D2
AU - Pointer
B2 B2 B2 K1
D4
D5
D7
D8
D10
D11
S1
M1
J0
F1
D3
K2
D6
D9
D12
E2
Frame Alignment
Section Trace
(A1, A2)
(J0 Identficationof regenerator

source)
Parity check
Data communication channels
Voice communication channels
(B1 calculated by regenerator and multiplexers)
(D1...D3, F1 between regenerators)
(E1 between regenerators)
TEST LAB
84
Functions of Multiplexer Section Overhead

A1
B1
D1
A1 A1 A2 A2 A2
E1
D2
AU - Pointer
B2 B2 B2 K1
D4
D5
D7
D8
D10
D11
S1
M1
J0
F1
D3
K2
D6
D9
D12
E2
Parity check (B2)

Alarm information (K2)
Remote error indication (M1,K2)
Automatic protection switching

(K1, K2 Bytes)
Data communication channels

(D4 to D12 between multiplexers)
Clock source information (S1)

Voice communications
channels (E2 between multiplexers)

TEST LAB
85
Functions of Path Overhead

VC-3/4 POH
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K4
N1
VC-11/12/2
POH
V5
J2
N2
K4
Parity check
B3, V5/ BIP-2 calculated by path
terminating point
Alarm and performance information

(V5, G1)
Structure of the VC
Signal label C2
Multiframe indication for TUs (H4)
User communications channel

between path elements (F2, F3)
Identification of the Path Source

(Path Trace J1, J2)
TEST LAB
86
Frame Areas Covered by Parity Bytes

Parity bytes providing a means to supervise the transmission
quality of a life STM-N signal !
RSOH
Payload
MSOH
RSOH
AU-PTR
Payload
MSOH
RSOH
Payload
Payload
MSOH
TEST LAB
B1:
- Supervision of the
whole STM-1 frame
- Covers the regenerator
sections of a transmission system
B2:
- Covers the multiplex
sections (from network
node to network node)
B3:
- Covers the transmission
paths from beginning to
the end (tributary to
tributary)
87
Pointers
The pointer technology provides a means to accommodate
timing differences at SDH networks.
The pointer indicates the start of the payload within a STM-1
frame.
STM-1
VC-4 POH
AU-Pointer
TUPTR
VC-4
VC-12
VC-12
POH
TEST LAB
88
1.15 SDH Layer Model

General view of Path Section designations
PDH
ATM
IP
SDH
multiplexer
SDH
Regenerator
SDH
SDH
Regenerator
Section
#
Crossconnect
SDH
SDH
multiplexer
Regenerator
Section
Multiplex Section
Multiplex Section
Path
TEST LAB
89
PDH
ATM
IP
1.16 Elements of SDH Network
Regenerator (Reg.)
Terminal Multiplexer (TM)
Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM)
Digital Cross Connect (DXC)
TEST LAB
90
Regenerator (Reg.)
STM-N
Regenerator
STM-N
Regenerator, Amplifies the optical signal after

converting back to electrical and generates a new
optical signal of the same format Reshaping & timing
of data stream
TEST LAB
91
Terminal Multiplexer (TM)
PDH
SDH
Terminal
Multiplexer
STM-N
It combines the Plesionchronous and synchronous input

signals into higher bit rate STM-N Signal.
TEST LAB
92
Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM)

Add / Drop
Multiplexer
STM-N
STM-N
PDH
SDH
The Add And Drop Multiplexer (ADM) passes the (high rate) STM-n
through from his one side to the other and has the ability to drop or
add any (low rate) tributary. The ADM used in all topologies
TEST LAB
93
STM-16
STM-4
STM-1
STM-16
STM-4
STM-1
140 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s
Cross - Connect
A digital cross connect is an equipment which has the
capability of interconnecting tributaries
TEST LAB
94

Digital Cross Connect:
A
digital cross connect is an equipment which has the

capability of interconnecting tributaries
An
Agg to Agg connection, a trib to aggregate connection

and a tributary to tributary connection is also possible in
case of a Digital Cross Connect
TEST LAB
95
SDH Network Topologies
Terminal
Multiplexer
(TM)
Regenerator
Terminal
Multiplexer
(TM)
Add Drop
Multiplexer
(ADM)
Terminal
Multiplexer
(TM)
Tributaries
Tributaries
Point-to-Point Network
Terminal
Multiplexer
(TM)
TEST LAB
Tributaries
Tributaries
Chain Network
96
Ring Network
Add Drop
Multiplexer
(ADM)
Add Drop
Multiplexer
(ADM)
Add Drop
Multiplexer
(ADM)
Tributaries
Add Drop
Multiplexer
(ADM)
Tributaries
Add Drop
Multiplexer
(ADM)
Tributaries
Add Drop
Multiplexer
(ADM)
Tributaries
TEST LAB
97
Tributaries
Tributaries
1.17 Automatic Protection Switching (APS)

APS redirects the traffic on to prepared back-up lines if the path
is physically interrupted.
This should take place automatically and as quickly as possible < 50msec)
Two kinds of APS are used, depending on the network structure:
Ring switching (MS SPRING to G.841 and T1.105.1)
Linear switching (Linear MSP to G.783 and T1.105.1).
Network elements use bytes K1 and K2 (SOH/TOH) to

communicate during switching process.
TEST LAB
98
Unidirectional Path-Switched Ring normal traffic from Node

A D
Unidirectional
Fiber 1
A
W
P B
Unidirectional
Fiber 1
NODE A
NODE B
NODE C
NODE F
NODE E
NODE D
Working Line
Protection Line
Unidirectional Path-Switched Ring Working and Protection

Failure
Unidirectional
Fiber 1
Unidirectional
Fiber 1
NODE A
NODE B
NODE C
NODE F
NODE E
NODE D
Working Line
Protection Line
Unidirectional Line-Switched Ring

Unidirectional
Fiber 1
A
W
P B
Unidirectional
Fiber 1
NODE A
NODE B
NODE C
NODE F
NODE E
NODE D
Working Line
Protection Line
Unidirectional Line-Switched Ring

Unidirectional
Fiber 1
Unidirectional
Fiber 1
NODE A
NODE B
NODE C
NODE F
NODE E
NODE D
Working Line
Protection Line
1.18 SDH Management

SDH has enhanced management capabilities :
Alarm/Event Management
Configuration Management
Performance Management
Access and Security Management
TEST LAB
103
SDH Alarm Structure
Error performance monitoring
Pointer adjustment information
Remote failure indications (RFI)
Remote Defect Indications ( RDI )
Signal Loss
New Data flag indication
Synchronization source information
Path status
Path trace
Remote error indications (REI)
TEST LAB
104
Defect and Failure
A defect is a detection of an alarm such as loss of

signals , loss of frames. AIS loss of excessive errors
A failure is a defect that persists beyond a maximum

time allocated. It is used to access
to integrate
Automatic Protection Switching ( APS ).
TEST LAB
105
Loss Of Signals (LOS)
This alarm is raised when the STM-N level drops below

the threshold at which a BER of 1 in 1000 is detected
It could be due to cut cable, excessive attenuation of the

signal or an equipment fault
The LOS state will clear when 2 consecutive framing

patterns are received and no LOS condition is detected
TEST LAB
106
Out of Frame (OOF)
This situation occurs when 4, or in some

implementations, 5 consecutive SDH frames are
received with invalid framing patterns(A1 and A2
bytes)
The maximum time to detect OOF is therefore 625Ms
The OOF clears when consecutive SDH frames are

received with valid framing patterns
TEST LAB
107
Loss Of Frame (LOF)
The LOF occurs when the OOF state exists for a

specified time in msecs
If OOFs are intermittent,the timer is not reset to zero

until an in frame state persists continuously for
specified time in msecs
As the framing bytes are there in Regenerator section

overhead(RSOH) this alarm is sometimes known as
RS-LOF
TEST LAB
108
Loss Of Pointer (LOP)
The LOP state occurs when n consecutive invalid pointers

are received or n New Data Flags(NDF) are received(other
than in a concatenation indicator), where n=8,9 or 10
The LOP state is cleared when 3 equal valid pointers or 3

consecutive AIS indications are received.This alarm is very
rare in steady state because the pointer is either valid or is all
1s
An AIS indication is all 1s pattern in the pointer

bytes.Concatenation is indicated when the pointer bytes are
set to 1001XX1111111111 I.e NDF enabled(H1 and H2 bytes
for AU LOP; v1 and v2 bytes for TU LOP)
TEST LAB
109
1.19 Summary
In this chapter we studied the following topics :

1.
PDH & SDH Hierarchy
2.
Mapping ,Aligning, Framing &Multiplexing
3.
Functions of over head bytes
4.
SDH layer model
5.
SDH Network Topology
6.
SDH Management
TEST LAB
110
Chapter-2
SDH Synchronization
TEST LAB
111
SDH Synchronization
Page No
2.01
Synchronization Network
114
2.02
SSU Concept
115
2.03 Network Synchronization Hierarchy .
116
2.04 External Clock
117
2.05 Line Clock
118
2.06 Internal clock
119
2.07 Regenerator (Through clock)
..
120
2.08 Clock distribution in SDH Network
121
2.09 Synchronization Source of NE (1)
..
122
TEST LAB
112
SDH Synchronization
Page No
2.10
Reference O/ P from NE
2.11
Synchronization status byte in STM frame ..
124 --125
2.12
Quality level indication by SSM
126 -- 127
..
2.13 Example of Clock source switching LINE & Normal .
123
128 --136
2.14 Hold over Free function of oscillator
..
137
2.15
ITUT Recommendations
138
2.16
Summary
..
139
TEST LAB
113
2.01 Synchronization Network

Primary Reference Clock
long term:
PRC
Cesium (Stratum 1)
requ : 1 x 10 -11
typ : 5 x 10 -12
Rubidium (Stratum 2) requ :

typ :
SSU
SSU
SEC
SEC
SEC
SDH
Equip.
SDH
Equip.
SDH
Equip.
holdover 24h:
1.6 x 10 -8 , 1 x 10-10
4 x 10 -11 , 2 x 10-11
Synchronization Supply Unit
TEST LAB
SDH Equipment Clock
114
2.02 SSU Concept

Synchronization Supply Unit System
Single master timing supply for each office
SSU connected to timing references from higher accuracy
office in timing hierarchy
SSU outputs 2Mbit/s or 2MHz & composite clock
references to all equipment in office
Provides frequency & phase synchronized references
TEST LAB
115
2.03 Network Synchronization Hierarchy

(PRIMARY)
(SECONDARY)
PRC
G.811
PRC
G.811
SSU-A
G.812 T
SSU-B
G.812 L
SSU-B
G.812 L
SETS
G.813
SETS
G.813
SETS
G.813
SSU-A
G.812 T
SSU-A
G.812 T
SSU-B
G.812 L
SETS
G.813
SETS
G.813
TEST LAB
SSU-B
G.812 L
SETS
G.813
TSG: Timing Signal Generator
SSU-B
G.812 L
SETS
G.813
SETS
G.813
116
2.04 External Clock

A
External Clock
PRC
or
SSU
SSU
External Clock
D
Ring or Linear System
B
External Clock
SSU
Synchronization Distribution
Network
C
External
Clock
TEST LAB
SSU
117
2.05 Line Clock

PRC
or
SSU
External
Clock
Line Clock
Line Clock
D
C
:
Extracted Clock
Component of
Line Signal
Line Clock
TEST LAB
118
2.06 Internal Clock

A
Internal Clock
Internal Clock
D
B
Internal Clock
Holdover or
Free-run w/o ref.
Internal Clock
TEST LAB
119
2.07 Regenerator (Through Clock)
REGEN
Outgoing Signal
STM-N
Incoming Signal
Incoming Signal
STM-N
Outgoing Signal
TEST LAB
120
2.08 Clock Distribution in SDH Network

SSU
External Clock
SSU
Line Clock
Line Clock
Line Clock
SDH
Island
Line Signal (STM-N)
External Clock
Clock Signal
Impairement in Clock Signal
( jitter, wander, etc. )
Line Clock
Internal Clock (Free Run) Line Clock
TEST LAB
121
2.09 Synchronization Source of NE (1)

External-in
External-out
(from SSU) (to SSU or other NE)
1
2
1
2
Selector
STM-N
West
East
Line 2
Line 1
Tributary 1 2
Selector
STM-N
Internal
hold-over
Line 3
free run
Tributary
Tributary
2Mb/s PDH
STM-N
TEST LAB
122
2.10 Reference Output from NE

External-in
External-out
(from SSU) (to SSU or other NE)
1
2
1
2
Selector
STM-N
West
East
Line 2
Line 1
Tributary 1 2
Selector
STM-N
Internal
hold-over
Line 3
free run
Tributary
Tributary
2Mb/s PDH
STM-N
TEST LAB
123
2.11 Synchronization Status Byte in STM-1 Frame

9 bytes
A1
A1
RSOH
A1
B1
D1
A2 A2 A2 J0
E1
F1
D2
D3
A U P o in t e r ( s )
B2
M SOH
B2 B2
D4
D7
D10
S1 Z1
K1
D5
D8
D 11
Z2 Z2
Z1
K2
D6
D9
D 12
M 1 E2
261 bytes
STM-1 PAYLOAD
Bit No.
S1 byte
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8
Unassigned SSM Field
TEST LAB
124
Synchronization Status Massage(SSM)

Description
Layer 1 Traceable
Quality Unknown
Clock
Type
PRC
G.811
_______
(Existing Sync. Network)
Layer 2 Traceable
Layer 3 Traceable
Equipment Internal
Clock(4.6 ppm)
DON'T USE
for SYNC
G.812
Transit
(SSU- A)
G.812
Local
(SSUDNU B)
G.813- op.1
SEC
DNU
Quality
Level
S1 bits 5- 8
0010
0000
0100
1000
1011
1111
TEST LAB
125
2.12 Quality Level Indication by SSM (S1 Byte)
G.811
Primary
G.812
Transit
Q=1
Q=1
A1
B1
Q=3
B1'
C1
Q=3
forward
TEST LAB
Q=3
D1
D2
C2
B2
Q=6
backward
Q=1
Q=6
backward
126
Reference Selection
EXT IN 1
EXT IN 2
Incoming
STM-N
Internal Clock
(Free run)
Single
Highest
Quality?
No
Select
Highest
Priority?
Holdover
Synchronous
2M Tributary
Yes
Equipment
Clock
TEST LAB
127
2.13 Example of Clock Source Switching

- Normal State EXT 1
Q=1
P=1
(G.811)
EXT 2
Q=1
P=2
Q=S1=6
P=4
West
Q=S1=1
P=2
Q=S1=1
P=15
(unused)
East
Q=5
P=3
East
Q=5
P=3
Q=S1=1
P=1
D
West
West
B
C
Q=S1=1
P=1
East
Q=S1=6
P=2
Q=S1=1
P=1
Q=5
P=3
East
Q=S1=6
P=2
West
Q=5
P=2
TRIB 2
TRIB 1
Q=3 (G.812-T) Q=3
P=3 SSU-A P=4
TEST LAB
128
Line Failure
- Occurrence of a failure -
Q=5
P=4
West
East
East
(Q=6)
P=1
A
D
West
B
C
West
East
Q=5
P=1
Q=5
P=3
East
Q=6
P=2
West
TEST LAB
129
Line Failure
- Transit state (1) -
Q=5
P=4
West
Q=1
P=1
East
East
(Q=6)
P=1
A
D
West
West
B
C
Q=3
P=1
East
Q=5
P=1
Q=5
P=3
East
Q=3
P=2
West
Q=6
P=2
Q=3
P=3
TEST LAB
130
Line Failure
- Transit state (2) Q=3
P=4
West
Q=1
P=2
East
East
(Q=6)
P=1
A
D
West
West
B
C
Q=3
P=1
East
Q=6
P=1
East
Q=3
P=2
West
Q=2
P=2
Q=3
P=3
TEST LAB
131
Line Failure
- Final state Q=2
P=4
West
Q=1
P=2
East
Q=6
P=15
(unused)
East
(Q=6)
P=1
D
West
West
B
C
Q=6
P=1
East
Q=6
P=1
East
Q=1
P=2
West
Q=1
P=2
Q=3
P=3
TEST LAB
132
Failure in the Master Node

Q=6
P=4
Q=5
P=2
Q=5
P=1
Q=5
P=1
Q=6
P=2
Q=6
P=2
Q=3
P=3
TEST LAB
133

Q=5
P=2
Q=5
P=1
Q=3
P=1
Q=5
P=1
Q=6
P=2
Q=3
P=2
Q=3
P=3
TEST LAB
134

Q=3
P=4
Q=5
P=1
Q=3
P=15
Q=6
P=1
Q=3
P=1
Q=6
P=2
Q=3
P=2
Q=3
P=3
TEST LAB
135

- Final state EXT1
Q=1
P=1
EXT2
Q=1
P=2
Q =S1=3
P=4
SEC
Q=S1=3
P=2
Q=5
P=3
SEC
Q =S1=3
P=15
(u n u s e d )
~ QP == 35
Q=S1=6
P=1
~ QP == 35
Q=S1=3
P=1
SEC
Q=5
P=5
SEC
Q =S1=6
P=1
Q=S1=3
P=2
Q =S1=6
P=2
T R IB 1
Q=3
P=3
T R IB 2
Q=3
P=4
TEST LAB
136
2.14 Holdover & Free-run Function of Oscillator

Output
(2.048Mbit/s)
PLL looped circuit

Frequency
Divider
PH
COMP A/D
Input
(8kHz)
Frequency
Divider
D/A VCXO A/D
Holdover
circuit
Without Holdover
function
Slave State
With Holdover
function
Free-running
State
Holdover State
[ fof ]
No. 1
No. 2
Within 24H
f[t]
fo
0
t0
Reference
supply
failure
t1
Reference
supply recovery
TEST LAB
t2
(Time)
137
2.15 ITU-T Standards

SDH has been standardized by ITU-T.
CCITT (International Consultative Committee on Telephony &
Telegraphy) Blue book recommendations
G.707, G.708 & G.709 covering the SDH standards.
G.707 - SDH Bit Rates
G.708 - Network Node Interface for the SDH
G.709 - Synchronous Multiplexing Structure
G.781 - (Formerly G.smux-1) Structure of Recommendations on
Multiplexing Equipment for the SDH
G.782 - (Formerly G.smux-2) Types and General Characteristics
of SDH Multiplexing Equipment
G.783 - (Formerly G.smux-3) Characteristics of SDH Multiplexing
Equipment Functional Blocks
G.784 - (Formerly G.smux-4) SDH Management
TEST LAB
138
2.16 Summary

1.
Synchronization concept
2.
Different types of clocks we are using
3.
Clock distribution in the SDH network
4.
Quality level indication of the clock
5.
Line failure in Transit state and final state
6.
Function of Hold over Free run function of the oscillator
TEST LAB
139
Chapter-3
New Generation SDH
TEST LAB
140
New Generation SDH

Page No
3.01
New Generation SDH
142
3.02
Emergence of New Interfaces
..
143 --149
3.02
150 --167
3.03
Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme
..
168 --176
3.04
Generic Framing Procedure
177 --191
3.05
Application
..
192 -- 195
3.06
Standards
196 -- 197
3.07
Abbreviations
198 199
3.08
Summary
200
TEST LAB
141
3.01 New Generation SDH
GFP :Generic Framing Procedure

LCAS:Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme
Tutorial: Principles and Applications
TEST LAB
142
3.02 Emergence of new type of Interfaces

ESCON :-Enterprise Systems Connection :It is an IBM
standardized protocol for the interconnection of IT equipment. Bit
rate=200Mbps .Marketing name for a set of IBM & vendor
products that interconnect S/390 computers with each other &
with attached storage , locally attached work stations & other
devices using optical fiber technology.
Fiber Channel: ANSI standardized protocol for mainly server to
server,and server to storage communication to predominately
transport IP data with bit rates up to 4Gbps
TEST LAB
143
Emergence of new type of Interfaces

FICON:-Fiber connectivity: ANSI standard basing physical
interface to connect computers and servers in SAN;advancement
of ESCON standard.
DVB Standards:- Video broadcasting signals
TEST LAB
144
Going into Details

Campus B
Ethernet
FICON
Ethernet
SONET/
SDH
SONET/
SDH
Optical Core
SONET/SDH
Campus A
Network
SONET/
SDH
Storage
Servers
DWDM
Edge NE
Core NE
Fibre
Channel
Lets zoom in!

TEST LAB
Remote
Servers
145
New SONET/SDH
Edge
Operator
Adaptation
Ethernet
Ficon
Escon
Fibre
Channel
Native Interfaces
Edge
GFP
VC
LCAS
Link
Generic
Virtual
Frame
Concatenation Capacity
Adjustment
Procedure
Scheme
LAPS
SONET MUX/DEMUX
Customer
Core
SONET/
SDH
Thats New SONET/SDH

TEST LAB
146
The Building Blocks of Next-Gen Sonet/SDH

GFP
Provides an elegant framing procedure with low overhead and support for
both packet services and storage services
Improves on current models of contiguous concatenation by supporting
much finer granularity of circuit provisioning and management from the edge
of the network. Right-sized pipes for packet services (Ethernet, in
particular). Both higher order (STS1 granularity) and low order (VT1.5 level)
are available, supporting a range of high- and low-speed service
assignments.
LCAS (Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme)

A tool to provide operators with greater flexibility in provisioning virtual
concatenation groups (VCGs), adjusting their bandwidth in service and
providing flexible end-to-end protection options
TEST LAB
147
Customer needs Ethernet

Problem: How can we efficiently transport Ethernet over
an existing SONET/SDH network?
Mbit/s
Customer 3 = 100M
100
75
Typical
Ethernet Traffic
Connections
Customer 2 = 60M
50
Ethernet Packet
25
Customer 1 = 10M
time
3
4
1
2
Example: For 10M available SDH - Containers are...
VC-12
...too small !
2.176 Mbit/s
OR
VC-3
48.38 Mbit/s
TEST LAB
... inefficient
20%
148
SDH Line Rates

Transport
10M Ethernet over SDH?
10 M
5x
Standard
Containers
are inefficient!
SDH Payload Sizes

C-11
1.600 Mbit/s
C-12
2.176 Mbit/s
C-2
6.784 Mbit/s
C-3
48.384 Mbit/s
C-4
149.760 Mbit/s
Cant 5 x VC-12 be concatenated?

Contiguous
Concatenation
only large containers!
Contiguous Concatenation
C-4-4c
0.599 Gbit/s
C-4-16c
2.396 Gbit/s
C-4-64c
9.584 Gbit/s
C-4-256c
38.338 Gbit/s
TEST LAB
149
3.02 Virtual
Concatenation
TEST LAB
150
Virtual Concatenation (VC or Vcat)

Yes, we can - using Virtual Concatenation!
VC provides
a scheme to build right-sized containers
with SONET or SDH containers
with a fine granularity
Standardized in ITU-T G.707 and ANSI T.105

Nomenclature:
VTn-Xv STS-m-Xv
Virtual Container n
Number of
Virtual
n=1.5, 2,3,6 ,m=1, 3c concatenated Concatenation
containers
TEST LAB
151
VC Nomenclature
VC-n -X v
Virtual Container n
n=4, 3, 2, 12, 11
Defines the type of virtual
containers, which will be
virtually concatenated.
Number of
virtually
concatenated
containers
All X Virtual Containers
form together the
Virtual Concatenated
Group (VCG)
Indictor for
Virtual
Concatenation
v = virtual
concatenation
c = contiguous
concatenation
Virtual Concatenated Group (VCG) of X VC-n containers!
TEST LAB
152
High and Low Order VC

High Order Virtual Concatenation
refers to virtually concatenated...
VC-4
containers
VC-3
Low Order Virtual Concatenation

refers to virtually concatenated...
VC-2
VC-12
VC-11
containers
TEST LAB
153
VC-4-Xv Granularity
VC-4
Minimum
Maximum
Example High Order VC:

VC-4
Container Size 150,3 Mbit/s
VC-4
Payload Size
149,76 Mbit/s
VCG Granularity
VCGs:
VC-4-1v
VC-4-2v
Payload Size
Payload Size
149,76 Mbit/s
299,52 Mbit/s
VC-4-7v
Payload Size
1048,3 Mbit/s
VC-4-256v Payload Size
38338 Mbit/s
TEST LAB
VCG Payload
Capacity
154
VC-12-Xv Granularity
VC-12
Minimum
Maximum
Example Low Order VC:

VC-12
Container Size 2,240 Mbit/s
VC-12
Payload Size
2,176 Mbit/s
VCGs:
VCG Granularity
10,88 Mbit/s
139,26 Mbit/s
TEST LAB
2,176 Mbit/s
4,352 Mbit/s
VCG Payload
Capacity
155
Concatenation?
Offers concatenated payloads in fixed, large steps
One towing truck (POH) for all containers
All containers are on one path thru the network
C4
C4
C4
C4
C-4-4c
599.040 Mbit/s
Offers structures
in a fine granularity
C-4-16c
2.396
Gbit/s
Every container
has its own towing
truck
(POH)
C-4-64c
9.584 Gbit/s
Every container
might take a different
path
VC-4 #4
C-4-256c
VC-4 #3
VC-4-4c
38.338 Gbit/s
VC-4 #2
VC-4 #1
TEST LAB
VC-4-4v
156
CC: VC-4-Xc Container

Overhead N x 9 bytes
Payload N x 261 bytes
RSOH
STM-N
MSOH
J1
B
3
C
2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K
3
N
Fixed Stuff
AU-4 Pointer
C-4-Xc
VC-4-Xc
X -1
X x 261 bytes
VC-4-Xc, where X=4, 16, 64, 256
TEST LAB
157
VC: VC-4-Xv Container

Overhead N x 9 bytes
Payload N x 261 bytes
RSOH
STM-N
AU-4 Pointer
J1
J1
MSOH
J1
B
3
C
2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K
3
N
1
B
3
C
2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K
3
N
B
3
C
2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K
3
N
VC-4
VC-4
VC-4
1
261 bytes
X frames
VC-4-Xv, where X = 1..256
TEST LAB
158
SDH Concatenation
STM-16 with VC-4-4c
Contiguous
concatenation
VC-4-1
VC-4-2
VC-4-3
VC-4-4
VC-4-5
VC-4-6
VC-4-7
VC-4-8
VC-4-9
VC-4-10
VC-4-11
VC-41-2
VC-4-13
VC-4-14
VC-4-15
VC-4-16
RSOH
AU-4 Pointer
MSOH
STM-4 with VC-4-2v

Virtual
concatenation
RSOH
VC-4-1
VC-4-2
VC-4-#1
AU-4 Pointer
VC-4-3
VC-4-4
MSOH
VC-4-#2
VCG = Virtual Concatenation Group
TEST LAB
159
VC Granularity
Nomenclature
Granularity
Payload Capacity
VC-4
VC-4-Xv
149M
149M - 38.3G
VC-3
VC-3-Xv
48M
48M - 12.7G
VC-2
VC-2-Xv
6.8M
6.8M - 434M
VC-12
VC-12-Xv
2.2M
2.2M - 139M
VC-11
VC-11-Xv
1.6M
1.6M - 102M
TEST LAB
160
Transporting Concatenated Signals

C-4
C-4
C-4
C-4
C-4
C-4
C-4
C-4
One Path
NE
C-4
C-4
C-4
C-4
NE
VC-4-4c
Core Network
Path 1
Differential Delay
VC-4
#1
VC-4
#2
VC-4
#1
VC-4
#1
VC-4
#1
VC-4
#2
VC-4
#2
Path 2
VC-4
#2
TEST LAB
VC-4-2v
161
VC Rate Efficiencies
Data Rates
Efficiency w/o VC
using VC
Ethernet (10M)
VC3 20%
VC-12-5v 92%
Fast Ethernet (100M)
VC-4 67%
VC-12-46v 100%
ESCON (200M)
VC-4-4c 33%
VC-3-4v 100%
Fibre Channel (800M) VC-4-16c 33%
VC-4-6v 89%
Gigabit Ethernet (1G)
VC-4-7v 85%
VC-4-16c 42%
Example:
100M Ethernet
8x E1 Services
2x 10M Ethernet
VC-12-46v
VC-12-5v
VC-12-5v
STM-1
= 64 x VC-12
More services integrated- by using VC!

