CH 05

Medical Terminology
A Living Language
Chapter 5
Cardiovascular System
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Multimedia Directory
Slide 13Heart Anatomy Animation
Slide 27Heart Chambers Animation
Slide 36Atrial Blood Flow Animation
Slide 38Atrial Contraction Animation
Slide 40Ventricular Contraction Animation
Slide 45Internal Heart Structures Exercise
Slide 67Blood Pressure Animation
Slide 72Cardiac Arrhythmia Video
Slide 81Blood Pressure Measurement Video
Slide 84Angina Pectoris Animation
Slide 88Coronary Artery Disease Animation
Slide 92Heart Attack Video
Slide 95Aneurysm Animation

Multimedia Directory Continued

Slide 106Electrocardiography Video
Slide 107EKG Technician Video
Slide 112Defibrillation Video


Cardiovascular System at a Glance

Functions
of Cardiovascular (CV) System
Distribute blood to all areas of body

Delivery of needed substances to cells
Removal of wastes


Cardiovascular System at a Glance

Organs
of Cardiovascular System
Heart
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins




Cardiovascular Combining Forms

angi/o
aort/o
arteri/o
ather/o
atri/o
cardi/o
vessel
aorta
artery
fatty substance
atrium
heart



coron/o
hemangi/o
phleb/o
sphygm/o
steth/o
thromb/o
heart
blood vessel
vein
pulse
chest
clot



valv/o
valvul/o
vascul/o
vas/o
ven/o
ventricul/o
valve
valve
blood vessel
vessel, duct
vein
ventricle


Cardiovascular System Suffixes

manometer
ole
tension
ule
instrument to measure pressure

small
pressure
small


Anatomy and Physiology

Also
called circulatory system

Maintains distribution of blood throughout body
Delivers oxygen and nutrients like glucose and
amino acids to cells
Picks up carbon dioxide and other waste
products from cells and delivers to lungs, liver, and
kidneys for elimination


Anatomy and Physiology

Is
composed of:
Heart
Blood vessels
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Divided
into pulmonary circulation and

systemic circulation


Heart Anatomy Animation
Click here to view an animation of the anatomy of the heart

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Systemic Circulation
Between
heart and
cells of body
Carries oxygenated
blood away from left
side of heart to body
Carries
deoxygenated blood
from body to right
side of heart


Pulmonary Circulation
Between
heart and
lungs
Carries
deoxygenated blood
away from right side
of heart to lungs
Carries oxygenated
blood from lungs to
left side of heart


Figure 5.1 A schematic of the circulatory system illustrating the

pulmonary circulation picking up oxygen from the lungs and the
systemic circulation delivering oxygen to the body.

Heart
Muscular
pump
Made up of cardiac muscle fibers

Could be called a muscle instead of an organ
Beats
an average of 60 100 beats per

minute (bpm), or about 100,000 times a day
Each time the muscle contracts:
Blood is ejected from heart
Pushed throughout body within blood vessels


Heart
Located
in the mediastinum
More to left side of chest

Directly behind sternum
About
size of a fist
Shaped like upside-down pear
Tip of heart at lower edge
Called the apex


Figure 5.2 Location of the heart within

the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity.

Heart Layers
Endocardium Myocardium
Inner layer
Lines
heart
chambers
Smooth,
thin layer that
reduces friction
as the blood
passes through
heart chambers
Middle
layer
Thick muscle
Contraction of
this layer
develops the
pressure
required to
pump blood
through blood
vessels

Epicardium
Outer
layer
Forms the
visceral layer of
pericardial sac
Fluid
between
layers of
pericardial sac
reduces friction
as heart beats

Figure 5.3 Internal view of the heart illustrating the heart chambers,
heart layers, and major blood vessels associated with the heart.

Heart Chambers
Divided
into four chambers
Two atria
Two ventricles
Heart
is divided into right and left sides by a

wall called the septum


Atria
Left
and right upper

chambers
Receiving chambers
Blood returns to atria
in veins
Superior
and
inferior vena cava
Pulmonary veins


Ventricles
Left
and right lower

chambers
Pumping chambers
Thick myocardium
Blood
exits ventricles
into arteries
Aorta
Pulmonary artery


Figure 5.3 Internal view of the heart illustrating the heart chambers,
heart layers, and major blood vessels associated with the heart.

