01 2DLTE 2DSAE Overview v0 2E3

LTE/SAE Overview
LTE Fundamentals Course
For public use IPR applies

1
Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date / Document Number
Nokia Siemens Networks Academy

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2
Module Objectives
After completing this module, the participant should be able to:
Understand the reasons driving to the LTE project

LTE versus other wireless data transmission technologies
Provide a time scale for the 3GPP Release 8 specification
List the LTE main requirements
Identify the major steps in the Network Architecture Evolution
heading from 3GPP Rel 6/HSPA to LTE (3GPP Rel.8)
Highlight the LTE key features
Briefly explain the basic of the LTE Air Interface
Standardisation around LTE
LTE Summary
Complete the review questionnaire
3
Module Objectives

LTE Summary
4
A little bit of History

New technologies developed in the last 15 years in
telecommunication brought available transmission
rates to a total new level.
Two systems have effected the life of nearly
everyone:
mobile communication via 2G network like
GSM
wireless data connectivity via WLAN (IEEE
802.11/a/b/g standards)
3G networks the first step towards a convergence
between both networks
WCDMA has been proven to be a quite
complicated technology (expensive handsets and
complex network administration).
5
The way to LTE: 3 main 3G Drawbacks

1.- The maximum bit rates still are factor 20 and more behind
the current state of the art systems like 802.11n and 802.16e/m.
Even the support for higher mobility levels is not an excuse for
this.
2.- The latency of user plane traffic (UMTS: >30 ms) and of
resource assignment procedures (UMTS: >100 ms) is too big to
handle traffic with high bit rate variance efficiently.
3.- The terminal complexity for WCDMA or MC-CDMA systems
is quite high, making equipment expensive, resulting in poor
performing implementations of receivers and inhibiting the
implementation of other performance enhancements like MIMO
for a lot of equipment.
6
The way to the Long-Term Evolution (LTE): a 3GPP

driven initiative
LTE is 3GPP system for the years 2010 to 2020 and
beyond.
It shall especially compete with WIMAX 802.16e/m
It must keep the support for high and highest
mobility users like in GSM/UMTS networks
The architectural changes are big compared to
UMTS
LTE shall be ready for commercial launch around
2010.

7
What are the LTE challenges?

The challenge
The Users expectation
..leads to the operators challenges
Best price, transparent flat rate

Full Internet
Click-bang responsiveness
reduce cost per bit

provide high data rate
provide low latency
Devices & applications drive

traffic growth
Reduction of network cost is

necessary to remain profitable
Traffic
Revenue
Profitability
Voice dominated
Data dominated
Network
cost
Time
Source: Light Reading (adapted)
LTE: lower cost per bit and improved end user experience
8
/bit
Traffic volume
Revenues and Traffic

decoupled
Price per Mbyte has to be reduced to remain

profitable
Traffic
volume
Traffic volume
Revenue
Network
cost (/bit)
Time
Voice
dominated
Data
dominated
Source: Light Reading (adapted)

9
LTE - Enabler for cost efficient flatrate

Cost per MByte
UMTS
HSPA
I-HSPA
LTE
Decrease of cost per bit due to:

Higher spectral efficiency
Flat, IP based architecture
Spectrum reuse
Flat architectures
Access
Flexi Multimode
BTS

10
Core
MME/GW
Control
IMS HLR/HSS
LTE = Long Term Evolution

Next step for
GSM/WCDMA/HSPA
and CDMA
A true global roaming technology
Peak data rates of
173 Mbps/58 Mbps
Low latency 10-20
Enhanced consumer experience
ms
Scalable bandwidth
of 1.4 20 MHz
Easy to introduce on any

frequency band
OFDM technology
Flat, scalable IP based
Decreased cost / GB
architecture

11
Module Objectives

LTE Summary
12
Current alternatives for wireless data transmission

WiMAX
802.16 working
group of IEEE
first offered only bit
rates around 100
Mbps for stationary
usage
New versions of
802.16 (802.16e/m)
will offer bit rates up
to 1 Gbps stationary
and around 100 Mbps
for mobile usage.