TEST LAB
162
Virtual Container Indicator

Problem:
How to distinguish between VCG members of one group?
Solution:
Give each member an individual number plate!
Sequence Indicator (SQ)
VC-4
SQ=0
VC-4
SQ=1
VC-4
SQ=2
VC-4
SQ=3
Result: VCG members can now be distinguished and sorted!
TEST LAB
163
Time Stamp Mechanism

Problem:
How do we know that members arriving together started together?
Solution:
Give each VCG an individual number
Frame Counter (FC)
VC-4
SQ=0
SQ=0
SQ=0
SQ=0
SQ=0
VC-4
SQ=1
SQ=1
SQ=1
SQ=1
SQ=1
VC-4
SQ=2
SQ=2
SQ=2
SQ=2
SQ=2
VC-4
SQ=3
SQ=3
SQ=3
SQ=3
SQ=3
FC = 3
0
1
2
FC = 2
0
1
FC = 1
0
TEST LAB
FC = 0
164
VC & LCAS Control Packet

Frame
Counter
MFI
VCG
LCAS
LCAS
LCAS
LCAS
LCAS
Sequence Control
Source Resequence
Error
Member
Indicator Commands Identifier AcknowProtectio
Status
ledgement
n
SQ
Virtual
Concatenation
Information
CTRL
GID
RS-Ack
MST
CRC
LCAS Information
Information packets exchanged between the two

edge network elements to adjust the bandwidth.
TEST LAB
165
Where are the VC bytes?

High Order VC
Information in H4 Byte
16 frame Multi-Frame
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
VC-3 / VC-4
out of
VC-3-Xv / VC-4-Xv
Low Order VC
Carried in one bit in K4-Byte
32 frame Multi-Frame
V5
VC-2 / VC-1x
out of
J2
N2 VC-2-Xv / VC-1x-Xv
K4
TEST LAB
166
Challenges ahead...
How can path bandwidth be increased or decreased?
Dynamic Bandwidth Provisioning
..bring an additional truck on the road..
VC-3 #2
VC-3 #1
VC-3 #?
How can we ensure QoS for data services?
VCG - Protection one VC container fails - the whole Virtual Concatenation
Group (VCG) fails!
VC
-4
#2
VC-4 #3
TEST LAB
VC-4 #1
FAILED
167
3.03 Link Capacity

Adjustment Scheme
(LCAS)
TEST LAB
168
Bandwidth Provisioning - today

Seattle
Chicago
Boston
New York
Columbus
San Francisco
San Jose
Los Angeles
Location A
Kansas City
Denver
Washington
Atlanta
Dallas
Houston
Location B
Orlando
50Mbit/s Ethernet Private Line (VC-3-1v/ STS-1-1v)

The customer now requires 100Mbit/s
Operator manually sets up a 2nd path
using the network management system
100M = VC-3-2v / STS-1-2v
But: Traffic will be interrupted to bring 100M into service!!
TEST LAB
169
LCAS Overview
Extension for
Virtual Conc.
Add/Remove
bandwidth
uninterrupted
Link
Capacity
Adjustment
Scheme
Handshake
Protocol
between edge
NE
carried in
H4/K4 byte
End-to-end
Real-Time
Communication
Standardized ITU-T G.7042, referred by ANSI
TEST LAB
170
LCAS - Add Bandwidth hitless

Seattle
San Francisco
San Jose
t Link Chicago
e
n
r
NE
Boston
e
Eth
M
0
0
New York
1
Columbus
l
o
c
o
t
Washington
S ProKansas City
Denver LCA
NE
Los Angeles
Atlanta
Location B
Dallas
Location A
Houston
Orlando
Operator installs VC & LCAS edge equipment

Operator manually provisions add. 50M path
LCAS protocol runs between the two edge NE!
NE negotiate - when the additional path gets valid and into
service!
LCAS Succeeds A connection with 100M is in service!
TEST LAB
171
VC & LCAS Control Packet

Frame
Counter
MFI
VCG
LCAS
LCAS
LCAS
LCAS
LCAS
Sequence Control
Source Resequence
Member
Error
Indicator Commands Identifier AcknowStatus Protection
ledgement
SQ
Virtual
Concatenation
Information
CTRL
GID
RS-Ack
MST
CRC
LCAS Information
Information packets exchanged between the two

edge network elements to adjust the bandwidth.
TEST LAB
172
The Details
Information
Direction
Source Sink
MFI
SQ
Multi-Frame Indicator is an counter

to distinguish several VCGs* from each other
necessary to compensate for Differential Delay
Sequence Indicator is an counter
to differentiate individual VC-n containers within a VCG*
to re-sequence VC-n containers at the termination point in case that
differential delay occured
LCAS Control Words are

the actual commands which will show the status of containers from a
CTRL
VCG* initiate bandwidth changes

FIXED - container in NON-LCAS mode
ADD - container which will be added to a VCG
REMOVE - container which will be removed from a VCG
NORM - container as part of an active VCG
EOS - last container of an active VCG
DNU - container with failures(do not use)
= Virtual Concatenated Group
TEST*VCG
LAB
173
The Details
Information
Direction
Source Sink
GID
Group Identification Bit is

an additional verification mechanism to secure that all
incoming VCG members belong to one group
RS-Ack
Re-sequence acknowledgement is
an mechanism, where the sink reports to the source the
detection of any additions/removals to/from the VCG
MST
Member Status Field is

an mechanism, where the sink reports to the source which
VCG members are currently and correctly received
CRC
Cyclic Redundancy Check is a

protection mechanism to detect bit errors in the Control Packet
TEST LAB
*VCG = Virtual Concatenated Group
174
Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme

Enables Value
added services
Cost Efficient
New NE necessary
only at the edge
Transparent to
core network
Bandwidth on demand
Soft Protection
99.999% up-time
LCAS
BENEFITS
Flexible &
scalable
Offers variable VC
bandwidth in realtime!
Restoration
link protection &
recovery
TEST LAB
175
Challenges ahead
Efficient & suited mappings for all diverse data clients!
...one mapping fits all...?!?
SONET/SDH
Rate adaptation between asynchronous clients and

synchronous transport network
Asynchronous
Rates
Synchronous
Rates
TEST LAB
176
3.04 Generic Framing

Procedure (GFP)
TEST LAB
177
GFP Overview
Data Encapsulation
for various
services
Rate
Adaptation
Mechanism
Generic
Frame
Procedure
Asynch.
clients over
synchronous
networks
Standardized
ITU-T G.7041
referred by
ANSI
TEST LAB
178
GFP - Layer Model
Clients
Ethernet
IP/PPP
Fibre Channel
Others
GFP - Client Specific Aspects

(payload dependent)
GFP
GFP - Common Aspects

(payload independent)
Transport
SONET/SDH
VC-n Path
OTN
ODUk Path
TEST LAB
Others
179
GFP Frame
Core Header contains the
length of the payload area
and start of frame info
and CRC-16 error detection
& correction
Length 4 byte
GFP Payload Area transports

higher layer specific
information
Length 4 to 65535 byte
Core Header
Payload
Headers
Client
Payload
Payload
Area
Information
Optional
Payload FCS
8 bit
Payload Headers gives type

of client and supports client
specific management
procedures
Includes CRC detection &
correction
Length 4 to 64 byte
Client Payload Field contains
client frames (GFP-F) or
client characters (GFP-T)
Optional Payload FCS

protects the client payload
information field
CRC-32 Length 4 byte
GFP gets scrambled before transmission!
TEST LAB
180
GFP Operation Modes

GFP-F (Framed Mapped):
For packet oriented clients,00 e.g. Ethernet
One Client Packet = packed in one GFP frame (1:1)
Minimal overhead
GFP-T (Transparent Mapped):
Client characters are directly mapped in GFP-T
frames e.g. Fibre Channel
Fixed length GFP frames
Minimal Latency
GFP IDLE Frame:
Rate Adaptation (stuffing)
GFP Management Frame:
under study
TEST LAB
181
GFP Operation Modes

variable
GFP-F
Ethernet Frame
GFP
GFP GFP Eth.
FrameGFP GFP GFP Eth
Frame by Frame
1GigE
LE Ethernet Frame
IDLE Eth. Frame
IDLE
Eth
Block by Block
GFP-T
GFP
Transparent
GFP
Transparent
GFP
Transparent
fixed
GFP
GFP Header or IDLE frames
TEST LAB
GFP
182
GFP
GFP-F Client vs. Transport Rate

GFP-F
Constant Transport Rate
Variable Client Rate

Mbit/s
t
Ethernet
Fast Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet
IP
PPP
F
I
F
O
M
a
p
p
e
r
IDLEs
Mbit/s
GFP-F Mapper
t
GFP-F IDLEs
Client
TEST LAB
184
GFP-T Client vs. Transport Rate

GFP-T
Constant Transport Rate
Constant Client Data Rate

Mbit/s
100 %
t
Effective Payload
Client IDLEs
Fibre Channel
ESCON
FICON
Gigabit Ethernet
10 GigE
Anything!
Decoder
/ Coder
M
a
p
p
e
r
Mbit/s
100+x %
GFP-T Mapper
t
GFP Overhead
Client IDLEs
Effective Payload
TEST LAB
185
Ethernet to GFP-Framed
Up to 10M
Ethernet Stream
Core Header
GFP Packet
Payload
10M
7.5M
5M
2.5M
4t
Pure Ethernet
GFP-F Packet
Result
PLI
cHEC
Payload
2
2
X
GFP-IDLE Packet
00hex
00hex
00hex
00hex
Scrambling!
Constant Stream
TEST LAB
186
GFP-Framed to VC
GFP-Framed
Packet Stream
10M
Byte-Interleaving
7.5M
5M
2.5M
1
GFP Stream
GFP Frames
in VC containers
VC-12
#1
VC-12
#2
VC-12
#3
VC-12
#4
VC-12
#5
Transport
Transport Thru the Network
TEST LAB
187
Generic Frame Procedure

Reliable
Expandable
Easy & stabile

algorithm
Header
Correction
with no need for

new transport
equipment
GFP
BENEFITS
Compatible
works with basically
any higher layer
service and lower
layer network!
New
Opportunities
Technological &
Economical
TEST LAB
188
GFPs Case in the Carrier Network

Simple multiservice adaptation and compatibility with existing transport networks:
robust and efficient packet transport.
Uniform, deterministic mapping of packet, storage, and future services to global
Sonet/SDH transport protocols: interoperable
ITU-T standard.
Efficient network resource utilization: low GFP overhead and compatible with
Sonet/SDH transmission network management
Data-Friendly: GFP-F frame mode can support a multiplexing capability at the
packet level, aggregating multiple client streams into a single TDM channel.
Layer 2 independent: Supports RPR, other L2 protocols (Ethernet MAC
information is preserved end-to-end); supports native storage protocols (Fibre
Channel, etc.).
Converges next-generation services with existing infrastructure investment:
enables network consolidation and cost savings.
TEST LAB
189
And what about LAPS?

Much more limited
Competitive
standard for
GFP
capabilities
than GFP
Link
Access
Procedure
SDH
Only for SDH,

Only for CC
Similar to PoS/
HDLC
Standardized ITU-T X.85 & X.86, Asian Initiated Standard.
TEST LAB
190
New SDH - the evolution of SDH

Data Clients - Ethernet, Fibre Channel & others
GFP - frames the data & adapts the rates
VC - offers right sized pipes in fine granularity
LCAS - makes VC easy & flexible on demand
Result - the evolution:
Ficon
Escon
Fibre
Channel
GFP
VC
?
Generic
Frame
Procedure
Virtual
Concatination
LCAS
Link
Capacity
Adjustment
Scheme
TEST LAB
MUX/DMUX
Ethernet
Native Interfaces
SONET/SDH is flexible & data aware!
SONET/
SDH
191
3.05 Applications
TEST LAB
192
Bandwidth on demand
Bandwidth Call-by-Call
Network Management
VC-12-3v
NG
Customers LAN
LCAS
+VC-12
Transport Network
NG
ISP
Customer
rents a 6M Internet connection (VC-12-3v)
calls to get additional 2M!
Operator
will provision additional VC-12 path
..and will hitless add it to existing connection via LCAS!
TEST LAB
193
Bandwidth on demand
Bandwidth on Schedule
900M
Location A
100M
100M
100M
NG
Transport Network
900M
NG
900M
Location B
Offer a fixed bandwidth schedule:

24/7 - Virtual Local Area Network service at 100M Ethernet
Every night for one hour - additional 900M ESCON service for
data backup
New revenue opportunities at low traffic hours!

TEST LAB
194
Bandwidth on demand
Automatic Bandwidth Allocation - pay as you grow!
3rd VC-12
Ethernet Traffic
2nd VC-12
1st VC-12
1
Variable
VCG capacity
Automatic Bandwidth Allocation:

Automatically, pre-provisioned VC capacity will be activated
No paid, but unused link capacity for the customer
Customized SLA possible!
Optimal bandwidth for the customer for min. $$

New revenues with pay per use & over-subscription!
TEST LAB
195
3.06 Standards
TEST LAB
196
References
ITU-T
G.707/Y.1322 Network Node Interface for SDH (10/2000)
G.709 Network Node Interface for Optical Transport Networks
G.7041/Y.1303 Generic Frame Procedure (12/2001)
G.7042/Y.1305 LCAS for Virtually Concatenated Signals (11/2001)
X.85 IP over SDH using LAPS
X.86 Ethernet over LAPS
ANSI
T1.105 Synchronous Optical Network
Virtual Conc.
LCAS (also refers to ITU-T G.7042)
GFP refers to ITU-T G.7041

IEEE
Ethernet: 802.3
TEST LAB
197
3.07 Abbreviations
TEST LAB
198
Abbreviations
CC: Continguous Concatenation
cHEC: Core Header Error Check
CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Check
EOF: End of Frame
EoS: Ethernet over SONET
ESCON: Enterprise Systems Connection
FCS: Frame Check Sequence
FD: Full Duplex
FICON: Fibre Connection
GFP: Generic Frame Procedure
GFP-F: Frame mapped GFP
GFP-T: Transparent GFP
GMPLS: Generalized Mulitprotocol Label
Switching
IP: Internet Protocol
LAN: Local Area Network
LAPS: Link Access Procedure SDH
LCAS: Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme
MAC: Media Access Control
MAN: Metropolitan Area Network

MFI: Multi Frame Indicator
MSOH: Multiplexer Section Overhead
NE: Network Element
OTN: Optical transport Network
OSI: Open System Interconnect
PDU: Protocol Data Unit
PLI: PDU Length Indicator
PoS: Packet over Sonet
PPP: Point-to-Point Protocol
RSOH: Repeater Section Overhead
SAN: Storage Area Networks
SDH: Synchronous Digital Hierachy
TCP: Transport Control Protocol
TDM: Time Division Multiplexing
VC: Virtual Concatenation
VC-xc: Virtual Container
VCG: Virtual Container Group
WAN: Wide Area Network
TEST LAB
199
3.08 Summary

1.
Types of New Interfaces
2.
Different types Concatenation
3.
Types of Framing procedures in GFP
4.
Layer topology of GFP
5.
How the band width can be adjusted by using LCAS Protocol
TEST LAB
200
Chapter-4
DWDM
TEST LAB
201
DWDM
Page No
4.01
WDM Basic Introduction
204 -- 205
4.02
Disadvantages of the Technology
..
206
4.03
Classification
207
4.04
Infrared Spectrum
208
4.05
Wave length Allocation of DWDM
..
209 211
4.06
Main Components in DWDM
212 -- 220
4.07
Need of Amplifier
..
221 -- 225
4.08
Types of optical Amplifier
..
226 228
4.09
Configuration of EDFA & Raman amplifier .
TEST LAB
229 --246
202
DWDM
Page No
4.10
Amplifier Vs Regenerator
247--248
4.11
Electrical Regeneration
249 251
4.12
Live Function in OADM
..
252253
4.13 Optical Supervisory Channel
254 255
4.14 Measurement Parameters
256261
4.15 Performance Degradation factors
262264
4.16 CMD & PMD( chromatic & Polarized dispersion) .
265 270
4.17 Fiber Non linearity & automatic power reduction ..
271 281
4.18 CWDM Vs DWDM
282 284
4.19 Summary
285
TEST LAB
203
4.01 WDM Basics Introduction

WDM Wavelength Division
Multiplexing
The ability to use different wavelengths in a
single fiber, to split and to combine them.
DMUX
MUX
TEST LAB
204
Why DWDM ?
a) Overcome fiber exhaust / lack of fiber availability
problems (Better utilization of available fiber)
b) Space & Power savings at intermediate stations
c) Easier capacity expansion
d) Cost effective transmission
e) No O-E-O conversion delays
f) Wave length leasing instead of Bandwidth leasing
TEST LAB
205
4.02 Any Disadvantages of this Technology ?

Yes of course
a) Multi channel failure due to line
failure
b) Requirements for more deliberate design of
Dispersion management,
gain profile management
& launched power due to broader Wavelength
range
to be handled
TEST LAB
206
4.03 WDM Classification

WDM Classification is based on the Channel spacing
between 2 Wave lengths
Channel spacing > 200GHz is called CWDM
Channel spacing > 100 GHz is called WDM
Channel spacing < 100GHz is called DWDM
Channel spacing < 25GHz is called UDWDM
100 GHz is equal to 0.8 nm
TEST LAB
207
4.04 Infrared Spectrum

O-Band
E-Band
1260-1360nm
1360-1460nm
1460-1530nm
1530-1565nm
1565-1625nm
CWDM
Future
DWDM
DWDM
DWDM
CWDM
S-Band
C-Band
TEST LAB
L-Band
208
4.05 Wavelength allocation for DWDM

(ITU-T G.692)
C-Band (1530 1562nm):

Also called conventional band or 1550 band
L-Band (1574 1608nm):
Also called Long wavelength band or 1580nm band
The channel central frequencies are allocated in equal
frequency spacing of 100 GHz or 0.1 THz.
All the channel central frequencies are anchored to the
193.1 THz reference. The channel central wavelength
corresponding to the reference frequency is 1552.52 nm.
TEST LAB
209
Channel
number
1530.33
1531.12
1531.90
1532.68
1533.47
1534.25
1535.04
1535.82
1536.61
1537.40
1538.19
1538.98
1539.77
1540.56
1541.35
1542.14
1542.94
1543.73
1544.53
1545.32
1546.12
1546.92
1547.72
1548.52
1549.32
1550.12
1550.92
1551.72
1552.52
1553.33
1554.13
1554.94
1555.75
1556.56
1557.36
1558.17
1558.98
1559.79
1560.61
1561.42
1562.23
Carrier
frequency
(nm)
196.0
195.9
195.8
195.7
195.6
195.5
195.4
195.3
195.2
195.1
195.0
194.9
194.8
194.7
194.6
194.5
194.3
194.2
194.1
194.0
193.9
193.8
193.7
193.6
193.5
193.4
193.3
193.2
193.1
193.0
192.9
192.8
192.7
192.6
192.5
192.4
192.3
192.2
192.1
192.0
191.9
Carrier
wavelength
C40
C39
C38
C37
C36
C35
C34
C33
C32
C31
C30
C29
C28
C27
C26
C25
C24
C23
C22
C21
Tone ch.
C20
C19
C18
C17
C16
C15
C14
C13
C12
C11
C10
C09
C08
C07
C06
C05
C04
C03
C02
C0
1
Wavelength allocation in C-Band
(THz)
Note 1: Optical carriers are allocated on ITU-T 100 GHz (0.1 THz) grid in Rec. G. 692.
2: Tone channel is dedicated for operation & maintenance support.
3. C13 is the Centre Wavelength
TEST LAB
210
Channel
number
1574.54
1575.37
1576.20
1577.03
1577.86
1578.69
1579.52
1580.35
1581.18
1582.02
1582.85
1583.69
1584.53
1585.36
1586.20
1587.04
1587.88
1588.73
1589.57
1590.41
1591.26
1592.10
1592.95
1593.79
1594.64
1595.49
1596.34
1597.19
1598.04
1598.89
1599.75
1600.60
1601.46
1602.31
1603.17
1604.03
1604.88
1605.74
1606.60
1607.47
1608.33
Carrier
frequency
(nm)
190.4
190.3
190.2
190.1
190.0
189.9
189.8
189.7
189.6
189.5
189.4
189.3
189.2
189.1
189.0
188.9
188.8
188.7
188.6
188.5
188.4
188.3
188.2
188.1
188.0
187.9
187.8
187.7
187.6
187.5
187.4
187.3
187.2
187.1
187.0
186.9
186.8
186.7
186.6
186.5
186.4
Carrier
wavelength
L01
L02
L03
L04
L05
L06
L07
L08
L09
L10
L11
L12
L13
L14
L15
L16
L17
L18
L19
L20
Tone ch.
L21
L22
L23
L24
L25
L26
L27
L28
L29
L30
L31
L32
L33
L34
L35
L36
L37
L38
L39
L40
Wavelength allocation in L-Band
(THz)
Note 1: Optical carriers are allocated on ITU-T 100 GHz (0.1 THz) grid in Rec. G. 692.
2: Tone channel is dedicated for operation & maintenance support.
TEST LAB
211
4.06 Main Components in DWDM

1) Transponder
2) Omux/Odmux
3) Optical Amplifier
4) OADM
5) Regenerator
TEST LAB
212
Transponder
A device that takes an optical signal, performs electrical
3R regeneration & re-transmits the signal in optical form
In to Wavelength grid as per G.192
It allows any Wavelength as input to DWDM
For every input Wavelength, one transponder is required
Its very useful for Wavelength leasing, as customer can
Send any wavelength
TEST LAB
213
Transponder
OADM
Transponders in
Terminal
Transponders in
OADM
TEST LAB
214
Mux/Transponders in DWDM
Fibre
2.5 Gb/s
10Gb/s
Full
transparency
Colored SDH
I/Fs
M
U
X
TRP
SAN
TRP
PDH
TRP
ATM
TRP
GbE
TRP
SDH /
SONET
TRP
Digital
Video
ECISDH
TEST LAB
215
KEEP ALIVE function in Transponder
TX
LOS
Shut-Down
Keep-alive
LOS
TXShut-Down
Keep-alive
RX
TX
RX
TX
SDH
SDH
TXA
Interruption
TX
RX
TX
SDH
RX
SDH
A transponder continuously outputs signal when it detects LOS.