Figure 5.4 Internal view of heart specimen illustrating

heart chambers, septum, and heart valves.

Heart Chambers Animation
Click here to view an animation of the chambers of the heart.

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Heart Valves
Four
valves in heart
Tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic
Act
as restraining gates to control direction of

blood flow
Found at entrance and exit to ventricles
Allow blood to flow only in forward direction by
blocking it from returning to previous chamber


Figure 5.4 Internal view of heart specimen illustrating

heart chambers, septum, and heart valves.

Tricuspid Valve
An
atrioventricular
valve
Between right atrium
and ventricle
Prevents blood in
ventricle from flowing
back into atrium
Has
3 leaflets or
cusps


Pulmonary Valve
A semilunar
valve
Between right
ventricle and
pulmonary artery
Prevents blood in
artery from flowing
back into ventricle
Semilunar
valve
looks like half moon


Mitral Valve
An
atrioventricular
valve
Between left atrium
and ventricle
Prevents blood in
ventricle from flowing
back into atrium
Also
called bicuspid
valve - has two
cusps


Aortic Valve
A semilunar
valve
Between
left
ventricle and aorta
Prevents blood in
aorta from flowing
back into ventricle


Figure 5.5 Superior view of heart valves illustrating

position, size, and shape of each valve.

Path of Blood Flow Through Heart

1. Deoxygenated blood
from body enters
relaxed right atrium
via two large veins
called:
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava


Atrial Blood Flow Animation
Click here to view an animation of atrial blood flow.

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2. Right atrium
contracts
Blood flows through

tricuspid valve into
relaxed right ventricle


Atrial Contraction Animation
Click here to view an animation of atrial contraction.

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3. Right ventricle
contracts
Blood is pumped
through pulmonary
valve into pulmonary
artery
Carries blood to lungs


Ventricular Contraction Animation
Click here to view an animation of ventricular contraction.

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4. Relaxed left atrium
receives blood that
has been
oxygenated by lungs
Blood enters left

atrium from the four
pulmonary veins



5. Left atrium contracts
Blood flows through

mitral valve into
relaxed left ventricle



6. Left ventricle
contracts
Blood is pumped
through the aortic
valve and into aorta
Largest artery in the
body
Carries blood to all
parts of body


Figure 5.6 The path of blood flow through the

chambers of the left and right side of the heart.

Internal Heart Structures Exercise
Click here to review the internal structures of the heart in a labeling activity.
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Systole and Diastole

Heart
chambers alternate between:
Relaxing to fill
Contracting to push blood forward
Relaxation
phase is diastole
Contraction phase is systole


Conduction System of the Heart

Autonomic
nervous system controls heart rate
Therefore, no voluntary control over heart
Special
heart tissue conducts electrical

impulses
Stimulate different chambers to contract in correct

order


Path of the Conduction System

1. Sinoatrial (SA) node,
or pacemaker, is
where electrical
impulse begins
From SA node a wave
of electricity travels
through atria
Causing them to
contract, or go into
systole



2. Next, atrioventricular
node (AV) is
stimulated
3. This node transfers
stimulation wave to
bundle of His



4. Electrical wave travels
down bundle
branches within
interventricular septum
5. Finally, Purkinje
fibers in ventricular
myocardium are
stimulated
Results in ventricular
systole


Figure 5.7 The conduction system of the heart.


Figure 5.8 An electrocardiogram (EKG) wave.


Blood Vessels
Pipes
that circulate blood through body

Three types:
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Lumen
is the channel within blood vessels


Arteries
Large
thick-walled vessels
Wall contains smooth muscle and can dilate or
constrict
As arteries travel through body they branch
into progressively smaller vessels called
arterioles


Figure 5.9 Comparative structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins.


Arteries
Carry
blood away from heart
Towards either lungs or cells and tissues of body

Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to
lungs
Aorta carries oxygenated blood to body
Coronary
arteries supply myocardium


Figure 5.10 The coronary arteries.