13
WLAN (802.11)
802.11n offers data
rates up to 550..630
Mbps utilizing MIMO
(Multiple Input Multiple
Output)
In addition to this
quality of service (QoS)
is now also part of
WLAN, which will make
it possible to do
streaming or VoIP via
WLAN.
WLAN still lacks
support for high mobility
users, but this has
never been a major
design goal for 802.11
working group.
HSDPA (High Speed

Downlink Packet
Access)
Pushes the downlink
packet bit rates to over
10 Mbps on physical
layer (around 7.2 Mbps
above physical layer).
History and Future of Wireless

1990
mobility
2000
2005
2010
time
HSDPA/EUL
WCDMA/cdma2000
HIGH
GSM/IS95
AMPS
3G
SAE(LTE)
3G Enhancement
3G Evolution
2G
1G
802.16a/d
LOW
802.11
< 200 kbps

14
< 1 Mbps
< 10 Mbps
802.11a/b/g
< 50 Mbps
802.16e
802.11n
< 100 Mbps
data rates
< 1 Gbps
LTE has Highest Efficiency HSPA R7 and WiMAX

have Similar Spectral Efficiency
LTE efficiency is 3 x HSPA R6 in downlink
All cases assume 2-antenna terminal reception
HSPA R7, WiMAX and LTE assume 2-antenna BTS transmission (2x2 MIMO)
ITU contribution from
WiMAX Forum shows
downlink 1.3 and uplink 0.8
bps/Hz/cell
Reference: HSPA R6 and LTER8 from 3GPP R1-071960, HSPA R6 equalizer from 3GPP
R1-063335, HSPA R7 and WiMAX from NSN/Nokia simulations
15
The right solution for each segment

W-CDMA/HSPA
For operators with 3G spectrum
WiMAX
LTE
Broad terminal eco system
Fixed or mobile network operators with WiMAX

spectrum
Mainstream; 3G evolution leverage large

installed 3G base
High data security and QoS
Device eco system started to evolve
Quick and cost-effective upgrade

of existing networks
Optimized wireless-DSL services
Utilizes 2G and 3G spectrum efficient refarming with flexible bandwidth
High capacity and low latency
Broad terminal eco system expected
Seamless 2G/3G handover

global coverage, global roaming
Flat and IP based architecture
Highest capacity, lowest latency
Short term availability
Very flat and IP based architecture
Proven technology
High speed data rates

with full mobility
16
High speed data with

limited mobility
Broadband multimedia
with full mobility
WiMAX and HSPA/LTE Technology Positioning

Spectrum
HSPA for paired FDD spectrum

LTE initially for paired FDD
spectrum
WiMAX initially for unpaired TDD
spectrum
Licenced
Licenced
FDD
FDDband
band
HSPA/LTE
HSPA/LTE
Licenced
Licenced
TDD
TDDband
band
WiMAX
WiMAX
Interworking
Tight interworking between 3GPP

technologies (HSPA, LTE) including
common network management and
handovers
Loose interworking between 3GPP
and WiMAX
cdma
GSM
WCDMA
LTE
Terminals and services
LTE terminals include GSM/HSPA for full coverage
WiMAX/LTE initially in USB modems and embedded
in laptops while GSM/HSPA supports also CS voice

HSPA/LTE/WiMAX for broadband IP services

17
Harmonization of HSPA and LTE
HSPA and LTE have been developed by the same

standardization organization. The target has been
simple multimode implementation.
HSPA and LTE have in common
Sampling rate using the same clocking frequency
Same kind of Turbo coding
The harmonization of these parameters is important

as sampling and Turbo decoding are typically done
on hardware due to high processing requirements
WiMAX and LTE do not have such harmonization

18
Performance Numbers
Mobile Technology Capability Limits

WCDMA
HSPA R6
Theoretical peak bit rate in
ideal case DL/UL
Latency (round trip)
HSPA R7
(HSPA+)
WiMAX TDD
20 MHz
14 / 5 Mbps 42 / 11 Mbps 80 / 16 Mbps
LTE R8 FDD
2x20 MHz
WLAN
802.11g/n
160 / 50
Mbps
54 Mbps
260Mbps
50 ms
30 ms
30 ms
10 ms
<5 ms
Spectral efficiency data