(If a transponder shut down its output when it detects LOS, output of TXAMP at
Term Node may not correspond to sudden change of waves, so that
system may have an interruption.)
TEST LAB
216
Block Diagram of Transponder (2.5G Term)
Tx-Side
TX-E/O
ALM/Cont
CLK
LBO
Lambda OUT
(to OMUX)
DATA
RSOH
Monitor
OPT IN
(from Client)
TX-O/E
ALM/Cont
Control Circuits
BUS
Rx-Side
OPT OUT
(to Client)
RX-E/O
ALM/Cont
CLK
DATA
RSOH
Monitor
RX-O/E
Lambda IN
(from ODMUX)
ALM/Cont
TEST LAB
217
Omux/Odmux
Various Transponder outputs (Wavelengths) will be
provided as Inputs to Mux. Each input is equipped with A
selective filter of certain Wavelength. The output of these
filters are coupled to a Single Mode fiber
At the Receiver end, these Wavelengths are separated
again by a Demux & directs them to individual
Transponders
Both Mux & Demux are identical components,
only difference is that they are driven in opposite
direction
TEST LAB
218
DWDM Nodes - Optical Multiplexer (OMUX)
Wavelengt
h
n
(n(n1)
2)
Channe
l #n
#(n#(n1)
2)
Client
100 GHz
3
2
1
Aggregate Signal
over n-channels
with wavelengths
ranging from 1 to
n.
#3
#2
#1
OMUX
(n1)
Transmi
t
Amplifie
r
(TXA)
Channel spacing is
100 GHz and even.
TEST LAB
219
DWDM Nodes - Optical Demultiplexer (ODMUX)
Wavelengt
h
n
(n(n1)
2)
Channe
l #n
#(n#(n1)
2)
Client
100 GHz
3
2
1
Aggregate Signal
over n-channels
with wavelengths
ranging from 1 to
n.
#3
#2
#1
ODMUX
(n1)
Receive
Amplifie
r
(RXA)
Channel spacing is
100 GHz and even.
TEST LAB
220
4.07 Need of Amplifier

Receiver
Transmitter
Electrical
signal
~1 mW
80 km of fiber
0.25 dB/km
~10 W
Electrical
signal
There should be enough optical power at the receiver

for error free detection
Bit Error Rate (BER), typically less than 10-12
To travel long distances, we need to amplify or regenerate
the optical signal
TEST LAB
221
Optical Amplifier
Where do we require Optical Amps ?
a) Booster/Post Amp
Boosts the signal at Transmitter end to compensate relatively
low output power of laser transmitters
b) Line Amp
Used at regular intervals to compensate fiber transmission
loss
c) Pre Amp
Boosts signal prior to Optical detectors to increase the Rx
sensitivity
TEST LAB
222
Applications
Booster amplifiers for boosting optical power into the fiber
For boosting power before splitting into many branches in
CATV
Preamplifiers for increasing receiver sensitivity
In line amplifiers for periodic compensation of loss
For overcoming losses at cross connect, add/drop etc.
TEST LAB
223
Optical amplifiers in light wave systems

Tx
Rx
Booster amplifiers
Tx
Rx
Preamplifiers
Tx
Rx
TEST LAB
In-line
amplifiers
224
Typical Point To Point Optical Link
Rx
Tx
Signal Power
Post Amplifier
Line Amplifier
Pre Amplifier
Receiver Sensitivity
Link Length
TEST LAB
225
4.08 Types of Optical Amplifiers
Two Types of optical amplifiers available

1.
Solid state Optical Amplifiers
2.
Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers
Fiber Amplifiers
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( EDFAs )
Raman Amplification ( RA )
TEST LAB
226
Erbium doped fiber amplifier

Amplified signal
Weak signal
~1550 nm
WDM
EDF
Components:
Doped fiber
WDM coupler
Isolator
Pump laser
Isolator
980 nm pump
TEST LAB
227
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers

An Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier consists of a short length of
optical fibre doped by small controlled amount of the rare earth
element erbium
This rare earth element contributes in the amplification process in
presence of pump signal
Pump laser excites erbium ions which give extra energy to signal
Principle of operation is similar to principle of a laser
TEST LAB
228
4.09 Configuration of EDFA

The typical configuration of the EDFA consists of:
Optical pump source
WDM coupler
Er+ doped fiber
Isolators
TEST LAB
229
Configuration of EDFA
TEST LAB
230
Erbium doped
fiber
Core of the fiber doped with erbium
Conc. ~ 40 - 400 ppm
Absorption at 980/1550 nm ~ 5.5/5.2 dB/m
Fiber NA ~ 0.2 0.3
Cut off wavelength ~ 930 nm
MFD ~ 5.5 m at 1550 nm
Er doped
region
TEST LAB
231
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers

An Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier consists of a short length of
optical fibre doped by small controlled amount of the rare earth
element erbium
This rare earth element contributes in the amplification process in
presence of pump signal
Pump laser excites erbium ions which give extra energy to signal
Principle of operation is similar to principle of a laser
TEST LAB
232
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier

Pumping with 980nm laser is more effective than 1480nm
pumping
Commonly used in submarine systems, and increasingly on
land
Amplification possible at many wavelengths around 1550nm
Gain profile is not flat from the EDFA and need some flatting
mechanism
TEST LAB
233
Principle of Operation
An optical amplification is done with the help of an optical pump
laser of selective wavelength
Erbium ions are excited by the pump signal and reached to the
higher energy states
Erbium ion at high-energy state will stimulated by the signal needs
amplification leads these ion return to a lower-energy called
ground energy state
During this transition these ion emits a radiation of similar to the
signal
TEST LAB
234
Principle of EDFA Amplification
TEST LAB
235
Principle of Amplification in EDFA
TEST LAB
236
C & L band of EDFA
TEST LAB
237
Raman Fiber Amplifier

Basic principle of Raman fiber amplifier is Stimulated Raman
Scattering (SRS)
When stronger optical pump interacts with the medium generates
new signal (a Stokes wave) in same direction
New generated frequency is lesser then the pump frequency
by13.2 THz
In normal fiber this effect is very small and it takes a relatively long
length to have significant amplification
TEST LAB
238
Raman Amplification
TEST LAB
239
Raman Amplification(Contd..)
o A Raman amplifier uses intrinsic properties of silica fiber to obtain signal
amplification,this means transmission fiber can be used as a medium for
amplification
o An amplifier working on the principle of Raman amplification is called a
Distributed Raman Amplifier(DRA)
TEST LAB
240
Raman Amplifier(Principle)
The physical property behind DRA is called SRS.this
occurs when a sufficiently large pump wave is colaunched at a lower wavelength than the signal to be
amplified
Raman gain strongly depends on pump power and
frequency offset between pump and signal
Amplification occurs when the pumped photon gives
up its energy to create a new photon at the signal
wavelength plus some residual energy which is
absorbed as phonons(vibrational energy)
TEST LAB
241
Raman Amplifier(Principle)
o As there is a wide range of vibrational states above ground state,a broad range
of possible transitions are providing gain
o Raman gain increases almost linearly with the wavelength offset between signal
and pump peaking at about 100nm and then dropping rapidly with increased
offset
TEST LAB
242
Advantages of Raman Amplifier over EDFA
Low Noise Build up

Simple design,as direct amplification is achieved in the optical fiber and no
special transmission medium is required
Flexible assignment of signal frequencies,as Raman gain depends on the
pump wavelength and not on a wavelength sensitive material
parameter,such as emission cross section of dopant in the Erbium Doped
Fiber(EDF)
Broad gain bandwidth is achievable by combining Raman amplification
effect of several pump waves that are placed carefully in wavelength
domain
TEST LAB
243
Disadvantages of Raman Amplifier over EDFA

Not only specially launched pump waves but also but also
some of the WDM channels may provide power to amplify the
other channels this would result in power to amplify other
channels and thus cross talk leading to de-gradation
Degrading effects like Raman scattering and backward
Rayleigh scattering also affects the performance
TEST LAB
244
Comparison of Raman Amplifier and EDFA

Characteristic
Doped-Fiber Amplifier
Raman Amplifier
Amplificatio
n Band
depends on dopant
depends on availability of pump

wavelengths
Amplificatio
20 nm,more for multiple dopants/fibers
n Bandwidth
48 nm, more for multiple pump

waves
Gain
20 dB or more, depending on ion

concentration, fiber length, and pump
configuration
411 dB, proportional to pump

intensity and effective fiber length
Saturation
Power
depends on gain and material constants
equals about power of pump waves
Pump
Wavelength
980 nm or 1480 nm for EDFAs
100 nm lower then signal

wavelength at peak gain
TEST LAB
245
Raman Fiber Amplifier

From this phenomenon signal of lower frequency then pump gets
amplified and the optimal amplification occurs when the difference in
wavelengths is around 13.2 THz
Any signal lower then pump can be amplified but the efficiency will
not be the same for all
Efficiency can be improved by adding an FBG (Fibre Bragg Grating)
reflector for the pump wavelength
Thus any frequency can be generated from this phenomenon
TEST LAB
246
4.10 Amplifier Vs. Regenerator

Optical amplifier, amplifies an optical signal without changing it to
electrical signal
Repeaters, Amplifies the optical signal after converting back to
electrical and generates a new optical signal of the same format
Reshaping & timing of data stream
TEST LAB
247
Amplification Vs. Regenerator
Regenerator
TEST LAB
248
4.11 Electrical
Regeneration
Long haul fiber optic systems use repeaters or regenerators
LD
PD
3R
1
Regeneration with
retiming and reshaping
Limited by speed of electrical
Single wavelength only
Capacity upgradation difficult and expensive
TEST LAB
249
Interaction between atom and

light
An atom or an ion is characterized by discrete energy levels
Interaction process between an atom and radiation
Spontaneous
emission
Stimulated
emission
Absorption
E2
E1
E2
E1
E2
E1
TEST LAB
250
Optical
amplification
Attenuation
E2
E1
Amplification
E2
E1
Optical amplification by using population inversion

TEST LAB
251
4.12 KEEP ALIVE function in OADM

LOS
TX
LOS
Shut-Down
Keep-alive
RX
LOS
TX
SDH
RX
RXA
SDH
TXA
Interruption
TX
RX
TX
SDH
RX
SDH
transponder continuously outputs signal when it detects LOS.
(If a transponder shut down its output when it detects LOS, output of TXAMP at
Term Node may not correspond to sudden change of waves, so that
TEST LAB
252
KEEP ALIVE function in OADM
Output Power Level
RXAMP Output Power Level
RXAMP Output Signal
RXAMP keeps
total output power
level.
RXAMP keeps
total output power
level.
With Keep Alive
Signals
Failure
No Signal
Failure
Without Keep Alive
ASE
ASE
Time
RXAMP
continuously outputs signal when it detects LOS.
(If RXAMP shut down its output when it detects LOS, output of TXAMP at
Full-OADM Node may not correspond to sudden change of waves, so that
TEST LAB
253
4.13 Optical Supervisory Channel

(OSC)
OSC
is the dedicated engineering service channel defined in ITU-T Rec. G. 692.
ITU-T Recommendation G.692 assigns (151010) nm or (198.51.4) THz for the

OSC frequency or wavelength.
While the 1510 nm is convenient for C-band, another supplier-proprietary OSC

wavelength such as 1630 nm can be assigned for L-band.
The OSC transmits the line supervisory or engineering service information such
as the number of traffic channels installed and order wire traffic etc
TEST LAB
254
Block Diagram of Amplifier (TX AMP)

EDFA
INPUT
EDFA
OUTPUT
GEQ
SV-IN
Pumping
Laser-1
Pumping
Laser-6
Pumping
Laser-7
INPUTMON
Pumping
Laser-8
IN
MON
Pumping Laser-1
Pumping Laser-6,7,8
980nm
1480nm
OUTPUTMON
OUT
MON
REF
MON
SV
MON
GEQ:Gain Equalizer
30/33 dB amplifier applies pumping laser-8
TEST LAB
255
4.14 DWDM networks: Measurement Parameters

T
Purely optical parameters (all channels)

P, , OSNR
=> OSA
Quality parameters (related to a single channel)

Logical-Layer parameters:
LOS, LOF, B1, B2, FEC (G709)
=> BERT
Physical-Layer parameters (S/N):

bit error rate, jitter, wander,Q-factor
TEST LAB
=> BERT, Q-meter
256
DWDM System Parameters
TEST LAB
257
Performance Monitoring using SDH Frame
Layer 3
IP
IP
Router
Router
IP
IP
Router
Router
Layer 2
Layer 1
DWDM
DWDM
B1
Monitor
B1
Monitor
SDH
Layer 0
Frame
SDH
n
w/ 3R
SDH
n
w/ 3R
Frame
TxTPND
Short Reach
OPT Interface
Frame
RxTPND
Performance Guarantee
for Optical Layer
Long Reach
Termination
TEST LAB
Short Reach
OPT Interface
258
Transmission Performance - Measure

As a digital transmission system, transmission
performance of a WDM system is assessed by data
transmission errors in bit-error ratio (BER).
Two causes of transmission errors:
1.Optical noise, referred to as the amplified

spontaneous emission (ASE), created and
accumulated in the optical amplifiers used as ILAs.
2.Waveform distortion created in the optical fibers.
Generally, the effect by ASE is predominant over that by
the waveform distortion.
TEST LAB
259
Gain Profile Management (1)

The gain profile management regulates the gain profile, or the
gain-to-wavelength characteristics, to meet the BER
requirements of the individual channels.
The gain profile of an optical amplifier covering a range of wavelength
generally exhibits uneven characteristics as shown simply below.
Power level
WDM signal input

to AMP
AMP gain-WL
characteristics (Uneven
gain profile)
WDM signal output from

AMP (Uneven ch-signal
levels)
Wavelength(WL)
TEST LAB
260
Gain Profile Management (2)

Purpose of the gain profile management is to compress, or
equalize, the wavelength-dependent gain variation into
acceptable limits using GEQ.
Power level
WDM signal input

to AMP
AMP gain-WL
characteristics (Uneven
gain profile)
GEQ gain-WL
characteristics
Wavelength(WL)
(AMP + GEQ) gainWL characteristics
WDM signal output from

AMP (Even ch-signal levels)
TEST LAB
261
4.15 Performance Degradation Factors

Factors limiting the transmission distance
OSNR (20dB for 2.5Gb/s, and 26dB for 10Gb/s)
Attenuation (optical fiber)
Chromatic dispersion
PMD (polarized mode dispersion)
Non-linearity effects
Solutions
Narrow-band laser sources
Optical amplifier EDFA
Dispersion compensation
PMD (unsolved) Controlled in fibre at source
TEST LAB
262
Performance Degradation Factors

The BER performance of a DWDM channel is determined by OSNR, which is
delivered by the receiver.
This acceptable OSNR is delivered through a relatively sophisticated
analysis of signal strength per channel, amplifier distances, and the
frequency spacing between channels.
OSNR POUT L NF 10 Log N 10 Log h vv 0
POUT: Per channel output power(dBm)
L:
Attenuation between two amplifiers (dB)
NF : Noise figure of amplifier(dB)

N:
number of spans
10 Log [h vv 0 = - 58 dBm 1.55m, 0.1nm spectrum width)

The total transmit power is limited by the present laser technology and fiber
non linearities .The key factors are the span (L) and the number of spans(N).
TEST LAB
263
Performance Degradation Factors


L:
Attenuation between two amplifiers (dB)

N:
number of spans

The total transmit power is limited by the present laser technology and
fiber non-linearity's
The key factors are the span (L) and the number of spans(N).
TEST LAB
264
4.16 Chromatic Dispersion

Adverse Effects on Performance
Transmission errors caused by the pulse waveform
distortion due to the pulse transition point dispersion.
Pulse width=a
Pulse width=b<a
Time Slot
Transmitted pulse
Transmission
fiber cable
Time Slot
Received pulse
Effective pulse width of the received signal is reduced due to the

transition point dispersion.
The reduction in the effective pulse width can cause transmission
error.
TEST LAB
265
Chromatic Dispersion Effects
electrical signal
dispersion (different velocities for different wavelengths)
Optical
Light Source
t
t
(LaserDiode) continuous light signal Modulator modulated light signal
(line signal)
center wavelength
(frq.)
Spectrumof continuous light
(frq.)
Spectrum of modulated light
TEST LAB
266
Chromatic Dispersion Effects Counter measures

Dispersion Management
The dispersion management compensates the received signal for
the dispersion accumulated over a fiber transmission line to
meet the BER requirement.
Objective for the accumulated chromatic dispersion depends on
the bit rate of the channel signal, for example;
8,000 ps/nm for 2.5 Gbps channel signal, or
300 ps/nm for 10 Gbps channel signal.
Typical chromatic dispersion coefficient of a single-mode fiber

(SMF) is;
+18 ps/(nmkm) in 1550 nm region.
TEST LAB
267
Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)

x
Velocity:V1
V1 > V2
Velocity:V2
y
DGD
Fiber
Fiber without
PMD
Fiber with PMD
Propagation without or with PMD
TEST LAB
268
Polarized Mode Dispersion (PMD)

x
Ideal fiber
y
Actual fiber
PMD = delay time
In
in
s
a
cre
ER
B
g
Caused by the eccentric and asymmetrical characteristics

of the fiber.
Causing the same effect as by the chromatic dispersion.
No way to reduce or compensate it for the time being.
TEST LAB
269
Dispersion Compensation Fiber
The popular methods are dispersion compensation fibers and

chirp gratings
DCF provide negative dispersion in 1550nm
CFBG reflect different wavelengths introducing different
delays in different frequencies
Polarization mode dispersion
Different polarizations travel with different group velocities
Distribution of signal and the energy over different SOP slowly
changes with time
TEST LAB
270
4.17 Fiber Nonlinearities

Fiber nonlinear ties limit the performance of any fiber optic
transmission systemincluding DWDM.
Nonlinearities fall into two groups:
Scattering phenomena
- SBS Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
- SRS Stimulated Raman Scattering
Refractive index phenomena
- SPM self-phase modulation (Intra-channel)
- CPM cross-phase modulation (Inter-channel)
- FWM four-wave mixing
Nonlinearities can be avoided by limiting the total transmit
power.
TEST LAB
271
Optical Fiber Non-linearity Kerr Effects

Phenomenon
Description
Effects on
Signals
SPM
The fiber
depending
strength.
XPM
The fiber refractive index varies Spectrum

depending
on
the
strengths
of broadening.
coexisting optical signals.
Waveform
distortion.
FWM
Spurious optical signals are generated Beat noise.

due to the third-order cross modulation Waveform
among the different wavelength optical distortion.
signals.
refractive index
on the optical
TEST LAB
varies Spectrum
signal broadening.
Waveform
distortion.
272
Optical Fiber Non-linearity Example

Four-wave Mixing (FWM)
Power (db)
S1
f
213
U1
f
113
f1- 2f
f
123
f
112
S2
U2
U3
U4
f1- f
f
312
f
223
f1
U5
S3
f
132
U6
U7
f2
f
332
f
321
f
221
U8
f
231
f3
U9
U10
f
331
U11
f3+ f
U12
f3+ 2f
Frequency
Undesired optical signals U1 to U12 generated by FWM

from 3 equally-spaced signals S1 to S3 with frequencies
f1, f2 and f3, respectively.
TEST LAB
273
Optical Signal/Noise Ratio (OSNR)

The BER performance of a DWDM channel is determined by
OSNR, which is delivered by the receiver.
This acceptable OSNR is delivered through a relatively
sophisticated analysis of signal strength per channel, amplifier
distances, and the frequency spacing between channels.
OSNR POUT L NF 10 Log N 10 Log h

vv 0
L: Attenuation between two amplifiers (dB)
N: number of spans
The total transmit power is limited by the present laser technology and
fiber non-linearity's
TEST
274
The key factors are the span (L) and
the LAB
number of spans(N).
TX
TX
OFA
OFA
p=
a
T
d
20
(1
)
%
OFA
Pch = 3 dBm
OFA
TX
DWDM Demux
TX
DWDM Mux
Link Budget Calculation

RX
RX
RX
RX
Pch = -17 dBm

Pch = -21 dBm ==> signal
to low for 10G
P in
P in
Dynamic ranges:
OQM-201 (all data rates)
1 port 10G (OC-192/STM-64)
1 port up to 2.5G (OC-3/STM-1)
P out
BERT, Q-meter
Channel selector
with low intersion loss
e.g. 4 dB
-14 dBm to -4 dBm
-14 dBm to -3 dBm
-28 dBm to -8 dBm
-28 dBm to -8 dBm
-18 dBm to 0 dBm
TEST LAB
275
How to access and monitor live DWDM networks ?

Channel Isolation
Terminal A
Terminal B
Mon Tx
OA
Mon Tx
OA
Mon Tx
...
Mux
...
OADM
OA
OTU
OA
Demux
OTU
OADM
Mon Tx
BER Test
Q-factor analysis
of the channel
Spectral Analysis
Channel isolation
TEST LAB
276
Test and Measurement Equipment for DWDM
OA
OA
Mon Tx
Report generation
Mon Tx
OADM
OA
Mon Tx
OA
Mon Tx
...
M
u
x
...
Terminal
OADM
Demu
OTU
x
OTU
Terminal
EDFA channel
amplifier
OSA + DWDM
channel isolator
Sonet/ SDH
Analyzer,
Q-factor meter
,OSNR, P, BER, Q
TESTModular
LAB platform
277
Fiber Characterization before DWDM installation
Insertion loss and optical budget measurement

ORL measurement
Splice/Connector measurement
Length measurement
Attenuation profile measurement
TEST LAB
278
DWDM Field Testing

Automatic Power Reduction (APR)
APR is an important function for automatic shutdown of optical output
when the system detects fiber-cut.
Necessary for safety maintenance.
LOC-OTS
T1
Txpnd
APR
R1
Rxpnd
TERM
CUT
IL1
R2
T2
APR
LOC-OTS
TEST LAB
Rxpnd
APR
Txpnd
IL2
TERM
279
Automatic Power Control

TxPND
OMUX
TXAMP
ILAMP
RXAMP
ODMUX
RxPND
O-E-O
O-E-O
ED
FA
PD
O-E-O
LD
OSC
1510nm
ED
FA
OSC
LD 1510nm
PD
ED
FA
O-E-O
PD
PD
AWG
APC
OSC AGENT
O-E-O
APC
APC
OSC AGENT
AWG
OSC AGENT
O-E-O
PD
INTF
TERM
SC
SC
SC
ILAMP
TERM
OMUX detects incoming optical signals

Informs how many active channels to ILAMPs and Remote Terminal
Via Optical Supervisory Channel @1510nm
Easily upgrade TxPND cards
TEST LAB
280
Protection Switching function

Protection Switching function with optic coupler is supported.
Optical UWPSR(Uni-directional Wavelength-Path Switched
Ring)
Unprotected operation is also supported at each wavelength.
In this case, node capacity is doubled.
TPND
TPND
TPND
TPND
Coupler
Router
Protection scheme for premium service
offering
Configuration for high capacity unprotected

service.
TEST LAB
281
4.18 Comparison of CWDM and DWDM Technologies
TEST LAB
282
0
16
1
15
9
15
7
0
15
5
0
15
3
10
15
90
14
0
14
50
14
70
14
3
0
14
1
13
90
0
13
7
0
13
5
0
13
3
0
13
1
0
12
9
12
7
CWDM Channel Grid ITU-T G.694.2
DWDM:
driven by longhaul networks, expensive, high transparency,
superior scalability
CWDM:
limited to Max 16/18 channels, 40-100Gbps fiber capacity
remote storage, intra-enterprise, high speed data transfer
owned/leased fibers, local carriers
TEST LAB
283
DWDM Vs CWDM
TEST LAB
284
4.19 Summary
Types of Bands used in DWDM
2.
No of Wavelengths used in DWDM
3.
Types of Modules used in DWDM Like Transponder ,Amplifiers,Mux & DMUX
4.
Difference between Amplifier & Regenerator
5.
Parameters that effect the DWDM System performance
6.
Chromatic dispersion and Polarized mode dispersion
7.
How Four Wave Mixing that Effect the dwdm system performance
8.
Difference between DWDM & CWDM
TEST LAB
285
Chapter-5
SDH & DWDM Products
TEST LAB
286
SDH & DWDM Products

Page No
5.01 ECI equipment
290
5.02 XDM features
..
291 -- 292
5.03 Card Descriptions
293 --302
5.04 XDM Highlights & interfaces
..
303 --306
5.05 XDM 100 Applications
307--310
5.06 XDM 100 Architecture
311 --321
5.07 Protection Mechanism
..
322 --325
5.08 XDM1000 Shelf veiw
..
326 --328
5.09 XDM -2000
TEST LAB
329
287
SDH & DWDM Products

Page No
5.10
XDM-500
330 --342
5.11
XDM-400
343
5.12
Ethernet solution
344 347
Alcatel Products
5.21
Alcatel products
5.22
1642 Edge Multiplexer
352 --356
5.23
1642 Traffic port sub system
357 --360
5.24
1642 Add drop feature
..
5.25
Main product feature
TEST LAB
348 --351
361
362--364
288
SDH & DWDM Products

Page No
5.26
1662 SMC Product
..
365 --369
5.27
Traffic port subsystem & Applications .
370 381
5.28
1660 SM Product features
..
382 385
5.29
1696 Metro Span Applications
..
386 390
5.30
1696 OADM Features & Applications
..
391394
5.31
Optical Amplifier
395396
5.32
Optical layer protection
97 404
5.33
TMN Architecture
..
405 410
5.34
Summary
TEST LAB
411
289
5.01 ECI Equipment
ECI XDM 2000
ECI XDM 400
ECI XDM 100

ECI XDM 1000
Micro XDM
ECI XDM 500
Micro LAN
TEST LAB
290
5.02 SDM-1
1
The -SDM-1RD is the reduced version of the product. It supports up

to eight E1 tributaries and is non-expandable
The -SDM-1 is the standard multiplier. It supports up to 21 E1

tributaries
3
The -SDM-1E module is up gradable from 21 E1 to 63 E1 tributary
interfaces via Tributary Expansion (TEX) cards. Adding a TEX card causes no
interruption to live network traffic and can be performed at any
time.
2
Channel 22 is used for DCC Cross connect and also used for
Traffic
STM 1 interface modules

a.Optical short-haul 1310nm (35km)
b.Optical long haul 1550 nm (100km)
c.Electrical
.
TEST LAB
291
-SDM-1 Main Features

1.
Automatic path protection switching
2.
Automatic performance monitoring
3.
NVM (Non Volatile -Memory) card for

software and configuration back up
4.
Dual input power
5.
Variety of timing sources
6.
Alarm in/out connectors

TEST LAB
292
5.03 Card Descriptions
MAC
Main Card
CDB
Control Daughter Board
TEX
Tributary Extension card
TEST LAB
293
Main Card (MAC)
Houses two O/E modules