Figure 5.11 The major arteries of the body.


Capillaries
Network
of tiny, thin-walled blood vessels

called a capillary bed
Connecting unit between arteries and veins
Arterial blood flows into capillary bed
Venous blood flows out of capillary bed
Location for:
Oxygen and nutrients to diffuse out
Carbon dioxide and wastes to diffuse in




Veins
Much
thinner walls than arteries

Much lower pressure system than in arteries
Have valves to insure blood flows only towards
heart
Squeezing by skeletal muscles also assists blood
return to heart
Smallest
veins are called venules




Veins
Carry
blood towards the heart
From either the lungs or the cells and tissues of

body
Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from
lungs
Superior and inferior vena cava carry deoxygenated
blood from body


Figure 5.12 The major veins of the body.


Blood Pressure
Measurement
of force exerted by blood

against walls of a vessel
May be affected by several characteristics of
blood and blood vessels
Elasticity of arteries
Diameter of blood vessels
Viscosity of blood
Volume of blood
Amount of resistance to blood flow


Blood Pressure
During
ventricular systole
Blood is under great pressure

Gives highest pressuresystolic
Top number of blood pressure reading
During
ventricular diastole
Blood isnt being pushed from heart at all

Blood pressure drops to lowest pointdiastolic
Bottom number of blood pressure reading


Blood Pressure Animation
Click here to view an animation on systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

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Word Building with angi/o

gram
angiogram
record of a vessel
itis
angiitis
inflammation of a vessel
plasty
angioplasty
surgical repair of vessel
spasm
angiospasm
involuntary muscle
contraction in a vessel
stenosis
angiostenosis
narrowing of a vessel


Word Building with aort/o & arteri/o

ic
aortic
pertaining to the aorta
al
arterial
pertaining to an artery
ole
arteriole
small artery
rrhexis
arteriorrhexis
ruptured artery


Word Building with ather/o & atri/o

ectomy
atherectomy
surgical removal of fatty

substance
oma
atheroma
fatty substance
tumor/growth
al
atrial
pertaining to the atrium
inter al interatrial

pertaining to between the

atrium

Word Building with cardi/o

ac
cardiac
brady ia bradycardia
pertaining to the heart

state of slow heart
electr/o
gram
record of hearts
electrocardiogram
electricity
megaly
cardiomegaly
enlarged heart
my/o al
myocardial
pertaining to heart
muscle
ologist
cardiologist
heart specialist
rrhexis
cardiorrhexis
ruptured heart
tachy ia tachycardia
state of fast heart

Cardiac Arrhythmia Video
Click here to view a video on tachycardia and bradycardia.

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Word Building with coron/o,

phleb/o, and vascul/o
ary
coronary
pertaining to the heart
itis
phlebitis
inflammation of a vein
ar
vascular
pertaining to a blood
vessel


Word Building with valv/o & valvul/o

plasty
valvoplasty
surgical repair of valve
itis
valvulitis
inflammation of a valve
ar
valvular
pertaining to a valve


Word Building with ven/o & ventricul/o

ous
venous
pertaining to veins
ule
venule
small vein
gram
venogram
record of a vein
ar
ventricular
pertaining to ventricles
inter ar interventricular

pertaining to between
ventricles

Cardiovascular Vocabulary
auscultation
listening to sounds within body using a

stethoscope
cardiology
branch of medicine for diagnosis and

treatment of cardiovascular disease;
physician is a cardiologist
catheter
flexible tube inserted in body to move fluids

into or out of body; may be used to place
dye into a vein to view blood vessels


infarct
area of necrotic tissue due to loss of blood

supply
ischemia
local and temporary deficiency of blood

supply due to a circulatory obstruction
murmur
abnormal heart sound such as soft blowing

sound or a harsh click; also called a bruit
orthostatic
sudden drop in blood pressure when
hypotension standing up suddenly


palpitations
pounding, racing heartbeats
plaque
yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in an artery;

hallmark of atherosclerosis
regurgitation
to flow backwards; in CV system refers to

backflow of blood through a valve


sphygmomanometer
blood pressure cuff; measures

blood pressure
stent
stainless steel tube placed within

blood vessel to widen the lumen
stethoscope
instrument for listening to body

sounds


Figure 5.13 Using a sphygmomanometer

to measure blood pressure.