DL/UL [bps/Hz/cell]
0.7 / 0.4
1.4 / 0.6
1.5 / 0.6
2.1 / 0.9
<0.51.0
Spectral efficiency voice

[users/MHz/cell]
1823
30
18
4555
12
Max path loss 1 Mbps / 64 kbps
162 dB
162 dB
153 dB
162 dB
110 dB
Spectrum
IMT-2000 bands
IMT-2000 bands
2300, 2500, 3500
IMT-2000 bands
2400, 5400
Cell range in urban area

(indoor outdoor)
2.87.4 km
2.87.4 km
0.61.5 km
2.87.4 km
30100 m
All radio standards show comparable performance under comparable conditions and similar feature set:
Laws of physics apply to all of them (Shannon Theory)
User rates mainly depend on bandwidth, modulation/coding and availability of MIMO (2x2 assumed)
Spectrum Efficiency is determined by Frequency Reuse and Feature Set (e.g. FSPS, MIMO, )
Latency (e.g. PING Performance) depends on chosen Frame Duration or TTI
Coverage depends on frequency band, RF power limitations and duplex mode

19
Wimax & LTE, 3G and HSPA

FEATURES AND
Wimax/LTE
TECHNIQUES
3G
HSPA
Frequency reuse
4-1(WiMAX) 1 (LTE)
Terminal antenna
Omni or directional
Omni
Omni
Channel impairment
Sensitive to doppler
Sensitive to
multipath
Sensitive to
multipath
Base station antenna
Directional, array
Directional
Directional
Main radio KPI
SINR
EcNo
EcNo (SINR)
Dominant Traffic
Data
Voice
Data
Handover Scheme
HHO
SHO
HHO (HSDPA)
SHO (HSUPA)
Own-cell Interference
Adjacent subcarriers
at high doppler
Other codes in the

cell, nonorthogonality
issues
Other codes in the

cell, nonorthogonality
issues
Capacity Expansion
Increasing the
OFDMA bandwidth
or more carriers
More carriers using More carriers

Inter-frequency
Handover

20
LTE vs. WiMax Comparison (Radio Perspective 1)

WiMax 802.16e
LTE
Comments
Flat, IP based;
BS + ASN GW
Very Flat, IP based

eNodeB + aGW
Both technologies with

significantly reduced number of
nodes compared to 2G/3G.
Services
Packet Data, VoIP
Packet Data, VoIP
Mobility
Mobile IP with targeted

Mobility < 120 km/h
Full 3GPP Mobility with

Target up to 350 km/h;
2G/3G Handover and
Global Roaming
Network Architecture
Access technology
Channel BW
FFT-Size and
Subcarrier Spacing
Cyclic Prefix
Spectrum
Duplex Mode
Framing, TTI
Modulation & Coding

21
o
o
.
T DL:
d
OFDMA,
Scalable OFDMA
e
c
in UL & DL
UL:
SC-FDMA
n
a
v
1.25, 3.5, 5, 7, 8.75,
10,
2.5, 5, 10,
AMHz o 1.25,
b15,e
14, 15, 20, 28
20 MHz
o
T
t
1282048;
128 2048; dF variable;
d
e
7- 20 kHz typically 10 kHz v
fixed
dF = 15 kHz
r
o
i
A
m
Flexible 1 / 32, .,1
/ 4; Short (5 s) or Long CP
CP required 1 / 8
the r(17fs)ace
e
Licensed & unlicensed,
Licensed, le
t
n
u
2.3, 2.5, 3.5 & 5.8 GHzi
IMT-2000 Bands
d
o
m
TDD + FDD
FDD + TDD
TDD focus
FDD focus
2, , 20 ms;
5 ms required
fixed 2*0.5 ms slots

= 1 ms sub-frames
BPSK, , 64-QAM;
CC + CTC (+BTC+LDPC)
QPSK, , 64-QAM;
CC + CTC
LTE is fully embedded in the