Which provide the SDH line interface
Houses the timing module unit (TMU)
Houses 21x2Mbps electrical modules,
which provide PDH tributary lines.
TEST LAB
294
Control Daughter Board (CDB)
Control the system and communicates

with the E-NM
Houses the NVM (Non Volatile
Memory) module
Houses the power supply
Houses the LEDs for displaying local
alarms
TEST LAB
295
Tributary Extension (TEX) Card
Optical card
Provides additional Tributaries
Provides physical PDH interfaces
for 2/34/45 Mbps
TEST LAB
296
Tributary Extension (TEX) Card
Power (2sources)
21x2Mbps
tributaries
Alarm In/out
Debug port
CLK In/out
Alarm indicators
NVM
RJ-45
Ethernet connector
Aggregate
connections
TEST LAB
297
XDM Capabilities
Configurable system
TM-Terminal Multiplexer
DXC
DWDM (XDM 200/400/500/1000/2000)
ADM
TEST LAB
298
Common Cards Description
XDM Multiplexer Control Processor (XMCP)

Main Equipment Control Panel (MECP)
High / Low Level Cross Connect (HLXC)
XDM input Filter Unit (XINF)
XDM Fan Control Unit (XFCU)
I/O Cards.
TEST LAB
299
Example: XDM-1000
X-INF
Modules cage
ECB
MEPC
HLXC-L
HLXC-R
XMPC
X-FCU
TEST LAB
300
Light soft connectivity

Client
Micro
XDM
XDM
1000
EMS-1
For XDM
NMS-SERVER
Blade 2000-SUN
XDM
500
Other
Vendor MTNM
TEST LAB
EMS
SYMCOM
Micro
LAN
301
MSPP in the Access Added Values

Low cost miniature MSPP that combines Ethernet flexibility with
SDH/SONET reliability
Single access platform for all service types (reduced network cost)
One edge node suits all types of applications
Single management system for all services
Cost-effective network infrastructure
Flexible and scalable platform that enables a Build- as-You-Grow
approach in the Access arena
Future ready
TEST LAB
302
5.04 The XDM-100 Highlights
Miniature Multi-propose SDH network element
Non-blocking 128 STM-1/OC-3 streams
High/Low order granularity matrix with an overall capacity

of 20 Gbps
Supports ring, chain, mesh network topologies
Supports SDH and SONET
CWDM colored interfaces ( optional )
Belongs to the XDM family
TEST LAB
303
The XDM-100 Interfaces

E1 (up to 168 per shelf per 21 E1s card)
Up to 252 per shelf per 63 E1s card (roadmap)
E3, DS-3 (up to 24 per shelf and 3 per module)
10/100BaseT (16 per shelf and 8 per module )
100FX (8 per shelf and 4 per module )
GbE (4 per shelf and 2 per module )
Electrical and optical STM-1/OC-3 (up to 48 per shelf and 4 per module)
STM-4/OC-12 (up to 8 per shelf and 2 per module)
STM-16/OC-48 (up to 4 per shelf and 1 per module)
CWDM colored transceivers (optional)
TEST LAB
304
Ethernet Layer 2 Services by XDM-100

Ethernet layer 2 services platform via special Ethernet module
Multipoint-to-multipoint transparent LAN services
Shared capacity used for multiple users, ensuring cost-effective
statistical multiplexing.
QoS guarantees
TEST LAB
305
Ethernet by XDM-100 Advantages
Provides Ethernet with carrier-class reliability
Wide variety of protection schemes
Carrier-class operation and management
Comprehensive service measurement ensures customer SLA
Framework for various service offerings
Ethernet traffic is carried over existing SDH/SONET infrastructure exploiting

resources, footprint and operational efforts.
TEST LAB
306
5.05
The XDM-100 Applications
TEST LAB
307
XDM-100 in the Metro Access

Metro access transmission sub-network
TM-1/4/16, dual homing, Multi terminal 1/4/16,

expansion shelf for XDM-1000 & XDM-2000
Redundant or Non-redundant ADM1/4/16 (OC-3/12/48)
Consolidation of multiple services
Provides more efficient scaling in the Metro Access
Metro
Access
TDM
Metro
Core
FE
Metro
Access
GbE TDM
TDM
FE
GbE TDM
TEST LAB
TDM
FE
TDM
FE
308
XDM-100 Network Termination

Local Access sub-network
Redundant ADM1/4/16 (OC-3/12/48)

Multi-ADM-1/4
Multi-service Aggregation
Provides more efficient scaling and service collection
for private networks of corporate / enterprises
GbE TDM
Local
Access
TDM
TEST LAB
FE
309
XDM-100 in the Cellular RAN

Cellular Networks
RNC/ Hub BTS / Node B
XDM-500
XDM-400
ADM-1/4/16
Multi-ADM-1
Small Size
Outdoor installation
Multiple STM-1 Links

or STM-4
STM-1
XDM-100
N x E1s
uSDM-1
STM-1
N x E1s
BTS
BTS
TEST LAB
BTS
310
5.06
The XDM-100 Architecture
TEST LAB
311
The XDM-100 Layout

MXC-A
I/O Modules:
Multiplexe
r
Cross
Connect
&
Control
PIM, SIM, EISM
SDH/SONET
Aggregate
modules
(SAM)
MXC-B
ECU
External Control Unit
TEST LAB
FCU100
Fan Control Unit
312
XDM-100
1.
Simple, add or replace plug-in modules. This can be performed while

the system is in operation, without affecting traffic in any way.
Optimization of aggregate module assignment. Two aggregate modules

are associated with each Main Cross-connect Control (MXC) card. Each
module supports a bandwidth of up to 2.5 Gbps.
Optimization of tributary I/O slot assignment. Eight slots can

accommodate different I/O modules (PIM, SIM and EIS-M).
In-service scalability of SDH links.An optical connection operating at a

specific STM rate can be upgraded from STM-1 to STM-4or STM-16.
5 XDM-100supports mesh,ring,star,and linear topologies.All system

configurations are controlled by a single network
management system with end-to-end service provisioning, from E1 to
STM-16 to DS-3.
TEST LAB
313
XDM-100
6 The XDM-100 can be configured to operate as:Single ADM/TM
7.Aggregates traffic arriving over Ethernet, E1, E3, DS-3 and STM-1/4 signals
directly over STM-1/4/16
8.
Multi-ADM/TM
Can be configured as a Terminal Multiplier (TM) with a single port for the
line aggregates, as an ADM with two aggregate ports
9. Is suitable for indoor or outdoor installations
10. Supports an extended operating temperature range up to 55 C
TEST LAB
314
MXC Functionality
The XDM-100 Main Cross-Connect and Control (MXC) card performs all the
XDM-100 cross-connect, timing, multiplexing and power functions, including:
1
Multiplexer control and traffic processing. The processor controls all

multiplexer functions.
Input power filtering (INF) and DC/DC conversion. Each card accepts two
power input sources,
SDH traffic cross-connection (via an 192x192 STM-1 switch). The switch
switches aggregate and tributary interface traffic. The actual used capacity
is
128 x 128 STM-1 equivalents.
TEST LAB
315
MXC Functionality
Multiplexer timing unit. A full featured XDM TMU.
DCC routing and handling of 32 DCC channels.
Each MXC card also has a nonvolatile flash memory (NVM).
For reliability purposes, a redundant pair of main cross-connect control
cards
(MXC-A and MXC-B) may be configured, with A being the active
card and B the protection card.
TEST LAB
316
PIM (PDH Input/Output) Modules

The function of the PIM module is to link PDH interface signals to the XDM100's cross-connect matrix (MXC).
The XDM-100 supports PIM modules for different bitrates: 2 Mbps (E1), and 34
Mbps (E3), 45 Mbps (DS-3) .
SIM (SDH Input/Output) and SAM (SDH

Aggregate) Modules
SIM Modules
The XDM-100 supports the following SDH tributary interfaces:
4 x STM-1 electrical interfaces
4 x STM-1 optical modular interfaces
2 x STM-1 electrical and 2 x STM-1 optical modular interfaces

TEST LAB
317
SAM Modules
SDH aggregate for bitrates from STM-1 up to STM-16. The following
types of SAM modules are supported:
4 x STM-1 electrical interfaces
2 x STM-1 electrical and 2 x STM-1 optical modular interfaces
1 x STM-16 optical, modular interface
TEST LAB
318
SAM Modules
XDM-100 enables flexible assignment of the above I/Os. Any combination of
I/O cards is allowed, provided the total matrix capacity is not exceeded.
Shelf interfaces capacity
TEST LAB
319
The XDM-100 Schematic View

IM1
IM2
IM3
IM4
IM5
IM6
IM7
IM8
2x48Vin
MXC-A
SAM
A1
2x48Vin
MXC-B
SAM
B1
SAM
SAM
ECU
I/O Modules:
PIM, SIM, EISM
A2
FCU
B2
100
Display
SAM = SDH Aggregate Module

SAM1_4E
4 x STM-1 E
SAM1_4O
4 x STM-1 O
SAM1_4O/E
2 x STM-1O + 2 x STM-1E
SAM 4_2
2 x STM-4
SAM16_1
1 x STM-16
IM = Interface Module
PIM2_21 21x unframed E1
PIM2_63 63x unframed E1
(double slot) - roadmap
PIM345-3 3 x E3/DS3/STS-1
SIM1_4/E 4 x STM-1 E
SIM1_4/O 4 x STM-1 O
EIS-M = 6 x 10/100BaseT + 2 x 10/100/1000M
TEST LAB
320
The XDM-100 + TPU

TPU = Tributary Protection Unit (TPU)
TPU
TPM1
TPM2
TPM3
TPM4
I1
I2
I3
I4
I5
I6
I7
I8
TCF
I/O Modules:
PIM, SIM, EISM
2x48Vin
MXC-A
A1
A2
2x48Vin
MXC-B
B1
B2
ECU
FCU
100
Display
TEST LAB
321
5.07 Equipment Protection and Redundancy

The XDM-100 offers:
1:1 and 1:3 I/O protection schemes for 2/34/45Mbps
and STM-1/OC-3 electrical I/O
1+1 matrix protection
Common control redundancy
Timing unit redundancy
Power supply redundancy
TEST LAB
322
Traffic Protection Mechanisms

The XDM-100 offers:
1+1 Path Protection / UPSR, BPSR
SNCP
MSP Linear / APS 1+1
MS-SPRing / BLSR
TEST LAB
323
XDM-100 Control Interfaces
10/100 Ethernet for management
Serial port for local manager (RS-232)
External timing (T3/T4)
External Alarms port
Orderwire
OHA (future)
USB for management or DB backup ( Future Option )
TEST LAB
324
The XDM-100 in the RAN

XDM-500
Fully Protected Aggregator of

traffic from BTS or Node Bs
Small Size Non-Blocking

grooming & consolidation
XDM-500
Multiple STM-1 Links

or STM-4
Anywhere installation
Supporting Ethernet L2
services for Wireless LAN
uSDM-1
STM-1
XDM-100
N x E1s
STM-1
N x E1s
BTS
BTS
TEST LAB
BTS
325
5.08 XDM 1000 Shelf

view
11 CCP slots
for electrical
I/Os or optical
modules
2 slots for
xMCP control
cards
12 x I/O slots
for PDH, SDH,
DATA or DWDM
cards
2 slots for
XC matrices
or DWDM
modules
TEST LAB
XDM1000
Extended
Shelf
326
IO8
IO7
TEST LAB
HLXC-R
IO9
IO10
IO11
IO12
XMPC
XMPC
IO1
IO2
IO3
IO4
IO5
IO6
HLXC-L
MEPC
MIO11
MIO10
MIO9
MIO8
MIO7
MIO6
MIO5
MIO4
MIO3
MIO2
MIO1
XDM-1000 SHELF DIAGRAM
327
Capacity
Bitrate
2Mbps
34Mbps
45Mbps
STM-1
STM-4
STM-16
STM-64
XDM-1000 12 I/O
Port per card
slots 11Modules
84
924
8/16
88/176
8/16
88E/176E/172O
8/16
88E/176E/192O
4
48
1/2
12/24
1
6
TEST LAB
328
5.09 XDM 2000 Shelf view
2 slots for
xMCP control
cards
12 x I/O slots
for SDH, DATA
or DWDM
cards
2 slots for
XC matrices
or DWDM
modules
XDM2000
Optical Shelf
TEST LAB
329
4 CCP slots for

electrical I/Os or
optical modules
2 slots for
xMCP
control
cards
6 x I/O slots
for PDH, SDH,
DATA or
DWDM cards
2 slots for XC
matrices or
DWDM
modules
XDM500
Regular Shelf
TEST LAB
330
TEST LAB
5
6
1
2
3
MECP
MO4
MO3
MO2
MO1
HLXC-R
XMCP
XMCP
HLXC-L
XDM-500 SHELF DIAGRAM
331
XDM-500 SHELF
Bitrate Port per card

2Mbps
34Mbps
45Mbps
STM-1
STM-4
STM-16
STM-64
84
8/16
8/16
8/16
4
1/2
1
XDM-500 6- I/O
slots 4-Modules
336
32/64
32E/64E/96O
32E/64E/96O
24
6/12
2
TEST LAB
332
XDM -PROTECTION
Path Protection
Sub Network Connection Protection :SNCP
Multiplexer Section protection
a. MSP-Liner
b. MS-Shared protection ring
TEST LAB
333
XDM Hardware Protection
1 + 1 for HLXC
1:1 for xMCP
1:n for electrical I/Os (Slot 6 for E3,DS3 )
1:1 for Sync unit
1+1 for Sync I/p and o/p
1+1 for power supply
2+1 units for xFCU
TEST LAB
334
XMPC :Card Features
XDM Main Control Processor

The card is main controller of the XDM
Double microprocessor
XRAM Daughter board and Flash memory card
Includes Real Time Clock for the NE
TEST LAB
335
MECP-Main Equipment Control Panel
Provides fast-Ethernet HUB for management

Includes alarm indicators on the front panel
Controls XRAM indications and the I/O alarms
TEST LAB
336
MEPC LEDs
Item
LED
LED
LED
LED
Designation
CRITICAL
MAJOR
MINOR
WARNING
Status Function
RED Critical alarm indication
ORANGE Major alarm indication
YELLOW Minor alarm indication
WHITE Warning alarm indication
TEST LAB
337
HLXC Card :Main Features

High order and low order cross-connect L-Left ,R-Right
The HLXC is the cross-connect card of the XDM
Supports 192/384 STM1s traffic cross connections
Supports SONET
Houses the Timing Unit (TMU)
TEST LAB
338
XDM Timing Unit :TMU
Part of the HLXC

1:1 Hot standby protection
Up to four of the following timing references can

Be monitored simultaneously by each XDM.
2MHz external timing sources (T3)

2Mbps external timing sources (T3)
STM-n Line timing from any SDH interface card
PDH line timing
Local internal CLK
TEST LAB
339
XDM Fan Control Unit (XFCU)
XDM contains 3 XFCU units

Each XFCU is equipped with 2 independent
Power fans
Provides maximum airflow
Provides full equipment redundancy
TEST LAB
340
XDM Input Filter Unit (XINF)

Provides filtering and environmental noise
suppression
Connects the two power lines into a single output
Provides indication of voltage source presence
Provides line power transmit protection against
voltage spikes
Holds-up line voltage to bridge short interrupts of the
voltage source
Provides over and under voltage protection.
TEST LAB
341
External Connection Board :ECB
SLIP interface for management
Debug connector
Orderwire interface
T3/T4 Interfaces
TEST LAB
342
2 CCP slots
for electrical
I/Os or
amplifiers
5 x I/O slots for PDH,

SDH, DATA cards or
amplifiers
2 slots for
xMCP
control
cards
2 slots for
XC matrice
XDM400
Low cost
Compact Shelf
TEST LAB
343
5.12 ECIs Ethernet Solutions

Concatenated STM-4c/16c/64c or OC-12c/48c/192c for IP and
ATM
DIO Data I/O card - GbE layer 1 and GbE over optics
EIS: XDM FE and GBE layer 1 & 2 card
ASM ATM Service Matrix
Lan/ : Fast Ethernet layer 2 and E1 access
TEST LAB
344
But what about the legacy networks ?

Most Legacy Networks do not support concatenated signals !
The solution
Virtual Concatenation !
X
X
TEST LAB
345
But what about the legacy networks ?

The solution
solution -The
Concatenation !!
Virtual
1
1
2
3
4
1
2
1
3
4
2
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
2 3 2 1
3
4
Towards the Network regular VC4s

Towards the clients Contiguous Concatenation
TEST LAB
346
BroadGate LAN
16xE1or
21xE1I/Fs
2xFEor
6xFEI/Fs
Next Generation ADM-1

with FE L1/2 services
TEST LAB
2xSTM1o
347
5.21 ALCATEL - Products
TEST LAB
348
Alcatel Optical Multi-Service Nodes

Alcatel 1660 SM
Metro Edge/CoreSTM-16 to 64, Eth, GbE, Packet Ring
Alcatel 1662 SMC

STM-1/4/16, Eth, GbE, PR
Compact Metro Edge
Low End CPE
STM-1, Eth
TEST LAB
349
OMSN family concept
Very compact, high density hardware

Minimization and reuse of commercial items
Synergy in spares, repairs, training
Symmetric architecture => Flexibility in all topologies

All the STM-n ports are functionally equivalent (no more aggregate and tributary)
Termination of multiple SNCP rings or MS-SPRings (Stacked Ring Configuration)
Full cross-connect capability in all configurations
High availability
Protection mechanisms (equipment protection, MSP, SNCP, MS-SPRing)
Optical features (DWDM interworking, Intra office to Very Long haul

applications)
Common Network Management platform (for different technologies)
TEST LAB
350
Multi-Service concept in OMSN: ISA

Integrated data-aware features: ATM, Ethernet, GigE, Packet Ring, IP/MPLS transport and
aggregation functions on proper data layer
Multi-Service SDH as confluent platform
Optimal resource utilisation
Single network infrastructure for aggregation and transport of voice and data
reduces CAPEX and OPEX
Incremental introduction of new competitive services by adding modules when and where needed
scalable, fast provisionable
Carrier Grade solution: protects high revenues on traditional services, maximizes revenues on new
services
ISA-ATM
Gb switch
ISA-Eth 10/100 rate-adaptive transport

ISA-GbE
1000 rate-adaptive transport
ISA-PR Packet Ring

ISA-PR_EA Packet Ring Edge Aggregator
TEST LAB
351
5.22 1642 Edge Multipexer
TEST LAB
352
1642 Edge Multiplexer Sub system

The Equipment consists of the following sub systems.
1.SDH VCi cross connection Matrix,
2.Clock Reference
3.Equipment Control,
4. 2 x STM-1 Interfaces
5.Traffic port subsystem
6.Auxiliary and Overhead sub system
7.Power sub system
TEST LAB
353
SDH Cross-Connect Subsystem

The 1642 Edge Multiplexer SDH cross-connect is built upon a non-blocking
matrix that can interconnect VC3s and VC12s between any SDH and PDH
ports accessing the system.
Several types of connections may be established, such as:
unidirectional point-to-point
bi-directional point-to-point
unidirectional point-to-multipoint
SNCP Drop & Continue
The capacity of the matrix is up to 6x6 STM-1 equivalent ports at the Low
Order VC level
(378 X 378 VC12s).
TEST LAB
354
Clock
reference
The synchronization subsystem provides the timing reference required

by all components in the network element and represents the SDH
Equipment Clock (SEC). The subsystem performs the functionality
identified by the ITU-T recommendation G.783 as SDH Equipment
Timing Source (SETS). The SETS function is realized by the SDH
Matrix unit. A functional view of the SETS function in 1642 Edge
Multiplexer is given
TEST LAB
355
Control subsystem
The control subsystem realizes the Synchronous Equipment
Management Function (SEMF) defined by ITU-T Recommendation
G.783. It communicates with external management systems through a
standard QB3 CMIP interface.
The management information model is compliant to the ITU-T G.774
series of recommendations.Communication with the local craft
terminal is also based on the same interface.
The control subsystem is responsible for applying the configuration
requested by the element manager or craft terminal and to report the
status of the equipment as well as alarm and performance information.
It is also responsible to drive automatic protection switching. 1642
Edge Multiplexer has a Centralized control architecture, built upon a
two-level model:
Equipment Controller (EC) for DCC networking, CT/OS interface and data-base
management
Shelf Controller (SC) for provisioning, alarm detection, performance monitoring.
TEST LAB
356
5.23 Traffic port Subsystem

SDH and PDH traffic ports are available through the
following units:
8x2Mbit/s Retiming unit (Coaxial Interface)
8x2Mbit/s unit (2mm Interface)
28x2Mbit/s unit (2mm Interface)
1x34Mbit/s unit
1x45Mbit/s unit
INTERFACES
1xSTM-1 optical unit
6xE/FE unit
TEST LAB
357
Alcatel 1642 Edge Multiplexer: Multi-service CPE solution

Network interfaces: STM1
6x6 STM-1 equivalent full non-blocking SDH matrix
(LO) in all configurations
Traffic interfaces
2Mbit/s (112 max)
34M (4 max)
45Mbit/s (4 max)
155Mbit/s (6 max)
10/100M Ethernet (24 max)
En
ter
p ri
ne
tw se
ork
Metro access network
2 Mbit/s
STM-1
34/45 Mbit/s
155 Mbit/s
10/100 Ethernet
Metro CPE
TEST LAB
358
Alcatel 1642 Edge

Multiplexer
Advantages
Full-ADM capabilities at end-customer premises:

It can be used to deliver 2Mb/s and Ethernet/Fast Ethernet
leased lines as well as higher-end services such as 34Mb/s,
45Mb/s, STM-1.
ADM-1 card supports
2 x STM-1interfaces,
control functions.
for 2Mb/s services
SDH matrix,
clock reference and equipment
4 slots dedicated to traffic ports,
The system can be configured for example as STM-1Terminal

Multiplexer with 8x2Mb/s plus 6 x Ethernet/Fast Ethernet for
office interconnect services or as STM-1 ADM with 112x2Mb/s.
TEST LAB
359
Alcatel 1642 Edge

Multiplexer
Applications
The 1642 Edge Multiplexer can be used for transmission over
G.652, G.653 and G.654 fibers. The
main applications can be identified in the following areas:
Delivery of SDH/Ethernet services to customer premises
Local and metropolitan rings
point to point links with intermediate drop/insert and/or regeneration
stations;
TEST LAB
360
5.24 Alcatel 1642 Edge Multiplexer

Add Drop Features
The ADM-4 and ADM-16 units provide the following functionality:

2xSTM-1 optical/electrical or 2xSTM-4 or 1xSTM-1 + 1xSTM-4
or 1xSTM-16 (SFP)
Matrix Function (32x32 for Compact ADM-4 at Low Order and
High Order level or
64x64 STM-1 for Compact ``ADM-16
at Low Order VC level)
CRU Function
Equipment Controller Function
All electrical traffic ports can be optionally protected in N+1
configuration.
TEST LAB
361
5.25 Alcatel 1642 EM - Main product Features

ISA
Ethernet/Fast Ethernet
Network protection
SNCP at all VC layers

Dual Hubbing or Ring configurations
Management:
Local/Remote craft terminal
OS through DCN or LAN interface
Powering from AC mains through

external AC/DC converter and battery backup
Slim mechanics for customer premises (desktop/wall-mount)
TEST LAB
362
1642 EM: Mechanical Architecture

Each slot can contain
1 STM-1 board
8 E1 board
28x E1 board
1 E3/DS3 board
6 E/FE board
FAN
Tributary slot
Tributary slot
Tributary slot
Tributary slot
PS
CMCB board
Interfaces:
2x STM-1
One 2M clock input/output
Q3 Ethernet, F,
Housekeep,Orderwire,
Auxiliary
-48V DC power interface

board
or
220V AC power interface
board
TEST LAB
363
1642 Edge Multiplexer Mechanical Layout
TEST LAB
364
5.26 Alcatel 1662 SMC

The equipment consists of the following subsystems:
SDH VCx Cross-Connect subsystem
Clock Reference subsystem
Equipment Control subsystem
Compact ADM interfaces
Protection of central functions
Traffic port subsystem
Integrated ATM switch/Ethernet subsystem
Auxiliary and overhead subsystem
Power subsystem
TEST LAB
365
Alcatel 1662 SMC

The Alcatel 1662 SMC operating at 155 (STM-1), 622 (STM-4) and 2488
(STM-16) MBit/s bit rate.
It can be configured as Multi Line Terminal Multiplexer, as an
Add/Drop Multiplexer or as small cross-connect for applications in
linear links, rings, and meshed networks.
The traffic ports can be 2Mb/s, 34Mb/s, 45Mb/s, 140Mb/s, STM-1
electrical and STM-1 / STM-4 / STM-16 optical.
A non-blocking matrix function allows full access to 64xSTM-1
equivalent payloads at the Low Order VC level.
TEST LAB
366
Alcatel 1662 SMC Plug in Cards

The plug-in cards can be of the following types:
63x2Mbit/s unit
3x34/45Mbit/s switchable unit
4x140Mbit/s-STM-1 switchable electrical unit
4xSTM-1 electrical unit
4xSTM-1 electrical/optical unit 1
ISA-ATM switch unit (4x4 VC-4 or 8x8 VC-4 unit)
ISA-Ethernet rate adaptive unit
ISA-Gigabit Ethernet rate adaptive unit
Packet Ring Edge Aggregator 4xE/FE
Packet Ring Edge Aggregator 1xGbE
2xSTM-1 or STM-4 optical + central functions unit (named Compact
ADM-4 unit)
1xSTM-16 optical SFP + central functions unit(named Compact
ADM-16 unit)
TEST LAB
367
Alcatel 1662 SMC
The equipment consists of the following subsystems:
SDH VCx Cross-Connect subsystem