Blood Pressure Measurement

Video
Click here to view a video on the use of a sphygmomanometer.

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Figure 5.14 A) A catheter is used to place a collapsed stent next to

an atherosclerotic plaque; B) stent is expanded; C) catheter is
removed, leaving the expanded stent behind.

Heart Pathology
angina
pectoris
severe pain and sensation of constriction

around heart; caused by myocardial
ischemia
arrhythmia
irregularity in heartbeat; some are mild and

others are life threatening
electrical impulse is blocked from traveling

bundle
down bundle branches; results in ventricles
branch
beating at different rate than atria; also
block (BBB)
called heart block


Angina Pectoris Animation
Click here to view an animation on angina pectoris.

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Heart Pathology
cardiac arrest
complete stopping of heart activity
myocardial disease; may be caused by

viral infection, congestive heart failure,
cardiomyopathy
or alcoholism; common reason for heart
transplant
congenital
septal defect
(CSD)
hole, present at birth, in heart septum;

allows mixing of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood


Heart Pathology
congestive
heart failure
(CHF)
left ventricle muscle is too weak to

efficiently pump blood; results in
weakness, breathlessness, & edema
coronary
poor blood supply to heart muscle due to
artery disease obstruction of coronary arteries; may
(CAD)
cause angina pectoris and heart attack
endocarditis
inflammation of lining membranes of

heart; if cause is bacterial may have a
bacterial colony form, called vegetation


Figure 5.15 Formation of an atherosclerotic plaque within a

coronary artery.

Coronary Artery Disease

Animation
Click here to view an animation about coronary artery disease.

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Heart Pathology
fibrillation
extremely serious arrhythmia characterized

by quivering of heart fibers; cardiac arrest
and death can occur
flutter
arrhythmia in which atria beat too rapidly,

but in a regular pattern
heart valve
prolapse
cusps are too loose and fail to shut tightly;

allowing regurgitation
heart valve
stenosis
cusps are too stiff; unable to shut tightly;

allowing regurgitation


Heart Pathology
myocardial
occlusion of coronary artery; results in a
infarction (MI) myocardial infarct; a heart attack
myocarditis
inflammation of heart muscle layer
pericarditis
inflammation of pericardial sac
tetralogy of
Fallot
combination of four congenital

anomalies; pulmonary stenosis,
interventricular septal defect, improper
placement of aorta, hypertrophy of right
ventricle; requires immediate surgery


Figure 5.16 External and cross-sectional view of an infarct caused

by a myocardial infarction.

Heart Attack Video
Click here to view a video on the topic of heart attacks.

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Blood Vessel Pathology

aneurysm
weakness and ballooning of arterial

wall; commonly seen in abdominal and
cerebral arteries
hardening & loss of elasticity of arterial

arteriosclerosis
walls; often due to atherosclerosis
atherosclerosis
most common form of arteriosclerosis;

lipid plaques form in arterial wall


Figure 5.17 Illustration of a large aneurysm in the abdominal aorta

which has ruptured.

Aneurysm Animation
Click here to view an animation on aneurysms.

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Figure 5.18 Development of an atherosclerotic plaque that

progressively narrows the lumen of an artery to the point that a
thrombus fully occludes the lumen.


coarctation of
aorta (CoA)
severe congenital narrowing of aorta
embolus
obstruction of blood vessel by blood

clot that has broken off from a
thrombus in another site
hemorrhoid
varicose veins in anal region


Figure 5.19 Illustration of an embolus floating in an artery. The

embolus will become lodged in a blood vessel that is smaller than it
is, resulting in occlusion of that artery.


