Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Mathematics Foundation
Linear Algebra
- Linear equations
- Linear graphs
Next lecture:
- Systems of linear equations
- Simultaneous equations
Next week: Matrices
2
Linear equations
A linear equation is an algebraic equation in which
each term is either a constant or the product of a
constant and a single variable.
The following are examples of linear equations:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
3
Example 1
There are 70 students registered in three
algebra classes. There are twice as many
students in the 10AM class as the 8AM class
and there are 10 more students in the 12:00
class than in the 8:00 class. How many students
are in each class?
Let be the number of students in 8A.M. class
We can re-write the above question as
TOTAL
10AM class
8AM class
12PM class
Exercise 2.
The sum of three consecutive integers is 69.
What is the largest integer?
Linear Function
A linear function is a relationship between and in
which each term is either a constant or the product
of a constant and a single variable.
The following are examples of linear functions:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Linear function
The general form of a linear function is
,
where and are both constants.
The values of and can be zero. This was the case
on the previous slide
(iv) , here .
(v) , here .
Linear function
Linear function may also be written in the following
form:
Examples:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
()These examples can be re-arranged in the form
8
Exercise 3.
Re-arrange
the following relations to write them in the
(ii)
(iii)
Cartesian or plane
A Cartesian coordinate system is a system that specifies
each point uniquely in a plane by a pair of numerical
coordinates .
The axis of a Cartesian system are at right angle to one
another, the axis is horizontal and the axis is vertical.
Where they cross over is the origin,
or zero for both axis.
A point is plotted
units across horizontally (in direction)
3 units up (in direction)
Exercise 4
Plot the following points on the plane
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Linear graphs
An equation gives us a linear relationship between
and points.
For any given value , we calculate the
corresponding value for . This creates the ordered
pair we can plot on the plane.
Note that in we can also write it as , are the values.
12
Example 5
Lets find some ordered pairs described by this
linear function and plot them on the Cartesian plane
13
Exercise 6
Graph
the function .
14
Exercise 7
Graph
the function
15
Linear graphs
As
weve seen in the previous slides relations of the
form
result in a straight line graphs when plotted on the
plane. This is why they are called linear functions.
The graph cuts the axis when This is called the
intercept.
The graph cuts the axis when . This is called the
intercept.
16
Exercise 8
Graph
the function , by finding the and intercepts.
17
Exercise 9
Graph
the function , by finding the and intercepts.
18
Linear Functions
Slope
Lets
look at two points on the line ( and . Then
and
We see from the second equation that , which we can
substitute into the first equation:
Subtract from both sides:
Collect like terms:
Divide by :
20
Example 10
Considering points and determine the slope of
the line plotted.
22
Linear graphs
If linear graphs have the same slope then they are
parallel to each other.
For example, the graphs of the lines and are parallel
to each other as their slopes are .
Linear graphs are perpendicular (at right angles) to
one another if the product of their slopes is equal to
.
For example, the graphs of the lines and are
perpendicular to each other, because
23
Exercise 11
Which of the following functions are
perpendicular to each other:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
24
Linear graphs
To
determine the equation of a straight line we need
two pieces of information. Either
I. The slope of the line and one point that lies on
the line, or
II. Two points and that lie on the line
25
Linear graphs
I.
26
Example 12
What
is the equation of the line passing through the
Linear graphs
Determine
the equation of the line if we know
28
Example 13
Find equation of a line which passes through
points and .
The slope is
The equation of the line is:
Exercise 13
What
is the equation of the line passing through the
30
Exercise 14
What
is the equation of the line passing through the
points and ?
31
Exercise 15
What
is the equation of the line passing through the
32
Exercise 16
What
is the equation of the line passing through the
33