Clock Reference subsystem
Equipment Control subsystem
Compact ADM interfaces
Protection of central functions
Traffic port subsystem
Integrated ATM switch/Ethernet subsystem
Auxiliary and overhead subsystem
Power subsystem
TEST LAB
368
Alcatel 1662 SMC Cross-Connect Subsystem
Alcatel 1662 SMC SDH cross-connect is built upon a non

blocking matrix that can interconnect AU4s, TU3s and TU12s
between any SDH and PDH ports accessing the system.
Several types of connections may be established, such as:
Unidirectional point-to-point
Bi-directional point-to-point
Unidirectional point-to-multipoint
SNCP Drop & Continue
MS-SPRing Drop & Continue
The capacity of the matrix is up to 96x96 STM-1 equivalent
ports at the High Order VC level and up to
64x64 STM-1 equivalent at the Low Order VC level
(4032VC12s).
TEST LAB
369
5.27 Traffic Port Subsystem

21 x 2Mb/s unit
Alcatel 1662 SMC can house up to 8 21x2Mb/s units and 8
21x2Mb/s access modules in the shelf.
Possible configurations:
Unprotected 8+0
2 x (N+1,N<=3) EPS protection
63 x 2Mb/s unit
Alcatel 1662 SMC can house up to 8 63x2Mb/s units and 8
21x2Mb/s or 63x2Mb/s access modules in the shelf.
Unprotected 8+0
2 x (N+1,N<=3) EPS protection
TEST LAB
370
Traffic Port Subsystem

3 x 34Mb/s / 45Mb/s unit
Alcatel 1662 SMC can house up to 8 3x34M/45M units and 8
3x34Mb/s or 3x45Mb/s access modules.
Unprotected 8+0
7+1 EPS protection
4 x (1+1) EPS protection
M x (N+1) EPS protection
4 x 140Mb/s / STM-1 unit
Alcatel 1662 SMC can house up to 8 4x140/155Mb/s units and 8
4x140/155Mb/s access modules.
4 x STM-1 electrical / optical unit
Alcatel 1662 SMC can house up to 8 4xSTM-1 units.
1 x STM-4 optical unit
TEST LAB
371
Traffic Port Subsystem

4 x STM-1 electrical unit
Alcatel 1662 SMC can house up to 8 4xSTM-1e units and 8
4x155Mb/s electrical access modules.
Unprotected 8+0
7+1 EPS protection
4 x (1+1) EPS protection
M x (N+1) EPS protection
1 x STM-16 optical unit
TEST LAB
372
Clock Reference Subsystem

The synchronization subsystem provides the timing reference required by all
components in the network element.The subsystem performs the
functionality by SDH Equipment Timing Source (SETS). The SETS
function is realised by the SDH Matrix function. The SETS accepts
synchronization inputs from a number of sources:
STM-n lines
2Mb/s traffic ports
1x2MHz / 2Mb/s external input
Internal oscillator
The SETS function produces two outputs. The NE clock reference is used as
internal timing source and to time the outgoing SDH STM-n signals. One
external 2MHz or 2Mb/s output is generated as a possible source for external
devices. Up to 6 candidate references may be selected among all STM-n and
2Mb/s traffic ports in the system. One 2MHz or 2Mb/s external input and
one output are available.When configured as 2Mb/s, the external I/Os can
carry the SSM timing marker information.
TEST LAB
373
1662 SMC: Physical View

2Mbit/s
boards
63xE1
access
120
Ohm
HM
HS or
LS PROT
card
21xE1
access
75 Ohm
1.0/2.3
STM1/4/16
plug ins
CONGI
Compac
t ADM
1/4 or
16
TEST LAB
374
Alcatel 1662 SMC :Optical Metro Access

Applications
Network interfaces:
STM1/4/16
Coloured STM-16
Integrated boosters (from 10 up to 17 dBm)
96x96 STM-1 (HO) and 64x64 STM-1 (LO) equivalent full non-blocking
SDH matrix
ATM and Ethernet(PR/MPLS) Switches
Traffic interfaces
STM-1/4 and 16
2Mbit/s, 34Mbit/s, 45Mbit/s and 140Mbit/s
GbE
E/FE
TEST LAB
375
1662 SMC: Main Features

Network:
SNCP
2f-MS spring on STM-16 (up to 2 rings terminated in the same node)
D&C functionality
MSP 1+1 STM-1/STM-4
MSP 1:N on STM-1/STM-4 (max N=7)
AU4-4c and AU4-16c cross-connection
QoS:
Performance monitoring according to G.784, G.826, G.821
POM (LO/HO), TCM
TEST LAB
376
ATM switching modules

application
TEST LAB
377
1662SMC with ISA ATM Architecture
TEST LAB
378
air fow
622M
622M
622M
622M
622M
622M
622M
622M
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
SYNTH-B
#1:
#2:
#3:
#4:
#5:
#6:
#7:
#8:
SYNTH-A
ACCESS #5
ACCESS #6
ACCESS #7
ACCESS #8
CONGI/SERGI
PORT
PORT
PORT
PORT
PORT
PORT
PORT
PORT
<12U
CONGI
ACCESS #1
ACCESS #2
ACCESS #3
ACCESS #4
1.2G
1.2G
1.2G
1.2G
1.2G
1.2G
1.2G
1.2G
1662 SMC: Mechanical Architecture

Free for cable/fiber handling
Depth = 120mm (standard for access
347mm
FAN
Depth = 259mm (standard for port)
Free for air circulation
21
TEST LAB
379
1662 SMC: Compact STM-16 Access Aggregation

Up to 504 E1 in one shelf
For massive voice service penetration
areas
HUB node
STM16 ring
STM1/4 ring
STM1/4 ring
STM1/4 ring
Compact ADM solutions
TEST LAB
380
Alcatel 1660 SM
STM-1/4/16 Multi-Service Metro Node
96 VC-4 HO, 64 VC-4 LO SDH fabric
ATM switch Packet Ring/MPLS
4 x STM-16, 16 x STM-4, 64 x STM-1
378 x 2Mbit/s in a single shelf (up to 1512 2Mbit/s in a 600mm deep rack)
Ethernet, GbE rate-adaptive
4/3/1 DXC
2 Mbit/s
STM-1
34/45 Mbit/s
STM-4
140 Mbit/s
STM-16
10/100 Ethernet
GigE
Metro Edge
TEST LAB
381
5.28 Alcatel 1660 SM - Product Features

ISA:
1.2Gb/s ATM cell switch, Ethernet, GbE, Packet Ring/MPLS
AU4-4c and AU4-16c concatenation

Full EPS protection on traffic ports and centralized units
Network protections:
MSP on STM-n ports, SNCP at all VC layers
2fibers MS-SPRing at STM-16 in one shelf
D&C functionality
Full Performance Monitoring support

Coloured 2.5G to DWDM and integrated optical amplifier
4 x Any
GE, ESCON, FICON, Fibre Channel etc.
Integrated CWDM
Upgradeable to 10 Gbit/s
TEST LAB
382
Alcatel 1660 SM: Layout
CONGI A
SERVICE
CONGI B
CONGI A:
CONGI B:
EQUICO
MATRIX A
MATRIX B
650
SERVICE:
MATRIX :
EQUICO :
STM-16
STM-16
STM-16
19
STM-16
Remote alarms, Station

alarms, Housekeeping, QB3
(10base2 and 10baseT),
Q2/RQ2, Power A
Remote alarms,
Housekeeping, Power B
AUX and Synch interfaces
96x96 STM-1 Matrix & CRU
Equipment Controller
Traffic units except STM-16

ATM Matrix
LAN interfaces
Traffic units except 2Mbit/s
ATM Matrix
LAN interfaces
Electrical access modules
2xSTM-1 Optical Access Module
Electrical protection for High Speed
interfaces
TEST LAB
383
1660SM Rel 4 Rel 5

Direct Evolution of an established product
(1660SM @2.5G):
Reuse of current back panel @ 2.5Gb/s
Extended matrix both on HO and LO
HO 384x384 VC4 eq.
LO 256x256 VC4 eq.
New line ports at 10Gb/s

improve single slot bandwidth (4x)
Guarantee backward compatibility with existing HW
TEST LAB
384
Alcatel 1660 SM: Applications

BRAS
Enterprise
HQ
RN
C
STM-n
FC
G
E
SP Central Office
Exchange/GW
STM-n
GE
G
E
1660
SM
1660
SM
STM-16
1660
SM
STM4
Eth
1660
SM
STM-4/16
GE
E1
Enterpris
e Branch
CWDM 2.5G
Node-B
1660
SM
FC
1660
SM STMGE 1
Eth
ESCO
N
SA
N
DSLA
Broadband PoP M
TEST LAB
ASP/ISP
385
5.29 1696 Metro

Span
The 1696 Metro Span provides managed and
protected channels for transport services such
Synchronous Transmission Services
(SDH/SONET):
STM-1/OC-3, STM-4/OC-12, STM-16/OC-48, STM64/OC-192
Switched Data Services

ATM 155, 622 and 2488 Mb/s
Data Centre Services:

ESCON, FICON, Fibre Channel (FC, 2FC), Digital Video
LAN Services:
TEST LAB
FDDI, Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet
386
1696 Metro Span key

features
1.Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)
2.Up to 32 optical channels
3.100 GHz (0.8 nm) channel spacing based on ITU-T G.692

standardized frequencies
4.Universal 3R multi-rate transponder accepting all bit rates
between 5.100Mb/s and2.5Gb/s (MCC: Multi-Clock Channel
Card)
5.4xAny TDM module combining any mix of up to 4 client
signals (100 Mb/s-1.25Gb/s) into a 2.5 Gb/s optical channel,
compliant to the SDH/Sonet framing standard (STM-16/OC48)
6.18 dB span budget without optical amplifier for Metro
Access applications
7.Optical amplification for Metro Core applications
8.8 ch. + 8 ch. + 8 ch. + 8 ch. modular hub node structure
9.Low loss 1 ch., 2 ch. 4 ch.
and 8
ch.
TEST
LAB
387
1696 Metro Span key

features
TEST LAB
388
Network Topology
The 1696 Metro Span supports a wide range of network
topologies:
Point-to-point
Point-to-point with linear add-drop
2-fiber ring with single hub-node
Fully meshed 2-fiber ring
Inter-connected rings with drop and continue
Example of metropolitan 2-fiber ring network
TEST LAB
389
Hub node
Hub nodes are designed to provide a node architecture
that can be upgraded in-service up to 32 channels with
individual access to all channels. They consist of four 8
channel multiplexers/demultiplexers that can be combined
in a modular way.
TEST LAB
390
5.30 OADM
node
The 1696 Metro Span supports 1 ch., 2 ch., 4 ch. and
8 ch. optical add and drop multiplexers.These OADMs
are designed to provide a solution for small size
add/drop nodes, minimizing optical loss for the
optical channels in transit. The maximum loss of a 4
ch. OADM for the pass through channels is 4 dB
(including optical supervision). OADMs of different
types can be cascaded in a modular way to achieve
cost-optimized solutions on day one and future
fexible upgrades.
TEST LAB
391
Multi-Clock Card
(MCC)
This Multi-Clock Card is a bi-directional 3R-transponder
that supports all bit rates from 100 Mb/s to 2.5 Gb/s:
e.g. Fast Ethernet, FDDI, ESCON, Digital Video, STM1/OC-3, STM-4/OC-12,Fiber Channel (FC), 2FC, Gigabit
Ethernet, 2 Gigabit Ethernet, STM-16/OC-48.
MCCs are also available without optical receiver and
transmitter on the client side to reduce cost for pure
opto-electronic regeneration.
MCCs support non-intrusive performance monitoring
for SDH/SONET signals, based on the B1byte.
MCCs have a 3 200 ps/nm tolerance to chromatic
dispersion, corresponding to 160 km on standard
single-mode fiber (G.652).
MCCs support an on-board variable optical attenuator
to adjust their output optical power.
TEST LAB
392
Flexible
OADMs
Both multi-rate transponders (MCCs) and 10 Gb/s

transponders (OCC10) support an onboard electrical
matrix that can be remotely configured by the
Network Manager so that the transponders can be
used for the following applications:
- Traffic add/drop
- O/E/O regeneration
- Drop and continue
- Local or remote loop back (for testing & fault
identification)
TEST LAB
393
Flexible
OADMs
The matrix can be configured initially so that the
transponder can add and drop traffic at node A and,
later on, be reconfigured so that the same transponder
provides a regenerated pass through in node A and the
traffic can be added and dropped in another node
TEST LAB
394
5.31 Optical
amplifiers
The 1696 Metro Span amplifiers provide optical

amplification over the entire C-band.
Both Metropolitan and Regional amplifiers come as a singleslot card supporting a preamplifier and a booster. This card
fits into the 1696 Metro Span shelf together with
transponders (4xAny concentrators, MCCs or OCC10s) and
mux/demux or OADMs.
TEST LAB
395
Optical
amplifiers
A single shelf can therefore host a complete 16 channel

terminal with 2.5 Gb/s and 10 Gb/s channels with an
optical amplifier or an amplified 8 channel OADM (8 ch.
East + 8 ch. West).
TEST LAB
396
5.32 Optical Layer Protection

The main features of the optical protection supported by the 1696
Metro Span are:
Detection and protection switching on optical loss < 50ms
Applicable for point-to-point, linear add-drop links and ring
configurations
Optical protection can be independently configured on a perwavelength basis
TEST LAB
397
O-SNCP/UPSR Protection
O-SNCP/UPSR Protection with the 4xAny TDM concentrator
can be implemented either with or without redundancy of
the 4xAny card.
Optical protection options with 4xAny TDM

concentrator
TEST LAB
398
Remote Spur: 4xANY

In the case of a remote 4xAny, there is no need for an
OADM because the data signal is
carried by a black & white 1310nm wavelength. The
SPV channel is inserted/extracted
to/from the 1310nm data signal with the SPV_F_C card.
The SPV signal is managed by the
SPVM board.
The 1310nm data signal acts as client of the MCC in the
main ring.
TEST LAB
399
Remote Spur: 4xANY + MCC

The 4xAny is connected in the Metro Span Compact to a
MCC, so the data signal is carried by a colored 15XYnm
wavelength.
The SPV channel is inserted/extracted to/from the 15XYnm
data signal with the SPV_F_C card. The SPV signal is
managed by the SPVM board.
The 15XYnm data signal acts as client of another MCC in
the main ring or it can enter directly in the ring if the
power budget is sufficient.
TEST LAB
400
Remote Spur:
4xANY + Protected MCC (dual hubbing)
The 4xAny is connected in the Metro Span Compact to an
OPC card protecting two MCCs cards. Two SPV channels are
inserted/extracted to/from the 15XYnm data signals with
two SPV_F_C cards. The two SPV signals are managed by
one SPVM board.
The two 15XYnm data signals acts a client of other two
MCCs in the main ring or they can enter directly in the ring
if the power budget is sufficient.
TEST LAB
401
Remote Spur:
4xANY + Protected MCC (dual hubbing)
OADM 1 channel
When in a node its requested only an OADM 1 channel, the
use of a Metro Span Compact gives a footprint-optimized
configuration.
Line Terminal 2 Channels (2 MCCs)

When a 2 channels Line Terminal is requested, the use of
a Metro Span Compact gives a footprint-optimized
configuration.
TEST LAB
402
Line Terminal 2 Channels (1 MCC + 1 4xANY)
The line terminal can also support two different data

channels, one from the 4xAny board (B&W) and one from
the MCC (colored). The SPV_F_1310_1550 board enable to
insert/extract the SPV channel so that the fiber carries 3
wavelengths: 1510nm, 15XYnm, 1310nm.
TEST LAB
403
SPV Manager
In the case in a node its necessary only to extract the

supervision channel, the use of a Metro Span Compact
gives a footprint-optimised configuration.
TEST LAB
404
5.33 Alcatel TMN architecture

1356NT
1355BonD
1355VPN
IOO, ISN
1354SY
1354NP
1353DCN
1354RM
1354BM
1353SH
STM-1
ADM
STM-16
Multi-Service Network
DXC Radio WDM SDH ATM Ethernet
TEST LAB
405
Element Manager Layer: 1353SH

Element Manager
Manager for
for OMSNs,
OMSNs, OMSGs
OMSGs ,,
Element
WDM, SDH,
SDH, MWs
MWs and
and Submarine
Submarine
WDM,
Equipment, Data
Data Cards
Cards
Equipment,
Main Features:
Features:
Main
>
>
>
>
>
>
NE Configuration
Configuration
NE
(provisioning,commissioning)
(provisioning,commissioning)
NE Software
Software download
download (feature
(feature upgrade
upgrade
NE
on NEs)
NEs)
on
NE Alarm
Alarm Surveillance
Surveillance (NE
(NE maintenance)
maintenance)
NE
NE Performance
Performance Data
Data Collection
Collection
NE
(Quality of
of Service)
Service)
(Quality
TEST LAB
>
Security Management
Management
> Security
>
>
406
1353SH GUI interface
Equipment view
Card view
TEST LAB
407
Network Management Layer: 1354RM

>End-to-end
End-to-end path
path management
management
>
Path provisioning
provisioning
Path
Path protection
protection provisioning
provisioning
Path
>Path
Path alarms
alarms management
management
>
Path alarm
alarm handling
handling
Path
>Path
Path performance
performance data
data collection
collection
>
Quality of
of service
service
Quality
(path lifetime,
lifetime, threshold
threshold crossing,)
crossing,)
(path
Security Management
Management
Security
TEST LAB
408
1354RM GUI interface
TEST LAB
409
Northbound interfaces
IOO:
TEST LAB
Upper Layer OSS
ISN
IOO
NML
NML
1354RM
1354RM
EML
EML
1353SH
1353SH
Alarm
Alarm
Surveillance
Surveillance
ASCII format based on TCP/IP, it

permits to an External OS to retrieve
the network alarms (e.g. path alarms)
elaborated by 1354RM.
Raw PM data, elementary alarms, NE
inventory data are available as well via
Ioo, taken from 1353SH
ISN: ASCII format based on TCP/IP , it
provides
A Service Management Layer view and
it permits to an external OS:
to manage paths
(creation/deletion/retrieval)
To manage PM and retrieve PM data
Aggregated on path basis
To perform Network Resource
inventory
410
5.34 Summary
ECI equipment
Micro XDM features Card Descriptions XDM Highlights & interfaces
XDM 100 Applications XDM 100 Architecture , Protection Mechanism, XDM1000 Shelf veiw
XDM 2000
Alcatel Products
SMC Product , Traffic port subsystem & Applications , 1660 SM Product features
1696 Metro Span Applications, 1696 OADM Features & Applications, Optical Amplifier
Optical layer protection,Architecture
TEST LAB
411
Chapter-6
TEST LAB
412

Page No
6.01
Protection Switch Architecture & Basics
414 423
6.02
Types of Ring Systems
424 425
6.03
SNCP / 2 Fiber UPSR
..
426 428
6.04
4 Fiber MSSP
..
429 432
6.05
2 Fiber MSSP
433 438
6.06
4 / 2 Fiber
..
439 440
6.07
Inter Locked Ring
441 448
6.08
Ring Architecture
449 453
6.09
Summary
454
TEST LAB
413
6.01 Protection Switch Architecture

(Basics)
Path protection switch (PPS) / Line protection switch (LPS)
1+1 protection switch / 1:N (1:1) protection switch
Stand-by Line Access (SLA)
Unidirectional switch / Bi-directional switch
Unidirectional ring / Bi-directional ring
Revertive switch / Non-revertive switch
Manual switch operation
Wait to restore (WTR) time
TEST LAB
414
Path protection switch Line protection switch

P a th (V C -n )
Working
L in e ( S T M -n )
P a th S W
P a th S W
P a th S W
P a th S W
Protection
Path Protection Switch (PPS)

Working
Protection
equivalent
L in e S W ( e q u i v a l e n t )
L in e P r o te c tio n S w itc h (L P S )
TEST LAB
415
1+1, 1:1 and 1:N Protection Switch

1+1
Protection
Switch
TX
1:1
Protection
Switch
TX
TX
TX
TX
1:N
Protection
Switch
TX
TX
TX
Working
Protection
Working
Protection
Working 1
Working 2
Working N
Protection
RX
RX
RX
RX
RX
RX
RX
RX
Note : only one direction is shown.
TEST LAB
416
Stand-by Line Access (SLA)

Normal Traffic
TX
TX
Working
RX
Protection
RX
Extra Traffic
Normal Traffic
TX
TX
Working
RX
Protection
RX
Extra Traffic service

is stopped.
Extra Traffic
Note : only one direction is shown.
TEST LAB
417
Unidirectional Switch and Bidirectional Switch

Unidirectional Switch
TX
RX
RX
Working
TX
RX
TX
RX
Protection
TX
Bidirectional Switch
TX
RX
RX
Working
TX
RX
TX
RX
Protection
TEST LAB
TX
418
Unidirectional Ring and Bidirectional Ring
Unidirectional Ring
Bidirectional Ring
The drawing shows the traffic routing under normal (no failure) condition.
TEST LAB
419
Revertive Switch and Non-reverteve Switch

Reverteve Switch
Working Line
normal
Protection Line
failure
normal
normal
failure
Non-reverteve Switch
Working Line
Protection Line
normal
failure
normal
normal
failure
Traffic flow
TEST LAB
420
Manual Switch Operation

1.
MSW
Manual Switch
2.
(SF)
Signal Failure
3.
FSW
Forced Switch
4.
LKOW
Lock Out of Working
4.
LKOP
Lock Out of Protection

Note: Larger number has higher priority.
TEST LAB
421
Hold-Off & Wait to Restore (WTR) times
Working Line
normal
failure
Protection Line
normal
normal
HOLD OFF time
WTR time
Traffic flow
TEST LAB
422
Ring Architecture
East
West
Node C
East
West
STM-N
Node B
Node A
East
West
TEST LAB
423
6.02 Types of Ring System

PPS
2-fiber
Subnetwork Connection Protection Ring (SNCP-ring)

(2F-UPSR)
Unidirectional
Ring / Switch
LPS
2-fiber
MS Dedicated Protection Ring

(2F-ULSR)
(for further study, G.841)
Ring System
PPS
2-fiber
Subnetwork Connection Protection Ring (SNCP-ring)

(2F-BPSR)
Bidirectional
Ring / Switch
4-fiber
(for further study, G.841)
4F MS Shared Protection Ring (MS-SP ring)

(4F-BLSR)
LPS
2-fiber
2F MS Shared Protection Ring (MS-SP ring)

(2F-BLSR)
LPS:Line Protection Switch (MS protection)

PPS:Path Protection Switch (VC trail protection)
MS:Multiplex Section
TEST LAB
424
Subnetwork Connection Protection (SNCP) Ring

(2 Fiber Uni-directional Path Switch Ring - UPSR)
TEST LAB
425
6.03 SNCP(Unidirectional Ring) / 2F-UPSR (1)
TEST LAB
426
SNCP (Unidirectional Ring) / 2F-UPSR (2)
TEST LAB
427
Subnetwork Connection Protection (SNCP)
TCP
PPS
Any Physical Structure

(Mesh,Ring or Mixed)
PPS
Aggregate - Aggregate
PPS
TCP
Case 1
Tributary
Path
Aggregate - Tributary
PPS
TCP
PPS

PPS
CP
Tributary
TCP
Case 2
Path
SNC-P
Trubutary - Tributary
PPS
SNC
Tributary 1 Tributary 2
TCP
CP
PPS

PPS
CP
TCP
TCP : Termination Connection Point

CP : Connection Point
Case 3
SNC
Path
SNC-P
SNC
TEST LAB
428
6.04 4-Fiber Multiplex Section Shared

Protection (MS-SP) Ring
(4 Fiber Bi-directional Line Switch Ring - BLSR)
- Terrestrial Application -
TEST LAB
429
4 Fiber MS-SPRing / 4F-BLSR (1)

TEST LAB
430

TEST LAB
431

TEST LAB
432
6.05 2-Fiber Multiplex Section Shared

(2 Fiber Bi-directional Line Switch Ring BLSR)
TEST LAB
433

TEST LAB
434

TEST LAB
435
Node ID Map of 4F/2F MS-SPRing
TEST LAB
436
MS-SPRing Misconnection and Squelch Control

C-F
A-F
with AIS
Squelch Control
E-F
MS-SP switch
A-C
A-F
with AIS
A-E
F
E
A
on the same channel
of the STM-N.
F
A
E
on the same channel
of the STM-N.
A- C
C-F
misconnection
working channel
protection channel
no misconnection
TEST LAB
no
yes
A-E
no
A/D
at C ?
yes
VC-4
path ?
E-F
no
A/D
at C ?
yes
no AU AIS
for individual AU
at B and D
no TU AIS
AU AIS TU AIS
for individual TU
at A, E and F
The ring-switch is applied after

AU AIS insertion at B and D.
For VC-12/3, AU AIS is inserted
at B and D first, then it is
stopped
after
TU
AIS
completion, in order to avoid
short term misconnections.
437
Squelch Table of MS-SPRing

MS-SP
Ring
STM-N
Node ID No.
West
STM-N
East
Node ID No.
West
STM-N
East
Node ID No.
West
East
VC-4 (VC organized AU) through

(at intermediate nodes)
AU-4 #m
AU-4
VC-3/VC-12
in AU-4
VC-4 (VC organized AU)

through
AU-4 #n
VC-3/VC-12
Add/Drop
AU-4 #m
()i
AU-4 Path
AU-4 #m
AU-4 #n
(k)
AU-4 #n
West
?1
?2
AU-4 #m
(j)
AU-4 #n
Squelch Table
AU-4 #m
VC-3/VC-12
all through
East
k
j
AU-4 #n
AU-4 #m
AU-4 #n
West
-*
i
East
-*
k
AU-4 #n
AU-4 #m
AU-4 #n
West
i
j
East
?3
?4
* VC-4 cross connect level requires

no squelch table.
AU-4 through node : The node where VC-4 cross connect level is applied to the AU-4.
AU-4 termination node :The node where VC-3/VC-12 cross connect level is applied to the AU-4 in question,
regardless cross connections, either all through or several add/drop connections.
TEST LAB
438
6.06 4/2-Fiber Multiplex Section Shared

