BODY COORDINATION

HORMONAL
COORDINATION
BODY
NERVOUS
COORDINATION
COORDINATION

CENTRALCOORDINATION
PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
SYSTEM
NERVOUS

BRAIN
1.3 Kg
Soft protected by
skull
-
Highly folded
increase surface
area to store more
neurons
-

Spinal cord
Connect spinal
nerve to brain

SOMATIC
AUTONOMIC
- Control
NERVOUS
involuntary
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
SYSTEM
action
PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS
SYSTEM

- Control
voluntary action
above neck -

- Example:
smiling

- Control
voluntary action
below neck -

- Example:
walking

Impulse pathway

NEURONE
Basic unit of
nervous system

3 types:
1. Sensory neurone

2. Relay neurone

3. Motor neurone

SENSORY NEURONE

Function:
1. Receives impulse
2. Carry impulse to CNS

RELAY NEURONE

Function:
1. Receives impulse from sensory neurone
2. Carry impulse to motor neurone

MOTOR NEURONE

Function:
1. Receives impulse from CNS
2. Carry impulse to effector

Location of neurones
Sensory neurone

Relay neurone

Receptor

Stimulus

Effector

Motor neurone

Function of neurones
structures
Structure
Function
Dendrite

1. Receive impulse
2. Pass impulse to dendron

Dendrone

1. Receive impulse from dendrite

2. Pass impulse to cell body

Cell body

1. Receive impulse from dendrone

2. Pass impulse to axon

Axon

1. Receive impulse from cell body

2. Pass impulse out of neurone

Nucleus

Control activities in neurone

Myelin sheath

1. As insulator to prevent impulse leakage

2. Increase the speed of impulse transmission

Synapse
Function: allow impulse to flow in one
direction.

REFLEX ACTION.
WHAT IS REFLEX ACTION?

When your hand touches a hot

object, what is your response? You
will withdraw your hand:

Very fast?
1
2

Automatically?

Without thinking?

REFLEX ACTION
Meaning a very fast and automatic
response towards stimulus, without
thinking -

Examples knee-jerk, withdrawing hand

from hot object, blinking eye, sneezing,
cough, dilation of pupil. -

KNEE JERK REFLEX ARC

WITHDRAWING HAND FROM HOT

OBJECT REFLEX ARC

RELAY NEURONE

Endocrine
gland
Pituitary gland

Thyroid gland

Pancreas

Adrenal gland

testes

ovaries

The hormones secreted by each glands

Gland

Hormone

Pituitary
(also known as
master gland
because it
control the other
glands)

Thyroid gland

growth
hormone
ADH

Function of
hormone
Control bone and
muscle growth

Controls water
absorption from
kidneys

Thyroxine

Control rate of
metabolism

Adrenal
gland

Adrenalin

Prepare body for action

Increase rate of heartbeat

and breathing

Pancreas

Insulin
Glucagon

Lower blood glucose level

Increase blood glucose

level

Ovarie Estrogen
s
progestero
ne

Control female secondary

sexual characteristics

control menstrual cycle

Testes Testosterone

control sperm production

Control male secondary

sexual characteristics

EFFECT OF DEFICIENCY AND

EXCESSIVENESS OF HORMONES
HORMONES

DEFICIENCY

EXCESSIVENESS

THYROXINE

CRETINISM

GOITRE

INSULIN

DIABETES MELLITUS

HYPOGLYCEMIA

GROWTH
HORMONE

DWARFISM

GIGANTISM /
ACROMEGALY

TESTOSTERONE

LESS MALE
SECONDARY SEXUAL
CHARACTERISTICS

EXCESSIVE MALE
SECONDARY SEXUAL
CHARACTERISTICS

ESTROGEN

LESS FEMALE
SECONDARY SEXUAL
CHARACTERISTICS

EXCESSIVE FEMALE
SECONDARY SEXUAL
CHARACTERISTICS

PROGESTERONE

ABORTION OF
EMBRYO

FAILURE IN DELIVERY AT
THE CORRECT TIME

LESS THYROXINE CRETINISM

EXCESS THYROXINE GOITRE

DIABETES

HYPOGLYCEMIA

DWARFISM

DWARFISM

GIGANTISM

DRUGS
Definition - chemical substance that can alter body coordination
-
-drug abuse taking drug excessively not under doctors prescription
-
-withdrawal symptoms symptoms experienced by drug addicts
when they dont get drug supply.
-
Example: shivering, nausea, acute anxiety and depression

BENEFICIAL OF DRUGS
As antibiotics treat disease caused
by bacteria. -
Example: penicillin
Treat disease under medical
supervision.
Example: steroid
Relieve pain.
Example: anesthetics and analgesics
like aspirin

Types of drugs and effects

Types of
drugs

Examples

Effects

Stimulants

Cocaine
Amphetamine

prevent fatigue, reduce

sleepiness
Become energetic and active

Depressant Barbiturate
s
Sleeping pill

sleepiness, reduce stress, slow

response to stimuli

Hallucinog
ens

Marijuana,
LSD

Hallucination

Narcotics

Opium,
heroin,
morphine

Relieve pain
Feel so powerful

Inhalants

Glue
Paint thinner

Hallucination
Damage to brain, lungs and

Stimulate heart beat, breathing rate and blood pressure

Effect of drug abuse on health

High blood pressure
Heart problem
Damage of liver and brain
Weaken the immune system
AIDS and Hepatitis A

Alcoholic drink
Drinks that contain ethanol (alcohol)

Sugar from fruit and cereal are fermented by yeast to produce ethanol

Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant

Can cause liver cirrhosis

Example of alcoholic
drinks

Made out of

Wine, brandy

Grapes

Whisky, beer

Barley

Toddy

Coconut

Tapai, tuak, sake, rice

wine

Rice

Cider

Apple

Effects of alcohol
MEDIUM DOSES
Blurs vision
Slurs speech
Drowsiness
Altered emotion

LOW DOSES
Relaxing effect
Reduce tension
Impairs
concentration
Slow reflexes

HIGH DOSES
Vomiting
Breath
difficulties
Unconsciousness
Coma
death

EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ON THE

BRAIN

LIVER

STOMACH

HEART

Slow down brain

function
Damage brain cell
Hepatitis
Cirrhosis or
hardening of liver
Irritates stomach
lining
Bleeding and
stomach ulcer
High blood pressure
Stroke