hypertension
(HTN)
high blood pressure; essential or

primary hypertension is due to CV
disease; secondary hypertension results
from another disease
hypotension
decrease in blood pressure; may be due

to shock or anemia
patent ductus
arteriosus
(PDA)
congenital heart anomaly where fetal

connection between pulmonary artery
and aorta fails to close at birth



peripheral
abnormal condition affecting any blood
vascular
vessel outside the heart; symptoms may
disease (PVD) include pain, pallor, & blocked circulation
polyarteritis
inflammation of several arteries
Raynauds
phenomenon
periodic ischemic attacks affecting

extremities; especially fingers, toes,
ears, and nose; extremities become
cyanotic; triggered by cold exposure



thrombophlebitis
inflammation of vein resulting in blood

clots within a vein
thrombus
blood clot within a blood vessel; may

partially or completely occlude blood
vessel
varicose veins
swollen and distended veins; often in

the legs


Clinical Laboratory Tests

cardiac
enzymes
blood test determines level of enzymes

specific to heart muscle in blood; an
increase may indicate heart muscle
damage such as a myocardial infarction
serum
lipoprotein
level
blood test measures amount of cholesterol

and triglycerides in blood; indicator of
atherosclerosis risk


Diagnostic Imaging
angiography
X-rays taken after injection of opaque dye

into blood vessel
nuclear medicine scan using radioactive

cardiac scan thallium; especially useful in determining
myocardial damage


Diagnostic Imaging
Doppler
ultrasonography
using ultrasound to produce an

image of blood flowing through blood
vessels in order to determine
velocity; indicates blood clots or deep
vein thromboses
echocardiography
use of ultrasound to visualize internal

cardiac structures; especially valves
venography
X-ray of veins; used to identify a

thrombus


Cardiac Function Tests

cardiac
catheterization
catheter is threaded through blood

vessel to heart; detects
abnormalities, collects cardiac
blood samples, and determines
blood pressure inside heart
process of recording electrical

electrocardiography activity of heart; able to diagnose
(ECG, EKG)
arrhythmias and myocardial
damage


Electrocardiography Video
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EKG Technician Video
Click here to view a video on EKG technicians.

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Cardiac Function Tests

Holter
monitor
portable ECG monitor worn by patient up

to a few days to assess heart activity as
person goes through daily activities
stress
testing
evaluates cardiovascular fitness; patient

exercises on treadmill or bicycle with a
steadily increasing work load; EKC and
oxygen levels are monitored throughout
the test


Figure 5.20 Man undergoing stress test on a treadmill. (Jonathan Nourok/PhotoEdit Inc.)


Medical Procedures
procedure to restore cardiac output
cardiopulmonary
and oxygenate air for person in cardiac
resuscitation
arrest; uses chest compressions and
(CPR)
artificial respiration
defibrillation
procedure that converts irregular

heartbeats, such as fibrillation, using
an electric shock
extracorporeal
routing blood to a heart-lung machine
circulation (ECC) during a surgical procedure


Figure 5.21 An emergency medical technician positions

defibrillator paddles on the chest of a supine male patient.

Defibrillation Video
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Medical Procedures
implantable
cardioverterdefibrillator
device implanted into the heart to

deliver an electric shock to restore
normal heart rhythm; especially helpful
for ventricular fibrillation
pacemaker
implantation
device implanted into the heart to

substitute for the natural pacemaker;
especially helpful for bradycardia


Figure 5.22 Color enhanced X-ray showing pacemaker implanted in the chest and the
electrode wires running to the heart. (UHB Trust/Getty Images Inc.Stone Allstock)


Medical Procedures
thrombolytic
therapy
use of drugs, such as streptokinase or

tissue-type plasminogen activator, to
dissolve clots and restore blood flow


Surgical Procedures
aneurysmectomy
surgical removal of an aneurysm
arterial
anastomosis
surgical joining of two arteries when

an artery is severed or a damaged
section is removed
coronary artery
bypass graft
(CABG)
blood vessel from another location

(often a leg vein) is grafted to route
blood around a blocked coronary
artery
embolectomy
surgical removal of an embolus


Surgical Procedures
removal of the diseased inner lining
endarterectomy of an artery; usually to remove
atherosclerotic plaques
replacement of a diseased heart
heart transplant
with a donor heart
intracoronary
artery stent
placing a stent within a coronary

artery; treats coronary ischemia due
to atherosclerosis
ligation &
stripping
removal of varicose veins; damaged

vein is tied off (ligation) and then
removed (stripping)


Surgical Procedures
percutaneous
transluminal
coronary
angioplasty
(PTCA)
balloon catheter is inserted through

skin into coronary artery; inflated to
dilate the narrow blood vessel
valve replacement
removal of diseased valve and

replacement with an artificial valve


Figure 5.23 Balloon angioplasty.