(4/2 Fiber Bi-directional Line Switch Ring - BLSR)
- Transoceanic Application -
TEST LAB
439
4/2 Fiber MS-SPRing / 4/2F-BLSR

- Transoceanic Application -
TEST LAB
440
6.07 Inter Locked Ring (ILR)
Secondary
node
Secondary
node
No. 1 Ring
No. 2 Ring
Primary
node
Primary
node
link failure
TEST LAB
ring failure
441
Inter Locked MS-SPRing (1)

(P-S Connection: on working channel)
TEST LAB
442

(P-S Connection: on working channel)
MS-SP Ring No.2
MS-SP Ring No.1
B
Secondary node
working
protection
A
SS
SS
Primary node
TEST LAB
443

(P-S Connection: on protection channel)
TEST LAB
444

(P-S Connection: on protection channel)
TEST LAB
445
Inter Locked MS-SPRing

(SNCP Ring - SNCP Ring)
TEST LAB
446
Double Failure on Link and Ring (SNCP/ILR)

unprotected bouble failure
Secondary
node
Secondary
node
SNCP ring
or
MS-SP ring
SNCP ring
Primary
node
PPS
Primary
node
protected bouble failure
TEST LAB
447
Inter Locked Ring (SNCP - MS-SP)
TEST LAB
448
6.08 KLK SNT VSB New STM16 Ring

KLK&VSB Config3;SNT Config1 of H1&H2 order
STM16 Ring
XDM100
SNT
XDM1000
VSB
XDM1000
KLK
TEST LAB
449
STM4 Cell Site Access Rings

Homed on CC XDM 1000 at KLK & SNT
Bowenpally ECI Nacharam ECI

XDM 100
XDM 100
Hitech ECI
XDM 100
STM 4 Cell Site

Acess ring 1
homed to KLK
Cross Connect
XDM 1000
At KLK
XDM
2000
XDM
2000
SNT
KLK SNT
DWDM Ring
KLK
Towlichowki ECI
XDM 100
Cross Connect
XDM 1000
At SNT
STM 4 Cell
Site Acess
ring 2
homed to
SNT
nallakunta ECI
XDM 100
TEST LAB
450
STM16 , STM 4, STM1 Rings connected in either cascaded or

homed on to Cross connect XDM 1000
DWDM Ring
XDM 1000
XDM 1000
STM1 Rings on STM1

Tribs
STM 4 Rings on STM4 Tribs
STM 16 Rings on STM 16 Tribs
STM1 Rings on STM 1

Tribs
TEST LAB
451
Formation of Bubble Rings In Order
Nacharam MW
STM1 ECI bubble
Ring
Bowenpally MW
STM1 ECI+Lucent
bubble Ring
Hitech MW STM1
ECI bubble Ring
Hitech ECI
XDM 100
Bowenpally ECI
XDM 100
STM 4 Cellsite Acess

Ring 1 homed to KLK
XDM 1000
At KLK
ECI
DWDM
KLK
KLK SNT
DWDM Ring
ECI
DWDM
SNT
Towlichowki ECI
XDM 100
XDM 1000
At SNT
Nacharam ECI
XDM 100
STM 4 Cell Site Acess

ring 2 homed to SNT
nallakunta ECI
XDM 100
Towlichowki
Nallakunta fibre+
MW STM1 ECI
bubble Ring
bubble Ring 2
MW STM1 ECI
Towlichowki
bubble Ring 1
MW STM1 ECI
TEST LAB
452
DMR RING Network Using FOTS Mux
15 / 18 GHz PDH MW
BTS
BTS
BTS
15 / 18 GHz
SDH
Microwave Ring
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
MSC/
/BSC
7/8 GHz PDH / SDH MW
BTS
BTS
BTS
15 / 18 GHz
SDH
Microwave Ring
BTS
BTS
BTS
7/8
GHz
PDH
/
SDH
MW
15 /
18
GHz
PDH
MW
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
TEST LAB
453
6.09 Summary
Protection Switch Architecture & Basic
Types of Ring Systems
SNCP / 2 Fiber UPS
4 Fiber MSSP
2 Fiber MSS
4 / 2 Fiber
Inter Locked Ring
Ring Architecture
TEST LAB
454
Chapter-7
TEST LAB
455

Page No
7.01
NEC NMS Management Functions
457 464
7.02
DCC & Interfaces
465 471
7.03
ECI Management Functions
..
472 480
7.04
Summary
481
TEST LAB
456
7.01 NEC NMS - Management Functions

Functions
System
Navigation
Content
Using the Graphic User Interface for Ease of Operation
Configuration
Management
Provisioning, Identification, and Control of the SDH

Network Equipment and Services (Managed Objects)
Fault
Management
Detection, Isolation, and Correction of Reported SDH

Network Equipment and Services Abnormal Operation
Performance
Management
Evaluate and Report the SDH Network Equipment and

Services Performance Behavior
Security
Management
Create IDs, Passwords, and assigned privileges for

authorized User/Operator access.
System
Management
Required Actions to Ensure Uninterrupted Service and

Data Protection of the INC-100MS System
TEST LAB
457
NEC NMS
1.
1. NNM
NNMScreen
ScreenLayout
Layout
2.
2. Window
WindowNavigation
Navigation
3.
3. Window
WindowToolbar
Toolbarand
and
MO
MOSymbols
Symbols
4.
4. Symbol
SymbolLocation
LocationSetup
Setup
TEST LAB
458
1.
1. MO
MORegistration
Registration
2.
2. MO
MOModification,
Modification,Deletion
Deletion
3.
3. Network
NetworkMap
MapUpdate
Update
4.
4. Path
PathCreation
Creation(Graphical)
(Graphical)
5.
5. Path
PathInformation
InformationRetrieval
Retrieval
TEST LAB
459
Fault Management
5.1
5.1
5.2
5.2
New
NewEvent
Event(Fault)
(Fault)Notification
Notification
Event
EventJournal
Journal
5.3
5.3
5.4
5.4
Alarm
AlarmStatus
StatusList
ListDisplay
Display
Alarm
AlarmStatus
StatusDetailed
DetailedInformation
Information
5.5
5.5
5.6
5.6
Alarm
AlarmAcknowledgement
Acknowledgement
Current
CurrentAlarm
AlarmCopy
Copy
5.7
5.7
5.8
5.8
Alarm
AlarmInhibit
Inhibit
Event
EventLog
Log
5.9
5.9 NE
NEDetail
DetailSetup
Setup
5.10
5.10Automatic
AutomaticVerify
Verify
TEST LAB
460
Performance Management
1.
1. Current
CurrentPerformance
Performance
Management
Management
2.
2. Long
LongTerm
Term Performance
Performance
Management
Management
TEST LAB
461
Security Management
1.
1. Assigning
AssigningUser
UserIDs
IDs
and
andPrivileges
Privileges
2.
2. Default
DefaultSecurity
Security
Access
AccessLevels
Levels
3.
3. Customized
CustomizedSecurity
Security
Access
AccessLevels
Levels
TEST LAB
462
System Management
1.
1. Server
ServerStatus
Status
2.
2. Server
ServerRedundancy
Redundancy
and
andControl
Control
3.
3. Database
DatabaseBackup
Backup
TEST LAB
463
Other Operations
1.
1. Status
StatusView
View
2.
2. NE
NEView
View
3.
3. NE
NEConnectivity
Connectivity
4.
4. License
LicenseInformation
Information
5.
5. System
SystemTime
TimeSet
Set
6.
6. Used
UsedDisk
DiskSpace
SpaceRatio
Ratio
7.
7. Map
MapTool
Tool
8.
8. Network
NetworkMap
MapUpdate
Update
9.
9. Network
NetworkMap
MapSave
Save
10.
10. Symbol
SymbolLocation
LocationSetup
Setup
TEST LAB
464
7.02 DCC
Management of SDH equipment is implemented in general
through the SDH standard DCC bytes in the Multiplexer or
Regenerator sections of the SDH frame. The protocol used for
NEs management is TCP/IP or CLNP/OSI.
The SDH equipment which does not pass another vendors
DCC information over the SDH path, it is necessary to use an
out band DCN connection to bridge between the various
portions of the network containing NEs of a particular make
i.e. ECI.
The DCN connection implemented should provide fluent
management for all NEs and provide the maximum redundancy
option available.
TEST LAB
465
Interfaces
The following diagram illustrates the management of ECI equipment in a
mixed ECI and Marconi SDH ring, using an external DCN equipment the
FCD-IPD.
FCD-IP
FCD-IP
NMS
FCD-IP
FCD-IP
TEST LAB
466
Interfaces
The FCD-IPD is an IP Router/Switch (can work in both layers 2 and 3),
which has three interfaces: two E1 interfaces and one 10baseT Ethernet.
The suitable configuration for managing this type of mixed network, as will
be explained later, is to use the FCD equipment as a layer 2 switch, creating
a virtual LAN on the entire ring. The FCD-IPD also supports spanning tree
algorithm to allow closing a ring of FCDs.
TEST LAB
467
The Gateway Protection feature
In some cases, such as the one described below, a chain of ECI

equipment is located between Marconi equipment. Then its required to
provide redundancy to all NEs, for un-interrupted monitoring incase
there is a fiber brake anywhere within the chain.
Ravji Bhai
61A
Gateway A
FCD-IPD
64B
52A
Gateway B
FCD-IPD
TEST LAB
468
The Gateway Protection feature
The protection is achieved by using the Gateway Protection

feature of the eNM. A routing entry for each NE is entered in
the eNM from Gateway A, and an alternative route (if the first
is not responding), from Gateway B. A checkpoint is defined
with the IP address of the destination NE.
The Gateway protection feature will check connectivity to both
the checkpoint (NE) and the gateway. If one does not respond, it
will switch to the defined alternative gateway.
TEST LAB
469
Management connection through CH22 link

The uSDM1s CH22 feature allows passing the DCC information on an E1
link (22nd channel). This feature allows connecting between two remote
uSDM1 NEs when no DCC direct link exists. This feature, however has the
following limitation: The connection is a Point To Point Layer 1 connection
there is no possibility to connect the same uSDM1 to two different NEs.
In Tata networks it is possible to implement a solution using the CH22
feature in several cases such as the one described below:
Prakuti
39A
Vasupujya
59A
30C
RudraPrayag
35B
TEST LAB
470
Management connection through CH22 link
In this configuration, a ring of DCC communication can be created by

connecting pairs of uSDM1 NEs over other vendors equipment.
However, in some situations implementing the CH22 feature will not provide
a good solution, such is described bellow:
Since uSDM A uses the CH22 feature to connect to uSDM C, it is not
possible to connect it to uSDM B. this means that uSDM B remains isolated.
TEST LAB
471
7.03 ECI Management Functions
TEST LAB
472
Alarm and Fault Management
TEST LAB
473
Performance Monitoring
TEST LAB
474
TEST LAB
475
HOVC and LOVC Management
TEST LAB
476
Data Management
TEST LAB
477
Maintenance Operations
TEST LAB
478
Security Management
TEST LAB
479
System Administration Operations
TEST LAB
480
7.04 Summary

NEC NMS Management Functions
DCC & Interfaces
ECI Management Functions
TEST LAB
481
Chapter-8
TEST LAB
482

Page No
8.01
Optical Spectrum
8.02
Use of Fiber optics &applications ..
485 491
8.03
Different Types of Fibers & Applications
492 501
8.04
Dispersion
502--510
8.05
Summary
..
511
TEST LAB
484
483
8.01 The Optical

Spectrum
Visible
Light
Cosmic
radiation radiation
UV radiation
IR radiation Communications radiation
X-ray
radiation
1020
Microwave,TV VHF SW
radar
1018
1016
1014
(250 THz)
Frequency (Hz)
(1 pm)
10-12
Wavelength (m)
c = 300 000 km/s
c=xf
1012
1010
(1 THz)
(1 m)
(1 mm)
10-9
10-6
10-3
670 780850
(1 m) (100 m)
100
Fiber transmission
wavelength range
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
106
(1 GHz)
(1 nm)
Visible
Light
108
102
= wavelength
f = frequency
1.31.4 1.5 1.6m

1300
TEST LAB
1550
1625 nm
484
8.02 Why Use Fiber Optics?
1. Wide Bandwidth
High carrying capacity including voice, data and Video
WDM Technology supports lakhs of channels on a pair of

optical fiber
Can carry hundreds of HDTV Channels.
TEST LAB
485
How Fibre Works
The operation of an Optical Fibre is based on the principle of Total

Internal Reflection (TIR).
Light reflects or refracts (bends) depending on the angle at which it
strikes a surface. This occurs because different interfaces between
materials refract light in different ways.
TEST LAB
486
Optical Transmission
Focusing
Modulated
lens
semiconductor
optical laser
Fibre jacket
Cladding
Core : 8-10 microns - single mode

~ 50 microns - multimode
TEST LAB
487
Total Internal Reflection

45
90
Air
n=1
Water n = 1.33
32
48
Critical
angle
>48
Total internal
reflection
Core n = 1.472
Cladding n = 1.458
83 Critical angle
>83 Total internal reflection
TEST LAB
488
Core and Cladding
CORE
CLADDING
GLASS
GLASS
GLASS
PLASTIC
PLASTIC
GLASS
CLADDING
CORE
Different Types of Optical Fibres

TYPES OF
OPTICAL FIBRES
MULTIMODE
GRADED
INDEX
SINGLE MODE
STEP
INDEX
DEPRESSED
CLAD
MATCHED
CLAD
DISPERSION
SHIFTED
DISPERSION
FLATTERED
TEST LAB
489
Indexed Fibres
Diameter
Step Index Fibre
Refractive Index
Diameter
Graded Index Fibre
Refractive Index
TEST LAB
490
Fibre Characteristics - Modal Dispersion

Input Pulse
Output Pulse
Multimode Step Index
Multimode Graded Index
Single Mode Step Index
TEST LAB
491
8.03 Different Fibre Types

Core
Cladding
Buffer
250 - 900 m
n2 = 1.515
n1 = 1.527
100 m 140 m
Multimode
(step index)
SI 100/140
N.A. = 0.28
n2 = 1.540
n1 = 1.540 to 1.562
125 m
50/62.5 m
Multimode
(graded index)
SI 62.5/125
SI 50/125
9 m
Single mode
(step index)
SI 9/125
N.A. = 0.21
n2 = 1.457
n1 = 1.471
125 m
N.A. = 0.1
TEST LAB
492
Fibre Characteristics - Numerical Aperture

Measure of the fibres light acceptance angle ( )
Input Surface Refraction

Cladding
ay
it
Cr
R
c al
Core
NA = sin
Typical = 10
TEST LAB
Cladding
493
Attenuation coefficient ( of silica fibres

10
Attenuation coefficient / dB
1st window
2nd window 3rd window
Multimode fibre
Single mode fibre
IR absorption
0.1
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Rayleigh
scattering 1/
Wavelength / nm
TEST LAB
494
Single Mode Fibre - Attenuation
Wavelength dependent (empirically found) :
Lowest at 1310 nm and 1550 nm with

losses of 0.5 dB/km and 0.25 dB/km respectively.
Attenuation Coefficient (dB/km)
1260
1360
1430
1580
A
1280
0
1200
1300
B
1480
1335
1400
1500
1600
Wavelength (nm)
TEST LAB
495
Fibre Characteristics - Dispersion vs.

Wavelength
Zero-dispersion is measured
at 1310 nm, coinciding with a
low attenuation window.
G.652
Zero-dispersion wavelength 1.313 m

Non-Zero Dispersion-shifted fibre
Dispersion-shifted fibres are

common in the 1550 nm
region. G.653
Non-zero dispersion shifted
fibers are common in the
1400-1500 nm region. G.655
20
10
Dispersion (ps/km-nm)
0
-10
-20
-30
1.0
1.1
TEST LAB
1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

Wavelength (m)
496
Compensating for Dispersion

Dispersion
Normal
Fibre
1600
18 ps nm / km
1000
Dispersion
Compensation
Fibre
Km
Dispersion affects pulse width, affects bit rate.
To counter the effect use DCF and increase the potential transmission distance.
TEST LAB
497
Optical Signal to Noise Ratio

0
-5
-10
Target
-15
dBm
-20
-15
-30
-15
-40
1530
1535
1540
1545
1550
1555
1560
Wavelength (nm)
TEST LAB
498
LED and Laser Diode Power Spectra
-15 to -25 dBm
0 to -10 dBm
FWHM
100 nm
1300
LED
FWHM
3 nm
1300
FP laser diode
(MLM laser)
+5 to -10 dBm
FWHM
<<1 nm
1300
DFB laser diode
(SLM laser)
(nm)
FWHM = Full Width Half Measurement
TEST LAB
499
Detectors / Spectral Response

S (A/W)
Si
InGaAs
1.0
Ge (23C)
0.5
Ge (0C)
850
1300
TEST LAB
1550
(nm)
500
Fibre Optics Technology Applications
1550
0.5 1
10
50 100 km 500
LAN /
Customer premises
100/140 m
85/125 m
62.5/125 m
50/125 m
62.5/125 m
50/125 m
9/125 m
100/140 m
nm in combination
with EDFA
780 nm
0.1
Application
Access /
Longhaul
1300 nm
Maximum segment distance
Multimode (MM)
850 nm
Fibre type
core / cladding
Single Mode (SM)
Wavelength
range
9/125 m
TEST LAB
501
8.04 DISPERSION
Dispersion is defined as pulse spreading in an optical fiber.
As a pulse of light propagates through a fiber, elements such
as numerical aperture, core diameter, refractive index
profile, wavelength, and laser line width cause the pulse to
broaden. This poses a limitation on the overall bandwidth of
the fiber .
If several pulses are sent in a fiber at a high rate, the pulses
will overlap.
Dispersion is measured in time, typically nanoseconds or
picoseconds. Total dispersion is a function of the fiber length.
The longer the fiber, the more the dispersion.
TEST LAB
502
DISPERSION
There are two types of dispersion:

Intermodal dispersion
Intramodal dispersion
TEST LAB
503
INTERMODAL DISPERSION
Modal dispersion is defined as pulse spreading caused by
the time delay between lower-order modes (modes or
rays propagating straight through the fiber close to the
optical axis) and higher-order modes (modes
propagating at higher angles).
Intermodal dispersion contributes largely to pulse spreading
in multimode fibers
Light rays in a multimode fiber follow several paths (by
total internal reflection) of different lengths: they do not
reach the end of the fiber at the same time. This difference
in propagation delay broadens the pulse.
TEST LAB
504
INTRAMODAL DISPERSION
(CHROMATIC DISPERSION)
Chromatic dispersion is pulse spreading due to the fact
that different wavelengths of light propagate at slightly
different velocities through the fiber.
It is typically expressed in units of nanoseconds or
picosecond per kmnm.
There are two contributions to the intramodal
dispersion:
the Material Dispersion of the glass
the Waveguide Dispersion
TEST LAB
505
INTRAMODAL DISPERSION
(CHROMATIC DISPERSION)
Waveguide dispersion is usually smaller than material
dispersion and depends on the index profile of the fiber.
Material dispersion is due to the wavelength dependency on
the index of refraction of glass.
The material of which the fiber is made of induces dispersion
or pulse spreading. fiber.
TEST LAB
506
Waveguide Dispersion
Waveguide dispersion is due to the physical
structure of the waveguide.
Waveguide dispersion is more significant in complex index
profiles.
Material dispersion and waveguide dispersion can have opposite
signs depending on the transmission wavelength.
In the case of a step-index single mode fiber, these two
effectively cancel
each other out at 1310 nm yielding zerodispersion.This makes very high bandwidth communications
possible at this wavelength.
Dispersion can be minimized at 1310 nm but attenuation cannot
be minimized at this wave length
TEST LAB
507
Dispersion [ps/(nm . Km)]
Waveguide Dispersion
20
Material dispersion
10
0
Standard single-mode (1300 nm optimized)
-10
Dispersion flattened
-20
Waveguide
dispersions
Dispersion shifted
1300
1400
1500
1600
Wavelength(nm)
Typical waveguide dispersions and the common material dispersion
of three different single mode fiber designs
TEST LAB
508
Chromatic Dispersion
Input
1 0 0 0 1
Output
1 1 0 1 1
1
0
Chromatic Dispersion results from the fact that light in

different wavelengths is propagating at a different velocity in
fiber. That causes the pulse to broaden.
TEST LAB
509
Dispersion Penalty
1 1 1
1 0 1
1 0 1
1 0 1
Disp
ersi
on
pen
alty
Dispersio
n Penalty
The
dispersio
n of the
signal
causes
attenuati
on
on.
510
TEST LAB
8.05 Summary

Optical Spectrum
Use of Fiber optics &application
Different Types of Fibers & Applications
Dispersion
TEST LAB
511
Chapter-9
TEST LAB
512

Page No
9.01
SDH Network
9.02
DWDM Network
9.03
XDM Product Line
519 -- 522
9.04
ITUT Standards
523 524
9.05
SDH Mapping & NGSDH
525 527
9.06
POI Testing
..
528534
9.07
Jitter & Wander Testing
9.08
BER Measurement
9.09
Alaram testing
..
..
515 517
518
535 --549
550 553
TEST
LAB
554 --565
513

Page No
9.10 APS & Stability performance measurement
565 --576
9.11
DWDM testing
577 595
9.12
FEC
596603
9.13 Digital Micro Wave Radio
604 612
9.14 TMI Instruments
613 619
9.15 Optical fiber
..
620
9.16
Types of Fibers
621 628
9.17
Fiber Measurements
629-- 638
9.18
Summary
TEST LAB
514
9.01 SDH Network

140Mbit/s
TM
2Mbit/s
STM-1
ADM
STM-1, STM-4
2Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
ATM
Switch
STM-4/-16/
ADM
ADM
-64
STM-1
140Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
8Mbit/s
2Mbit/s
DXC
LAN
ADM : Add Drop Multiplexer
DXC : Digital Cross Connect
TM : Terminal Multiplexer
DSC: Digital Switching Center
LAN: Local Area Network
DSC
2Mbit/s
STM-1 / STS-3c Gateway to SONET
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
STM-1
STM-4
TEST LAB
515
SDH Network
Path
Multiplex Section
Reg. Section
SDH
MUX /
DEMUX
PDH
CC
SDH
MUX /
DEMUX
SDH
Multiplex Section
Regenerator Section Regenerator Section
Reg.
back-up line
clock
clock
clock
Parity Bytes
Comm.
Channels
B2
B1
B2
B1
B3
E2, D4 ... D12
TEST LAB
B1
E1, F1, D1 ... D3
516
SDH Network - Example

Microsoft AM 1+
with DS3 STM 4
Vannenberg
AM 1+
with DS3 STM
4
AM 1+
with STM 4
STM 16
63 E1
63 E1
63 E1
16/1 Sr
63 E1
STM 4
STM 4
E3+DS3
63 E1
STM 16
VSB
STM4 ring
TCS
To GE Eqpt AM1+
TTL POP
STM 16
@
HT2
63 E1
16/1
Comp
AM1+
E3+DS3
63 E1
63 E1
GE POP at HT2
STM 16
TTL POP
@
HT
1
16/1
Comp
Via Punjagutta
ST
Via Tarnaka,Sangeet
E3
ST
+ 63
M
DSE1
16
3
6363
M
E1E1
16
Sanat Nagar
16/1 Sr
STM 16
63 E1
E3+DS3
Via Ramanthapur,
63 E1 GE Uppal Nallakunta
STM 16 16/1 Comp
STM16 MSSP Ring

GE @ HT 2
Link for extending GE E3s upto
GE Office PO Yet to be released
STM 16
63 E1
E3+DS3
BTSOL
(Proposed)
63 E1
STM 16
16/1 Comp
STM 16
63 E1
E3+DS3
63 E1
63 E1
STM 16
To GE Eqpt
ST
6363636363
M
E1E1E1E1E1
16
Via Mehdipatnam, Gatchibowli
E3
ST
+ 63
M
DSE1
16
3
TEST LAB
16/1 Sr.
KLK
517
9.02 Transmission of multiple channels

using DWDM systems
TEST LAB
518
9.03 XDM Product line

Access
Metro-Edge
Metro-Core
LH/Regional/
National
STM-64/
DWDM
XDM-400
XDM-2000
STM-16/
CWDM
CWDM
XDM-200
XDM-500 XDM-1000
DWDM/CWDM
XDM-400
STM-4
XDM-100
-SDM1
BroadGate
GF-155
STM-1
LAN
TEST LAB
519
Micro SDM
The -SDM-1 supports up to 21 E1 tributaries.
2 The -SDM-1E module is up-gradable from 21 E1 to 63 E1 tributary
interfaces via Tributary Expansion (TEX) cards.
3 Channel 22 is used for DCC Cross connect and also used for Traffic
4
STM 1 interface modules
Optical: short-haul 1310 nm (35km), long haul 1550 nm (100km)
1
Electrical
5 Automatic path protection switching
6 Automatic performance monitoring
7
NVM(Non Volatile -Memory) card for
software and configuration back up
Dual input power
10 Variety of timing sources

11 Alarm in/out connectors
TEST LAB
520
XDM-100
1.
Aggregates traffic arriving over Ethernet, E1, E3, DS-3 and STM1/4 signals directly over STM-1/4/16
Can be configured as a Terminal Multiplier (TM) with a single port

for the line aggregates, as an ADM with two aggregate ports
Is suitable for indoor or outdoor installations
Supports an extended operating temperature range up to 55 C
TEST LAB
521
XDM-100
1.
Aggregates traffic arriving over Ethernet, E1, E3, DS-3 and STM-1/4
signals directly over STM-1/4/16
Can be configured as a Terminal Multiplier (TM) with a single port for

the line aggregates, as an ADM with two aggregate ports
Is suitable for indoor or outdoor installations
Supports an extended operating temperature range up to 55 C
TEST LAB
522
9.04 ITU-T Standards

SDH has been standardized by ITU-T in November 1988.
The CCITT (International Consultative Committee on Telephony &
Telegraphy) " recommendations G.707,
G.708 & G.709 covering the SDH standards.
G.702 - Digital Hierarchy Bit Rates
G.703 - Physical/Electrical Characteristics of Hierarchical Digital
Interfaces
G.707 - SDH Bit Rates
G.708 - Network Node Interface for the SDH
G.709 - Synchronous Multiplexing Structure
G.773 - Protocol Suites for Q Interfaces for Management of
Transmission Systems
TEST LAB
523
ITU-T Standards
G.781 - (Formerly G.smux-1) Structure of Recommendations on
Multiplexing Equipment for the SDH
G.782 - (Formerly G.smux-2) Types and General Characteristics
of SDH Multiplexing Equipment
G.783 - (Formerly G.smux-3) Characteristics of SDH Multiplexing
Equipment Functional Blocks
G.784 - (Formerly G.smux-4) SDH Management
TEST LAB
524
New Generation SDH
Edge
Customer
Operator
Adaptation
Ficon
Escon
Fibre
Channel
Native Interfaces
Ethernet
GFP
VC
Core
LCAS
Link
Generic
Virtual
Frame
Concatenation Capacity
Adjustment
Procedure
Scheme
LAPS
TEST LAB
Thats New SONET/SDH
SONET MUX/DEMUX
Edge
SONET/
SDH
526
The Building Blocks of Next-Gen SDH
GFP
Provides an elegant framing procedure with low overhead and support for
both packet services and storage services
Improves on current models of contiguous concatenation by supporting
much finer granularity of circuit provisioning and management from the
edge of the network. Right-sized pipes for packet services (Ethernet, in
particular). Both higher order (STS1 granularity) and low order (VT1.5 level)
are available, supporting a range of high- and low-speed service
assignments.
LCAS (Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme)

A tool to provide operators with greater flexibility in provisioning virtual
concatenation groups (VCGs), adjusting their bandwidth in service and
providing flexible end-to-end protection options
TEST LAB
527
9.06 POI TESTING PARAMETERS

B1 LEVEL TESTS
OPTICAL Tx POWER OF ADM.
RECEIVER SENSITIVITY OF ADM.
CLOCK FREQUENCY (CLOCK).
OUTPUT JITTER IN SDH TO PDH LEVEL.
JITTER FROM TRIBUTARY MAPPING & POINTER ADJUSTMENTS.
INSERTION LOSS OF PCM CABLE
B2 LEVEL TESTS
OUTPUT JITTER IN 2 Mb LEVEL.
INPUT JITTER TOLERANCE.
BER WITH FREQUENCY OFFSET (10 Min.DURATION)
RETURN LOSS MEASUREMENT AT Tx PORT.
OUTPUT PULSE CHARACTERISTICS AT Rx PORT.
48 HOURS BER.
TEST LAB
528
OPTICAL Tx POWER AT ADM
DSX
Tx
Rx
Rx
Rx
ADM
Tx
Tx
OPTICAL POWER METER
TEST LAB
529
RECEIVER SENSITIVITY
PATCH CHORD
DSX
Tx
Rx
Rx
Rx
ADM
ELECTRICAL PORTS
OPTICAL ATTENUATOR
Tx
IN
OUT
Tx
Rx OF ADM
OPTICAL METER
IN
OUT
DTA
OPTICAL PORTS
INCREASE THE ATTENUATION UPTO ERRORS WE GET IN DTA
CHECK FOR ERRORS UPTO 1E-6 AFTER THAT CHECK THE Rx
LEVEL
TEST LAB
530
CLOCK OUT PUT
DSX
Rx
Tx
2Mb CLOCK 15 PIN

D CONNECTOR
Tx
Rx
ADM
Rx
Tx
FREQUENCY COUNTER
TEST LAB
531
PULSE MASK TEST

G.703 PULSE
MASK LIMITS
ACTUAL PULSE
MASK FROM
PCM CABLE
G.703
F1
RESTART
F2
F3
F4
CONNECT BNC PATCH CHORD TO THE DDF POI Rx SIDE.

CONNECT THE BNC CONNECTORS TO THE L1 Rx, PORTS IN E - 8. TESTER
(MARKED AS A & B IN EACH PORT)
TEST LAB
532
PARAMETERS TO BE CHECKED FOR POI TESTING

PULSE WIDTH (nS)
RISE TIME (nS)
FALL TIME (nS)
OVER SHOOT (%)
UNDER SHOOT(%)
LEVEL (dB)
AFTER POWER ON
STEP 1 : GO TO OTHER MEASUREMENTS
STEP 2 : GO TO PULSE MASK MEASUREMENTS, PRESS ENTER
STEP 3 : PRESS F1 FOR G. 703 MASK TO CHECK THE LIMITS OF
ACTUAL PULSE MASK
NOTE DOWN THE READINGS
TEST LAB
533
Jitter and Wander

Timing Jitter is short term variations of the significant instants of a
digital signal from their ideal positions in time
Timing Wander is long term variations of the significant instants of a
digital signal from their ideal positions in time
A significant instant is any convenient, easily identifiable point on the
signal such as a rising or falling edge.
TEST LAB
534
9.07 Jitter and Wander

ideal pulse position
Unjittered Signal
0
1
Jitter
Amplitude
0 (t)
0
2
0
2
0
3
0
3
Jittered Signal
0
5
0
4
Jitter Waveform
0
4
0
Jitter/Wander = unwanted phase modulation

Jitter >10Hz; Wander <10Hz
TEST LAB
535
Jitter/Wander Measurements: Unit Interval (UI)
Tj
To
0.5 UI
1 UI
t
Jitter amplitude (peakpeak)
% jitter = T x j 100%
To
Clock period
TEST LAB
536
Causes of Jitter
Jitter From Electrical Components
Random electrical noise resulting in intrinsic phase noise on

the signal output from oscillators
Phase noise in logic circuits resulting in transition
uncertainties
Transition
Uncertainty
Input Signal
to logic gate
Output Signal
from logic gate
TEST LAB
Logic Threshold
Jitter due to
noise input
Time
537
What causes jitter in transmission networks?

PDH
STM-N
ADM
STM-N
2M Ref
PDH
DXC
2M Ref
ADM
2M ref
Mapping Jitter due to justification process.

Accumulated Jitter (& Jitter Gain) due to multiple retiming imperfections.
Tributary Jitter due to SDH pointer adjustments.
Wander (low frequency jitter) due to clock instability & noise.
TEST LAB
538
Jitter Test Categories
Jitter Tolerance of network interfaces

Jitter Transfer of Regenerative Repeaters
Output Jitter a) Line Rate
b) Tributary Rate
Tributary Jitter due to pointer movements
Wander versus Reference Clock
TEST LAB
539
Jitter Tolerance
ADM
Apply Jitter
at Input
T-Carrier
PDH
Measure BER
at Output
SDH/
SONET
TEST LAB
540
Jitter Transfer
Jout
---Jin
Jitter Transfer = 20log10
SDH
Regenerator
Applied Jitter
Jin
STM-4
STM-N
Measured
Jitter Gain
STM-4
STM-N
Jout
TEST LAB
541
Why measure jitter transfer?
Jitter accumulates when regenerators are

cascaded and it's essential to minimize this accumulation.
Measured during installation of
line (long haul) systems i.e SONET & DSn regenerators.
Jitter Transfer = 20log10
Jout
---Jin
Jin
Jout
REGENERATOR CHAIN
TEST LAB
542
Output Jitter
1.5 Mb/s
45 Mb/s
2 Mb/s
8 Mb/s
34 Mb/s
140 Mb/s
No Applied
Jitter
PDH MUX
Measured Jitter
SDH/SONET
Network
Element
PDH
52 Mb/s
155 Mb/s
622 Mb/s
2.5 Gb/s
No
Applied
Jitter
SDH
TEST LAB
543
MAPPING & POINTER JITTER SETTING

PATCH CHORD
DSX
Tx
Rx
Rx
Rx
ELECTRICAL PORTS
ADM
Tx
Tx
IN
IN
OUT
OUT
DTA
OPTICAL PORTS
TEST LAB
544
MAPPING JITTER TESTING
CONNECT DTA
PREPARE SETTINGS IN DTA AS SHOWN IN FIGURE SETTINGS
THE TESTING DURATION WILL BE ONE MINUTE, FOR EACH E1 TWO FILTERS (LP + HP1, LP + HP2 ) TO
BE USED, JITTER VALUE IN TERMS OF PEAK TO PEAK TO BE NOTED (AS SHOWN IN
MPJTR1,MPJTR2)
LP FILTER
HP1 FILTER
HP2 FILTER
18KHz
20Hz
100KHz
POINTER JITTER TESTING
CONNECT DTA
PREPARE SETTINGS IN DTA
THE TESTING DURATION WILL BE ONE MINUTE, FOR EACH E1 TWO FILTERS (LP + HP1,
LP + HP2 ) TO BE USED, JITTER VALUE IN TERMS OF PEAK TO PEAK TO BE NOTED (AS
LP + HP1 PNJTR6,PNJTR7)
LP + HP2
SHOWN IN PNTJTR1,PNJTR2,PNJTR3,PNJTR4,PNJTR5,
20Hz
TEST LAB
100KHz
18KHz
545
100KHz
JITTER TOLARANCE SETTING

PATCH CHORD
DSX
Tx & Rx OF ADM
Tx
Rx
Rx
Rx
ELECTRICAL PORTS
ADM
Tx
Tx
IN
OPTICAL PORTS
IN
OUT
OUT
DTA
THERE SHOULD NOT BE ANY CONNECTIONS AT THE OPTICAL SIDE OF DTA

ALL OTHER FIBRE CONNECTIONS AT ADM ARE NORMAL
TEST LAB
546
OUTPUT JITTER SETTINGS

PATCH CHORD
DSX
Tx
Rx
Tx & Rx OF ADM
Rx
Rx
ELECTRICAL PORTS
ADM
Tx
Tx
IN
IN
OPTICAL PORTS
OUT
OUT
DTA

TEST LAB
547
Tributary Jitter
Adjust Pointer
OC-n
NE 2
Check BER
Check Tributary Jitter
DSn
Note: test set must
maintain lock in
presence of jitter
transients
TEST LAB
548
Wander (Jitter at < 10Hz.)
1. Is measured relative to an externally supplied reference clock.

2. Is measured by sampling the signal bit rate and accumulating
the discrete phase steps implied by the samples.
3. Jitter (>10Hz.) is filtered off before measuring the wander samples.
Step size = Count
Wander Clock
Counter
Divider
50Hz
Sample
rate
Reference Clock
TEST LAB
549
9.08 BER Measurement

What Causes Bit-Errors? Bit-errors are the result of incorrect
decisions being made in a receiver due to the presence of noise on a
digital signal
TEST LAB
550
The Back T o- Back Measurement

The back- to- back measurement characterizes the receiver
We assume that the transmitted signal quality is high(negligible noise and distortion)
Shot noise is negligible at data comm. rates ROP is controlled by attenuating the
output of the transmitter For each value of ROP, the decision threshold is optimise3d,
and the BER measured Receiver sensitivity is the ROP required to achieve a specific
BER
TEST LAB
551
The System Measurement

We now add the system under test and repeat the
measurement
If the system adds noise, or other wise degrades or modifies the signal, we expect to
see the effects in the BER curve
Note that the attenuation of the optical signal with in the system does not,by
itself,cause any degradation, since BER is measured as a function of ROP
However, attenuation followed by a process which adds noise will result in a reduction
in Q
TEST LAB
552
OFFSET BER SETTINGS

DSX
R
x
ADM
Tx & Rx OF ADM
R
x
ELECTRICAL PORTS
Tx
IN
OUT
IN
Tx
PATCH CHORD
Tx
Rx
OPTICAL PORTS
OUT
DTA
TEST LAB
553
9.09 Alarm Stress Testing

Correct alarm operation is critical to a network elements performance and is fully exercisable with the OmniBER OTN.
Example: Below AIS threshold alarm stress

test sequence
Line-AIS
ON
Initiali Tes
5 Frames
t
ze
4
Frames
1
Frame
5 Frames
Holding
Sequence
Activat
e
De-activate
Line-AIS
OFF
TEST LAB
554
Alarm Stress Testing
Example: At AIS threshold alarm stress test sequ
LineAIS
ON
5
Frame
s
1
Initiali Tes
ze
t
Holding
Sequence
Activate
Frame
4
5
Frame
Frame
s
s LineAIS
OFF
TEST LAB
555
In Service Performance Monitoring

LO Path
HO Path
MS
RS
RS
B1
(BIP-8)
B1
(BIP-8)
B2
(BIP-24)
B3
(BIP-8)
BIP-2
(V5)
MSREI
REI
(G1)
REI
(G1)
REI
(V5)
REI
(V5)
Detection
Generation
TEST LAB
556
Performance Monitoring
Add B1,B2,B3 errors,
STM-N
NE
STM-N
Check REIs
in return path
Check NE counts errors
TEST LAB
557
In Service Alarms
Low Order Path
High Order Path
Multiplexer Section
Regenerator Section
LOP
LOS
LOF
LOS
LOF
MS
RDI
(K2)
RAI
(G1)
RSI
AIS
(K2)
MS
RDI
(K2)
(V5)
LOP
LOP
AIS
(H1H2)
AIS
(V1V2)
Tributary
AIS
RAI
(G1)
RAI
(V5)
TEST LAB
558
Alarm Detection / Generation and Reporting

Add Alarm
Conditions
OC-n
OC-n
Check Downstream
Alarms
NE
NE
Check Upstream
Alarm
Check NE
Reports
Alarms
TEST LAB
559
Maintenance (Preventative)
NE
Compare B1,B2, B3 and Alarm registers
NE
n
Check line frequency
pointer movements
TEST LAB
Check
tributary
jitter
560
Multiplexer Section Protection Switching (MSP)

MS
Terminal
MS
Terminal
B2 error
detector
STM-N
1
+
1
STM-N
TEST LAB
1
+
1
561
Multiplexer Section Protection Switching Test
Check that pattern

changes from A to B
Add B2 errors
or send K1 / K2
messages
Standby
A
MS
Terminal
B
NE or 2nd Test Set
TEST LAB
562
APS (Service Disruption Test)

Direct measurement of network protection switching time Supports testing of ALL
network protection switching architectures
Resolution:
Accuracy:
ITU-T G.783/ G.841:
Bellcore GR.253:
1us
50us
< 50ms
< 50ms
Working
ADM
TEST LAB
Protection
ADM
563
MSP - Service Disruption Test
Transmission:
Tx via working fibre/path

Failure on
working fibre
Network Event:
Tx via protection fibre/path

Switch to protection fibre
complete
actual protection
switching time
HP 37718/19A:
Detected error burst:
measured protection
switching time
ADM
Working
Pattern sync.
regained
ADM
Error: < 50 us
Equivalent to less than 1% of
maximum acceptable switching
time
Protection
TEST LAB
564
9.10 Automatic Protection Switching

(Linear or Ring)
TX
OmniBER
1) Fault
Occurs
Rx
A
TX
OmniBER
3) Confirmation +
Traffic
Rx
2) Request to
switch
Passive APS testing = no response sent (3), B enters oscillation

Active APS testing = confirmation response sent, B is kept alive
TEST LAB
565
Event triggers - Transmit and Receive

A) Send a stimulus signal into the DUT at the same time
generating a TX trigger pulse
B) Receiving a response signal back from the DUT and

generating a RX trigger pulse.
C) Measuring the time between pulses on an outboard scope.

A.
TXLOS
Networ
k
eleme
nt
Trigger
outputs
C.
Response time test
B.
TEST LAB
RX-AIS
566
Mixed payloads
Essential for Network Operators
Networks no longer just carry voice; now

different payloads thru an ADM is normal
An ADM carrying mixed payloads will be
configured with different add/drop cards.
Presenting a test signal without the correct
mixed payload signal structure causes alarms
and errors in the ADM.
TU-12
2Mb/s
TEST LAB
TU-12
2Mb/s
TU-3
34Mb/s
TU-11
DS-1
567
Mixed Payload Structure

Copy of
foreground
Test Signal
OC-48
STM-1
1
1
Foreground
Test Signal
3
Copy of
foreground
Test Signal
3........................... 16
2
1
TUG
1234567
| | | | | | |
1111111
2222222
3333333
Background
TU-12
Structure
1234567
| | | | | | |
1111111
2222222
3333333
4444444
TU-3
Background
TU-3
Structure
1234567
| | | | | | |
1111111
2222222
3333333
Background
TU-12
Structure
1234567
| | | | | | |
1111111
2222222
3333333
4444444
TU-3
Background
TU-3
Structure
1234567
| | | | | | |
1111111
2222222
3333333
1234567
| | | | | | |
1111111
2222222
3333333
4444444
Background
TU-12
Structure
TU-3
Background
TU-3
Structure
1234567
| | | | | | |
1111111
2222222
3333333
1234567
| | | | | | |
1111111
2222222
3333333
4444444
Background
TU-12
Structure
Example: STM-1 (TU-11,TU-12,TU-3) structure copied into all 16 STM-1s (TU-12s)

OR the 15 background STM-1 (TU-12s) can be set to unequipped.
Highlighted foreground TU-12 contains framed TU-12 test pattern. Background TU-12's
have same framing with different test pattern (2^9, 2^15, 1100 or numbered)
TEST LAB
568
TU-3
Background
TU-3
Structure
SDH Mixed Payloads Detection
Auto-discovers mixed payload structures

Identifies unequipped channels
Identifies channels containing Alarms/BIPs
HP 37718A / HP 37719A
OC-N
TEST LAB
569
Thru-mode Testing
No access to ADM during maintenance or

provisioning of new services.
Need to break the fiber and insert tester.
STM-1
Standard test mode is to insert a VT-1.5/DS-3 test pattern

into the ring and send round ring to verify BER.
Thru mode is essential to maintain the integrity of the

N/WMode
mgmtProvisioning
systems (i.e.Procedure
pass thru the DCC bytes)
OC-12
Thru
1. Configure Ring using N/W Mgr. to provision required path round ADM
ADM
STM-16
ADM
the ring
2. Insert DS-1/DS-3 PRBS into ring using VT/SPE Insert mode
STM-4
3. Receive DS-1/DS-3 PRBS using VT/SPE Drop mode

4. Set/Monitor C2/V5 Signal label
ADM
5. Set/Monitor J1/J2 Path Trace
DS-3,
DS-1
Other requirements
Access to K1K2 for APS messages
Pass thru DCC transparently
TEST LAB
570
Complete Overhead Access

Full SDH and POH Overhead Access
Access to defined and undefined bytes

Protect yourself against future
ITU-T/Bellcore standards changes and
possible re-definition of bytes
RSOH: All bytes except B1
MSOH/LOH: All bytes except B2,H1,H2, H3
(SS bits in H1 col. 1 are settable)
POH: J1, C2, G1, F2, H4, F3, K3, N1
LPOH/ VT POH: V5, J2, N2, K4
TEST LAB
571
Overhead Sequence Generation

Stress Framing Synchronisation Algorithms etc
Select RSOH, MSOH or POH overhead channel of interest:

SOH:
A1A2,J0, Z0,E1,F1,D1-D3,4 Media
MSOH/LOH:
D4-D12, K1-K2, S1, M1, M0,
Z1, Z2, E2
POH:
J1, C2, G1, F2, H4, Z3, Z4, N1
Program values for up to 5 different elements
Each element can be transmitted for 1-64000 frames
Sequence can be transmitted singly or repeated indefinitely
TEST LAB
572
Overhead Sequence Capture

Intermittent fault finding
Select SOH, MSOH/LOH or POH channel of interest

SOH:
A1-A2, J0, Z0, E1, F1, D1-D3,

4 Media bytes
MSOH/LOH: H1,H2 D4-D12, K1-K2, S1, M1, M0,
Z1, Z2, E2
POH:
J1, C2, G1, F2, H4, Z3, Z4, N1
Trigger can be manual or programmed value

Capture will display the first 16 / 8 different values
received and the number of frames that each value
has persisted.
TEST LAB
573
Message Based Overhead Access

Access Overhead Bytes
Overhead Access: Fast access pages - Textual Message

based Setup & Decode of S1 Sync Status & C2,V5 Path
Labels
APS Messages: Fast access page - Textual decodes of APS
messages
Defined Byte Labels
APS Textual Decodes

TEST LAB
574
BER(Stability Test)
The measure of transmission quality is determined by bit error rates (BER)

The BER depends on the amount of noise as well as other impairments that
are present in the system.
R(P1 P0)
BER = Q
1 + 0
TEST LAB
575
BER(Stability Test)
P1 optical power received during one bit
P0 power received during a 0 bit without any system impairment
Corresponding electrical currents are given by R P1 and RP2
1 and 0 denote the noise standard deviations during a bit and a 0 bit respectively.
Usually the required BER are of the order of 10-9 to 10-15
TEST LAB
576
9.11 DWDM Testing

Wavelength Mux
Wavelength Mux
Repeater
Repeater
OTU
OTU
OTU
(Section A)
(Section B)
(Section C)
OTU-TTI(A)
OTU-BIP-8(A)
OTU-BDI(A)
OTU-BEI(A)
OTU-IAE(A)
FEC(A)
OTU-TTI(B)
OTU-BIP-8(B)
OTU-BDI(B)
OTU-BEI(B)
OTU-IAE(B)
FEC(B)
OTU-TTI(C)
OTU-BIP-8(C)
OTU-BDI(C)
OTU-BEI(C)
OTU-IAE(C)
FEC(C)
ODU (Path X)
ODU TTI(X)
ODU-BIP-8(X)
ODU-BDI(X)
ODU-BEI(X)
STAT(X)
TEST LAB
577
DWDM MUX & Tx Transponder Testing

Test Procedure
Tx
Connect one Tx/transponder output

connector to CCA or OSA
Record output power and wavelength
Repeat this for all Tx
Connect the MUX output to CCA or OSA
Record powers&wavelengths
Calculate delta = IL for each wavelength
Tx
Tx
Tx
Tx
Tx
M
U
X
Tx
Tx
CCA or
OSA
Requirements
Output power range: ~ -5 to +5 dBm
Channel wavelength: <20% of channel

spacing
Max IL MUX (per wavelength): 3 dB
TEST See
LAB
578
equipment specifications
Rx Transponder Testing
Rx
D
E
M
U
X
Test Procedure
Rx
Rx
Connect BERT (1550nm) to

one Rx via adjustable attenuator
Insert 223-1 pseudo random payload
Record BER over Rx input power
Repeat this for all Rx
Rx
Rx
Rx
Rx
Rx
Requirements
BER range: 10-10 BER
Min receiver sensitivity:

-18 -30 dBm
See equipment specifications
Tx
Rx
TEST LAB
579
DWDM DEMUX Testing

Test Procedure
Rx
Connect DEMUX output to CCA

Record power&wavelength
Repeat this for all outputs
Rx
Rx
D
E
M
U
X
Connect DEMUX input to CCA or OSA

Record powers&wavelengths
Rx
Rx
Rx
Rx
Connect Rx input to CCA

(if far from DEMUX)
Record power&wavelength
Repeat this for all Rx
Requirements
Rx
Output power range: ~ -5 to +5 dBm

Channel wavelength:
<20% of channel spacing
Max IL DEMUX (per wavelength): 3 dB
Link loss according to network design
see equipment specifications
CCA or
OSA
TEST LAB
580
Tx Transponder
Key design parameters
Output power rise/fall time extrention ratio madulation type
sidemodesupression ratioand wavelength stability and
accuracy
The output power depends on the transmitter
DFB lasers putout 1mw to 10mw power using amplifiers we
can increase to 50 mw
The extinction ratio is the ratio of power transmitted when
sending a bit 1 to the power transmitted when sending 0
Practical transmitters have extinction ratios between 10 and
20
P0 = 2P/ r+1
P1 = 2rP/r+1
TEST LAB
581
Rx Transponder - Sensitivity & Overload

Key system parameters
Sensitivity and overload parameter
The sensitivity is the optical power required to achieve a certain
BER at a particular bit rate
And overload parameter is the maximum input power the
receiver can accept. The overload parameter defines the dynamic
range of the receiver
TEST LAB
582
Rx Transponder Sensitivity Test
TEST LAB
583

(EDFA)
Essential components in transmission systems and networks
to compensate for system losses
The commonly used device is EDFA which has a gain
bandwidth of 35nm at 1.55 micro meters
Can be used as preamplifier in front of receiver to improve
sensitivity
Can be used as power amplifier in front of transmitter to
increase the out put power
Can be used as line amplifier to compensate for link losses.
TEST LAB
584

(EDFA)
Amplifier introduces noise in addition to gain
The various design issues
Gain saturation : Gain depends on input power,if the
input signal power increases gain drops
Gain equalization : the amplifier gain is not exactly the
same at each wavelength small variations in gain between
channels cause large variations in power difference.
This can be removed by pre equalization second approach is to
introduce equalization at each amplifier stage, one way
demultiplex the channels, attenuate each channel and then
multiplex them back together.
TEST LAB
585
Cross Talk
Effect of other signal on the desired signal
Every component in WDM introduces crosstalk
The components include filters, MUX/DEMUX, Switches,
amplifiers, and fiber.
Two types:
interchannel crosstalk
intrachannel crosstalk
Intracahnnel arises
when signal at a wavelength
leaks into the desired signals
receiver
a. an optical demultiplexer
b. an optical switch wihtinputs at different wavele
TEST LAB
586
Cross Talk
The penalty is highest when the state of polarization of
the cross talk signal is the same as the SOP of the desired
signal
Interchannel crosstalk arises due to variety of sources e.g.
optical switching at different wavelengths
PP = -10 log(1- e)
Where e is the extinction ration
In bi-directional systems additional crosstalk mechanisms arise
Crosstalk reduction
Improve the crosstalk suppression at the desired level
Spatial dilation or wavelength dilation for crosstalk reduction
TEST LAB
587
DWDM System Parameters
TEST LAB
588