Cardiovascular Pharmacology
ACE inhibitor
drugs
produce vasodilation to
decrease blood pressure
antiarrhythmic
reduces or prevents cardiac Tambocor,

arrhythmias
Corvert
anticoagulant
prevents blood clot

formation
Warfarin,
Coumadin
antilipidemic
reduces blood cholesterol

level
Lipitor,
Zocor

Lotensin,
Capoten

Betablocker
lowers heart rate to treat

hypertension and angina
pectoris
Calcium
channel
blocker
decreases force of heart beat to

treat hypertension, angina
Cardizem,
pectoris, and congestive heart Procardia
failure
Lopressor,
Inderal
increases force of heart

cardiotonic contraction to treat congestive
heart failure

Lanoxin

diuretic
increases urine
production to reduce
plasma volume to
lower blood pressure
Lasix
thrombolytic
dissolves existing
blood clot
Plavix, Activase


contracts smooth muscle in
vasoconstrictor wall of blood vessel to raise
blood pressure
vasodilator
relaxes smooth muscle in

wall of blood vessel to
reduce blood pressure and
increase blood flow to
ischemic area

Aramine
Nitro-Dur,
Vasodilan

Cardiovascular Abbreviations
AFB
atrial fibrillation
AMI
acute myocardial infarction
AS
arteriosclerosis
ASD
atrial septal defect
ASHD
arteriosclerotic heart disease
AV, A-V
atrioventricular
BBB
bundle branch block
BP
blood pressure


bpm
beats per minute
CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
CAD
coronary artery disease
cath
catheterization
CC
cardiac catheterization, chief complaint
CCU
coronary care unit
CHF
congestive heart failure
CoA
coarctation of the aorta


CP
chest pain
CPK
creatine phosphokinase
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CSD
congenital septal defect
CV
cardiovascular
DVT
deep vein thrombosis
ECC
extracorporeal circulation
ECG, EKG
electrocardiogram


ECHO
echocardiogram
GOT
glutamic- oxaloacetic transaminase
HTN
hypertension
ICU
intensive care unit
IV
intravenous
LDH
lactate dehydrogenase


LVAD
left ventricular assist device
LVH
left ventricular hypertrophy
MI
myocardial infarction, mitral insufficiency
mmHg
millimeters of mercury
MR
mitral regurgitation
MS
mitral stenosis
MVP
mitral valve prolapse


P
pulse
PAC
premature atrial contraction
PDA
patent ductus arteriosus
PTCA
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
PVC
premature ventricular contraction
S1
first heart sound
S2
second heart sound


SA, S-A
sinoatrial
SGOT
serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase
SK
streptokinase
tPA
tissue-type plasminogen activator
Vfib
ventricular fibrillation
VSD
ventricular septal defect
VT
ventricular tachycardia



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Medical Terminology

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Multimedia Directory Continued

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

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Cardiovascular System at a Glance

of Cardiovascular (CV) System

Distribute blood to all areas of body

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

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Cardiovascular System at a Glance

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

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Cardiovascular Combining Forms

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

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Cardiovascular Combining Forms

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Cardiovascular Combining Forms

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Cardiovascular System Suffixes

instrument to measure pressure

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

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Anatomy and Physiology

called circulatory system

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

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Anatomy and Physiology

into pulmonary circulation and

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Heart Anatomy Animation

Click here to view an animation of the anatomy of the heart

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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

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Figure 5.1 A schematic of the circulatory system illustrating the

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Made up of cardiac muscle fibers

an average of 60 100 beats per

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

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More to left side of chest

Called the apex

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Figure 5.2 Location of the heart within

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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

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into four chambers

is divided into right and left sides by a

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