The BER performance of a DWDM channel is determined by OSNR,
which is delivered by the receiver.
This acceptable OSNR is delivered through a relatively
sophisticated analysis of signal strength per channel, amplifier
distances, and the frequency spacing between channels.
L: Attenuation between two amplifiers (dB)
N: number of spans
10 Log [h vv 0 = - 58 dBm 1.55m, 0.1nm spectrum
width)
The total transmit power is limited by the present laser technology
and fiber non-linearities
The key factors are the span TEST
(L) andLAB
the number of spans(N).589
TEST LAB
590
Equal span Network
822
dB
530
dB
333
dB
Above span design can ensure the OSNR is better than 20dB
TEST LAB
591
Different Span Network
105km
+5
+2
78km
22dB
-8
82km
120km
33dB
33dB
30dB
75km
22dB
-18
-28
0
78
198
311
TEST LAB
363
435
592
Four Wave Mixing (FWM)

Original Wavelengths
Frequency
2f1-f2
f1
2f2-f1
f2
New Wavelengths
Number of new wavelengths = N2(N-1)/2
where N = number of original wavelengths
FWM
N Products
2
4
TEST LAB
2
24
593
Measured FWM (degenerated)

0
Opt. Power / dB 1
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
-50
1557
1558
1559
1560
Wavelength / nm
The slide shows the original wavelengths 1 and 2 and the new generated wavelength
(left and right to the original wavelengths).
TEST LAB
594
Measured FWM (non degenerated)

0
Opt. Power / dB
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
Wavelength / nm
The slide above shows the original wavelengths 1, 2 and 3 and the new
generated wavelengths.
TEST LAB
595
9.12 Forward Error Correction Testing

FEC is a key element of the OTN. OmniBER OTN generates structured OTN
frames and can also generate frame errors (after calculated FEC).
Useful in validating the FEC functionality in new designs.
10.71 Gb/s OTN

with mapped
SDH/SONET
Add
Errors
G.709
DUT
10.71Gb/s OTN
with mapped
SDH/SONET
Check for
No Errors
TEST LAB
596
Forward Error Correction

Improves the BER performance of an existing link without adding signal power.
Increases the maximum span of a link, optimizing span engineering parameters.
Improves the overall quality of the link by diagnosing link problems early
TEST LAB
597
FEC Generation - A 5 Step Process

4080 Bytes
16 Bytes
3808 Bytes
256 Bytes
82 kHz
4 Rows
The FEC code is generated in one OTN Frame row at a time.
Step 1:
To ensure low-latency, each Frame Row is demuxed

into 16 individual sub-rows before FEC is generated.
Step 2:
Blank FEC bytes are added to each sub-row.
Step 3:
16 sub-rows are independently connected to 16 FEC

encoders, FEC calculated and populated in blank FEC
bytes.
Step 4:
16 sub-rows are remultiplexed to the original row with

the addition of the newly generated FEC values.
Step 5:
4 rows = OTN Frame
TEST LAB
599
FEC Generation - Step 1 (Frame Row De-Mux)
Row 1
16 17 18 19
33
3824
Payload
Overhead
Sub
Row 1
17
33
49
18
34
50
32
48
64
3809
Sub
Row 16 16
3824
TEST LAB
Each Frame Row

(Overhead + Payload) is
demuxed into
16 individual sub-rows
before
FEC is generated.
600
FEC Generation - Step 2 (Add blank FEC bytes)
239 bytes
16 bytes
Sub
Row 1
16 blank
FEC
bytes
added
per subrow
Sub
Row 16
Blank FEC bytes are added to each sub-row.
TEST LAB
601
FEC Generation - Step 3 (FEC Calculated

and Added)
LIVE FEC
FEC Encoder 16
FEC Encoder 15
FEC Encoder 14
FEC Encoder 13
FEC Encoder 12
FEC Encoder 11
FEC Encoder 10
FEC Encoder 9
FEC Encoder 8
FEC Encoder 7
FEC Encoder 6
FEC Encoder 5
FEC Encoder 4
FEC Encoder 3
FEC Encoder 2
FEC Encoder 1
16 sub-rows are independently connected to 16 FEC encoders,

FEC calculated and populated in blank FEC bytes.
TEST LAB
602
FEC Generation - Step 4

(Reconstitute original Frame row + FEC)
OTU Frame
Row
MUX
1 2 3 4
16 17 18 19
Overhead
382 408
5
0
3824
Payload
Valid
FEC
16 sub-rows are remultiplexed to the

original row with the addition of the
newly generated FEC values.
TEST LAB
603
9.13 Digital MW Radio Block Diagram
C
O
D
E
R
MOD
~
~
UPCONVERTER
~
~
DEMOD
~
DOWNCONVERTER
D
E
C
O
D
E
R
Here is a simplified block diagram of a digital radio transmitter and receiver.

Those of you familiar with analog radio will recognize a strong similarity in the
block diagram, though the modulator and demodulator sections are very different
as we shall see later.
TEST LAB
604
DMR Block Diagram 1+0 System
STM 1
DC Power
Add/drop
Tributory
multiplexer &
Baseband
Modulator &
Demodulator
processing
Transciever
feeding &
Unit
Coaxial Cable
Over voltage
Antenna Unit
(Upto 300m)
protection
Branching Unit
Indoor Unit
Outdoor Unit
(IDU)
(ODU)
TEST LAB
605
IDU & ODU

In transmit direction the STM-1 input is CMI decoded or converted from optical to
electrical level and fed to the SORP ASIC. It performs all the SOH processing and radio
scrambling. The FIR ASIC encodes the signal by use of a convolution code and maps it to
the 32CROSS constellation. It also performs the necessary pulse shaping. The signal is
then I/Q modulated, and the 350MHz IF signal is fed to the ODU interface and applied to
the IF coaxial connector. In receive direction the 140MHz IF from the ODU will interface
the IDU on the same connector. The necessary cable equalising functions are provided in
the ODU interface and the equalised IF is presented to the coherent demodulator. From the
demodulator the signal is fed to the ATDE, a 7 tap adaptive time domain equaliser. The
equalised signal is then decoded in the TRELLIS decoder , by use of soft decision and the
Viterbi algorithm.The signal is then fed to the SORP for radio descrambling and SOH
processing. The STM-1 signal is then CMI encoded or converted to optical level.
ODU
The ODU is an assembly of antenna, branching unit and transceiver. The ODU is connected to
the IDU with a single coaxial cable. The coaxial cable provides Tx-IF, Rx-IF, signalling and
power. For flexibility and easy installation, the coaxial cable is connected to the transceiver
through the branching unit.
TEST LAB
606
DMR Network - Example
Legends ADM4/1
SUPV +SVC
Optical /Line
16 *2 MB
Electrical /Line
16 *2 MB
Tribcard
E3
NO card Avlble
Dropping
SRIKRI
SRINAGAR
COLONY
Electrical card
Optical card
Gomathi
Teluguthalli
14851 /0.6/V
POOJA
RX
I
D
U
TX
TX
ADM4/1
KLK
15271 /0.6/V
18875 /0.6/V
RX
I
D
U
SR Nagar
WH
17865 /0.6/V
TEST
LAB
KLK
Aditya
607
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
Any signal present in the environment will have thermal

noise and other noise associated with it.
SNR =
Signal Power
Noise Power
S
=
SNR is defined over the bandwidth

expressed in dBs
N
of interest and
Higher the SNR, the smaller the signal distortion due to

noise.
TEST LAB
608
Performance Objectives for DMR System

The bit error (BER) of the HRDP should not exceed the following
provisional values given below, which takes into account of fading,
interference and all other sources of degradation of performance:
1 x 10-6 for more than 0.4% of any month
1 x 10-3 for more than 0.054% of any month
(integration time 1 second)
Errored seconds should not exceed 0.32% of any month
Thus, the 2500 km HRDP has been allocated 10% of the ES and DM
objectives of HRX. The 0.054% SES objective is obtained by the
addition of 10% of the high grade portion, i.e., 0.004% and 50% of the
block allocation, i.e. 0.05% (owing to the statistical nature of the
occurrence of worst month effects).
TEST LAB
609
Performance Objectives for DMR System
The performance objectives of digital sections should be derived by

subdivision of the percentage of time during which the threshold
may be exceeded (CCIR Report 930 and Rec.594). Thus for a
section of length L Km, down to a distance of 280 Km, the
objectives are:
ESL = 0.32% x (L/2500)
SESL = 0.054% x (L/2500)
DML = 0.4% x (L/2500)
and unavailability objective is
UL = 0.3% x (L/2500)
When a 11 GHz system is used for intracity working the SES objective
can be taken as 0.053% (which is 50% of the block allocation and twice
the medium grade allocation of a HRX).
TEST LAB
610
Jitter Measurements in the Digital Radio Network

JITTER
GENERATOR
PATTERN
GENERATOR
JITTER
RECEIVER
MOJ/MIOJ
MTIJ
Tx
Rx
DIGITAL RADIO
LINK
JTF
MTIJ = Maximum Tolerable Input Jitter

MOJ = Maximum Output Jitter
ERROR
DETECTOR
MIOJ = Maximum Intrinsic Output Jitter

JTF = Jitter Transfer Function
TEST LAB
611
Jitter Measurement in the Digital Radio Network

Perhaps the most common Jitter measurements are made at the standard CCITT
interface on the Radio which connects with the Digital Network. A number of Jitter
specifications have been laid down by CCITT for the CCITT standard hierarchy
rates. The idea is that if a piece of equipment meets the specifications at its input
and output, then it can be connected freely within the Digital Network without
degrading Jitter performance and causing errors.
There are three classes of Measurements:
Maximum Tolerable Input Jitter: Which is tested by applying increasing Jitter
to an input data stream and determining the onset of bit errors.
Maximum Output Jitter(AND Intrinsic Output Jitter: Which is the level of
output jitter with a jittered (or jitter-free) input signal.
Jitter Transfer Function: Which is a measure of how the Jitter is attenuated by
passing through the system, a necessary specification to prevent jitter
accumulation in the network.
TEST LAB
612
9.14 Agilent TMI for Transmission Testing

2.5G
OmniBER 718/725
10G
OmniBER OTN
Factory
Jitter Binary I/F

ATM
Rich O/H testing
P.O.S
All channel testing
Overhead Sequences
Upgrade to jitter
Rear Connector Option
Portable Product Positioning
Upgrade to 40G
Field
J2126A OTN
J2127A
Light Weight
Light Weight
Low Cost
Low Cost
Field Focussed
Feature Set
Field Focussed
Feature Set
All channel testing
All channel testing
TEST LAB
613
Agilent TMI for Transmission Testing
SONET
718 719 720 725
Comments
SONET framing structures
SDH
SDH framing structures
1310
1310nm optics
1550
1550nm optics
PDH & T-Carrier Testing
Comprehensive test capability for 2,8,34,140Mb/s

and DS1(1.5Mb/s) / DS3(45Mb/s)
Synchronous Electrical
Interfaces (52/155Mb/s)
Synchronous Binary
Interfaces
ATM
Electrical transmitter & receiver at 52/155Mb/s

Electrical (differential & single-ended) and
optical interfaces to 2.5G
Detailed ATM payload generation & analysis
POS
Detailed POS payload generation & analysis
Jitter/Wander
Comprehensive Jitter and Wander generation

and analysis
Detailed Mapping
Structured payloads down to 56/64Kb/s
Bulk Mapping
Concatenated payloads (bulk-filled VCn-c)
Service Disruption
Automatic Protection Switching time with

realistic payloads
TEST LAB
614
Omni BER-718
Transmit, Receive
Results, Graphics
SMART
TEST
The Front Panel
Bright
Alarm
LEDs
Printer
Control
Keys
Large Colour
Display with
Single or MultiWindows Mode
Pop Up
Menu Keys
Menu Driven
Soft Keys
Lid Printer
Output
Cursor
Navigation
Keys
TEST LAB
VGA
Output
615
Omni BER-718 Features

1 - Smart Test, Smart Setup
Fast identification of signal types.fast test equipment set up.
Capture all results in one test period.
2 - APS/Service Disruption Technique, Accuracy
Only independent verification tester for linear APS switch mechanism.Ensures
correct operation and interoperability in the network.
3 - ATM/POS (Jitter, OC48c, Channelized)
Stresses packet processing H/W.Simulates live traffic.Gives more realistic
performance results.Less failures in the Network.
Single box solution to measure and characterize the speed of protection
switching time.
TEST LAB
616
OmniBER 718 Interfaces

Transmit
Optical
Interface
Clock I/F
Multirate
Analyzer
Floppy Disk
Jitter Rx
Remote
control
Jitter Tx
Receive
TEST LAB
Power
617
OmniBER OTN 2.5G

OmniBER OTN 2.5G
Multi-rate up to 2.5G
Ethernet mappings into SONET/SDH
GFP
LAPS
Mixed mappings
Contiguous concatenations of STS-3c,

AU-4-2c,
AU-4-3c, AU-4-4c,
AU-4-8c and AU-4-16c as well as noncontiguous AU-3
Future upgrade-ability to
Virtual concatenation, LCAS and GbE
physical
interface
OTN (OTU-1)
TESTofLAB
Upgrade
all the above features618
at 10G
Agilents Next Generation SONET/SDH Test Solution

The ONLY tester that provides insight into all the layers of a structured
signal
Ethernet
GFP (G.7041)/ LAPS(X.86)
SONET/SDH &
OTN (G.709)
OTN
Resulting in
Comprehensive debug & reduced
test times,
SONET
Which Ensures
GFP
Ethernet
LAPS
SDH
OTN
Interoperability & standards

compliance
TEST LAB
619
9.15 Optical Fiber

Mostly SM fiber is used long distance communication typically 5 Km to 170
Km with out any problem
MM fiber is only used for the low data rates and short distance communication
typically 100 meter to 1 Km
Distance of reach depends on so many parameters
Typical SM Fibers
Single Mode Fiber G.652
DSF (Dispersion shifted fiber) G.653
NZ-DSF (dispersion shifted fiber) G.655
LEAF (Larger effective area fiber)
DCF (Dispersion compensating fiber)
TEST LAB
620
9.16 Typical SM Fiber Parameters

Typical SM Fibers
Dispersion is zero at 1310 nm wavelength
At 1310 nm the losses in the fiber is high
While Losses minimum at 1550 nm while the dispersion parameter is
+17 ps/nm/Km
Typical SM Fiber Parameters
Zero dispersion wavelength (nm)

Cutoff wavelength (nm)
Attenuation (dB/Km)
Dispersion (ps/nm Km)
PMD coefficient (ps/Km1/2)
Mode field diameter (micro meter)
Effective area (micro meter2)
Parameter at different wavelengths are

Attenuation slope (dB/Km/nm)
Dispersion slope (ps/nm2 Km)
Mode field diameter
TEST LAB
621
ITU-T Standards (Optical Fiber)
G.650 Definition and test methods for the relevant parameters of single
mode fibers
G.651 Characteristics of a 50/125 m multimode graded index optical
fiber cable
G.652 Characteristics of a single-mode optical fiber cable
G.653 Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fiber
cable.
G.654 Characteristics of a 1550 nm wavelength loss-minimized
single-mode optical fiber cable
G.655 Characteristics of a non-zero dispersion single- mode optical
fiber cable.
TEST LAB
622
ITU-recommendation for G.652

ITU-recommendation G.652
SMF has
Zero chromatic dispersion at 1310
High chromatic dispersion
(approx. 17ps/nm-km) at 1550nm
Advantage
Support WDM
Low in cost
Disadvantage
Suitable only for short and medium distances
Needs Dispersion Compensation modules
TEST LAB
623
G652 fiber
Dispersion (ps/ nm.Km)
1610
1530
20
10
1310
1550
nm
-10
EDFA Gain
Spectrum
-20
TEST LAB
624
Dispersion Shifted Fiber
Wave guide dispersion and material dispersion cancel out each other at
1310nm
Same cancellation is used at 1550nm band
The reasons are principally:
Fiber attenuation is a lot lower in the 1550 nm band
Erbium doped fiber amplifiers operate in this band
Done by increasing the waveguide dispersion
TEST LAB
625
Dispersion Shifted Fiber (DSF)
1610
1530
20
10
1310
0
1550
nm
NDSF
-10
-20
DSF
TEST LAB
EDFA Gain Spectrum
626
Non Zero Dispersion shifted Fiber
Low positive value of dispersion
(4 ps/nm/km in the 1530-1610 nm band)
Advantages
Minimizes unwanted effects Four-Wave-Mixing(FWM)
More distance than SMF
Disadvantage
Not able to carry large optical power
TEST LAB
627
Non-Zero Dispersion Shifted Fiber
10
5
1610
0
1530
nm
1550
NZ-DSF
-5
DSF
-10
EDFA Gain
Spectrum
TEST LAB
NZ-DSF628
9.17 Optical Fiber Measurements

Optical Measurements:
Mode field diameter
Numerical aperture(NA)
Fiber Loss
Refractive Index profile
Dispersion
Mechanical Measurements:
Fiber Geometry
Mechanical testing
Strength after mechanical stripping
TEST LAB
629
Measuring Loss of a Patch Cable, Double-Ended
This test measures the loss of the connectors on both ends of the
cable being tested plus any loss of the fiber in the cable being tested.
We do this with two reference cables, one attached to the source and
one attached to the meter.
1. Disconnect the launch cable from the meter.

2. Using a mating adapter, attach the cable you
want to test to the end of the launch cable.
3. Attach the other end of the cable to receive cable
attached to the meter.
4. Read the value on the meter display. The
difference in power between this measurement and
the reference measurement will be the loss.
TEST LAB
630
Fusion Splicer
Inset heat shrinkable sleeve to one of the fibers

Mount the prepared fibre in the Splicing machine
Align the fibers
Fuse the fibers
Check the splice loss using OTDR
If the splice loss is within the limit, remove the splice put the splice protector
After the sleeve shrinks remove the same fix it in the splice protection tray
Keep the splice protection tray in the joint closure of fibre distribution frame
frame and close it.
Factors which can affect the loss of a Fusion

splice?
External factors like dirt, dust etc.

Cleave angle
Fibre positioning or view angle
Geometry of the fibers
Eccentrically positioned fibre cores
Problems with the machine itself
TEST LAB
631
Mechanical Splicing
Install mechanical splice in the splice tool
Insert the prepared fibre into one side of the mechanical splice
Insert the second prepared fibre to the other side of the mechanical splice.
Push both the fibres till they touch each other and fix the fibre on the tool
to avoid movement.
Check the insertion loss using an OTDR
Press the top of the mechanical splice loss using the tool if the splice loss
is within the limits
Remove the mechanical splice and fibres from the tool and put the same
in a splice holding tray.
Close the splice holding tray and transfer the same to joint closure or fibre
distribution frame depending on the application.
TEST LAB
632
OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER
OTDR is an instrument to check if the fibers, connectors and splices are

good in a long campus networks.
An OTDR can see the splice after it is made and confirm its performance. It
can also find stress problems in the cables caused by improper handling
during installation.
OTDR can find the cut in the cable and help confirm the quality of temporary
and permanent splices to restore operation.
On single mode fibers where connector reflections are a concern, the OTDR
will pinpoint bad connectors easily.
OTDRs should not be used to measure cable plant loss. That is the job of
the source and power meter, the OTDR cannot show the actual cable plant
loss that the system will see.
The limited distance resolution of the OTDR makes it very hard to use in a
LAN or building environment, where cables are usually only a few hundred
feet long.
TEST LAB
633
OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER
OTDR makes use of the backscattered light from the fiber for its measurements.
OTDR sends a pulse a pulse which acts as virtual source testing all
the fiber. The OTDR can correlate what it sees in backscattered light
with an actual location in the fiber, through which it can create a
display of the amount of backscattered light at any point in the fiber
as shown.
The amount of light
scattered back to
the
OTDR
is
proportional to the
backscatter of the
fiber, peak power of
the OTDR test pulse
and the length of the
pulse sent out.
splice
Power
(dB)
Distance
TEST
LABFiber attenuation
634
connector
Information in the OTDR Trace
Reflective end
(note saturated peak)
Initial pulse
Ghost at 2X
length of cable
700 m cable
Just noise
If the cable contains highly reflective connectors, we may encounter ghosts as shown. These are
caused by the reflected light from the far end connector reflecting back and forth in the fiber until
it is attenuated to the noise level. Ghosts seems to be real reflective events like connectorsGhosts
can be eliminated by reducing the reflections. The connection from the launch cable to the cable
under test is highly reflective, ghosts may appear at multiples of the length of the launch cable or
the first cable we test.
TEST LAB
635
Backscatter Variability Errors

Another problem that occurs is a function of the backscatter coefficient, which
means the amount of light from the outgoing test pulse that is scattered back
toward the OTDR. The OTDR looks at the returning signal and calculates loss
based on the declining amount of light it sees coming back.
The backscattered light is a function of the attenuation of the fiber and the
diameter of the core of the fiber.
A) Same fiber spliced
If identical fibers are spliced, the

backscattering will be the same from
both sides of the joint.We get actual
splice loss with OTDR.
TEST LAB
636
Backscatter Variability Errors
Actual loss
Error caused by
B) fiber characteristics
High loss fiber spliced to low loss fiber
Error caused by
fiber characteristics
Actual loss
C)
Low loss fiber spliced to high loss

fiber can cause an apparent gain at a
splice
If two different fibers are used for

splicing, the backscatter coefficients
will cause a different percentage of
light to be sent back to the OTDR. The
two fibers are spliced with fiber having
more loss is spliced first,
However, if the fibers are different, the
backscatter coefficients will cause a
different percentage of light to be sent
back to the OTDR. If the first fiber has
more loss than the one after the
connection, the percentage of light
from the OTDR test pulse will go down,
so the measured loss on the OTDR will
include the actual loss plus a loss error
caused by the lower backscatter level,
making the displayed loss greater than
it actually is.
TEST LAB
637
Overcoming Backscatter Errors
One can overcome these variations in backscatter by measuring with the

OTDR in both directions and averaging the losses. The errors in each direction
cancel out, and the average value is close to the true value of the splice or connector
loss. Although this invalidates the main selling point of the OTDR, that it can
measure fiber from only one end, you can't change the laws of physics.
Resolution Limitations
The next important thing is OTDR resolution. The OTDR test pulse,
Figure 8, has a long length in the fiber, typically 5 to 500 meters long (17 to 1700
feet). It cannot see features in the cable plant closer together than that, since the
pulse will be going through both simultaneously. This has always been a problem
with LANs or any cable plant with patch cords, as they disappear into the OTDR
resolution. Thus two events close together can be measured as a single event, for
example a connector that has a high loss stress bend near it will show up on the
OTDR as one event with a total loss of both events. While it may lead you to think
the connector is bad and try to replace it, the actual problem will remain.
TEST LAB
638
9.18 Summary
In this chapter we studied the following Topics
SDH Network
DWDM Network
XDM Product Line
ITUT Standard SDH Mapping & NGSD
POI Testing
Jitter & Wander Testing
BER Measurement Alaram testing
TEST LAB
639
Tata Teleservices Limited

Test Lab Technical Team
D. Chandra Sekhar, Sr. Manager
09246309255
chandrasekhar
.d@tatatel.co.in
H. Guruprasad, Switching
55554185
040guruprasad
.h@tatatel.co.in
Monika Sharma, CDMA/RF/RAN

55554756
040-
monika.sharma@tatatel.co.in
K. Sridhar, Transmission
55554757
TEST LAB
kantamneni.sridhar@tatatel.co.in
040640
Program Ends Now
THANK YOU VERY

MUCH
TEST LAB
641

Training Module On Transmission Network and Testing Concep 1

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WELCOME

PDH & SDH Technologies

New Generation SDH

SDH & DWDM Products

Transmission Network Architecture

Network Management System

Concepts of Fiber Optics

Transmission Testing Concepts

PDH & SDH Technologies

Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

Jitter & Wander

SDH bit rates and Multiplexing

SDH Frame Structure

PDH & SDH Technologies

Aligning of VC-12 with TU-12

1.11 Multiplexing, Pointer & Frame Structure

1.12 Over head and

1.13 Contiguous & Virtual concatenation

1.14 Over head byte functionality

1.15 SDH Layer model

1.16 Elements of SDH Network

PDH & SDH Technologies

Automatic Protection Switching

1.01 Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy)

Plesio means = similar

Plesiochronous - "almost synchronous, because bits are

Pulse Code Modulation

The basis of analog to digital conversion is Shannons theory.The theory

Quantization & Encoding

Quantizing = Amplitude is given a certain value.

2Mb Frame Structure

FAS (Frame Alignment signal)

Each channel is of 64Kb/s

Multi Frame Structure

Encoded telephone signals

Encoded telephone signals

signal of the assigned channel

a to h = PCM 8 bit encoded telephone

488 ns ( 2048 KHz )

a to d = Signaling of the associated channel (CAS) or the

common signaling channel(CCS)

PDH Bit rates

1. PCM 30 Mux (D1 Level )

3. PDH (D3 Level )

4. PDH (D4 Level )

5. PDH (D5 Level )

Bit Stuffing and Justification (Contd..)

1.02 What are jitter and wander?

Frequency range of phase

Causes bit errors

Reference clock source

Jitter and Wander Definitions

Ideal Signal (NRZ)

Sources of Jitter and Wander

Definition of Jitter Peak-to-Peak Amplitude

Long-term timing variation (below 10 Hz)

"Time Interval Error"

"Max. Time Interval Error"

"Time Deviation", timing variation as a function of

TVAR"Time Variation", square of TDEV

"Modified Allen Deviation"

1.03 Disadvantages of PDH