3GPP world incl. interRAT HO.
SC-FDMA reduces PAPR by
~5 dB UL improvements !!!
Both very flexible
Large dF required against
Doppler => higher velocity
Both designed to combat
Multipath Fading in different
Environments
LTE available at preferred low
Frequency Bands Coverage
Advantage
TDD requires Synchronization,
FDD can be asynchronous.
TTI determines the Latency /
PING
LTE vs. WiMax Comparison (Radio Perspective 2)

WiMax
MIMO, # Antennas
MIMO Modes
BS: 1, 2, 4 ; MS: 1, 2
Closed + open Loop
Diversity + Spatial Multi.
LTE
eNodeB: 1, 2, 4 ; UE: 2 LTE working assumption is 2 DL

Closed + open Loop
Antennas per UE
Diversity + Spatial Multi.
Chase Comb. + IR;

o
o
N=8.stop & wait;
T eULd
Sync., DL Async.
c
n
Subchannel / Physical
24 x 2 Constellation
12 x 14 Constellation
a
v
Points inA
PUSC Mode be Points
Resource Block
o
o
T
t
Adjacent AMC 2x3 or
d
Localized
+ Distributed;
e
Interleaving / Mapping PUSC/FUSC Permutation;
v
r
Focus
Localized
o
i
Focus Permutation
A
m e
e
c
h Distributed
Pilot Assisted
DL Preamble + distributed
Pilots
t
a
f
r
permuted Pilots
depending on #
Channel Estimation
e
e
t
depending
on
#
Antennas
Antennas
l
(PACE)
n
u
i od
Overall Overhead @
VoIP + Data Mixture
VoIP + Data Mixture
m
typically
~
25
%
typically ~ 15-20 %
MAC Layer
HARQ
L1/L2 Signalling
User Multiplexing
22
Comments
Chase Comb. + IR;

stop & wait
Flexible FCH + MAP

following the Preamble;
Sync. by Ranging CH
Signaling Channels in
max. first 3 Symbols;
Separate BCH, SCH
Flexible arbitrary
Stripe-wise Allocation in
Rectangles in T-F-Domain
F-Domain
LTE prefers frequency selective

Packet Scheduling,
WiMax focuses on interference
averaging.
LTE is more efficient, e.g. VoIP

optimizations
LTE provides optimized and
more efficient L1/L2-Signaling
also utilizing CDM components
LTE with less complex
Ressource Signaling
Module Objectives

LTE Summary
23
LTE Schedule
E2E concept including devices from the beginning
Commercial solutions
in 2009/2010
Operator trials in 2009
Industry Activities
to verify standards,
performance and interoperability
System trials in 2008

Proof of concept /
demonstrator available
Standardization

24
3GPP specification path for LTE
WORK ITEM
End 2004
3GPP workshop on UTRAN Long Term Evolution
March 2005
Study item started
December 2005
Multiple Access selected
March 2006
Functionality split between radio and core
September 2006 Study item closed & approval of the work items
December 2007
1st version of all radio specs approved
To be part of Release 8 3GPP specifications
Work Item
(feature level)
Start
2H/2005
FEASIBILITY STUDY
Work tasks and

work plan
approved
Japan
Multiple Access
Decision

25
1H/2006
RAN/CN
functional split
Stage 2
approved
2H/2006
1H/2007
Feasibility study
closed
Stage 3
approved
(WG1)
Stage 3
approved
(WG2-4)
2H/2007
Schedule for 3GPP releases
Specification:
IMS
HSDPA
UMTS Rel 99/4
2000
UMTS Rel 5
2003
MBMS
WLAN IW
EUL
IMS Evolution
LTE Studies
SAE
LTE
UMTS Rel 6
UMTS Rel 7
UMTS Rel 8
2005
2007
2008
2009
SAE/LTE
Commercial
EUL (HSUPA)
IMS
HSDPA
UMTS WCDMA

26
year
LTE/SAE Release Roadmap

LTE
Demo/Lab
RL T
Trial
RL10
RL20
2007/2008
2009
2010
2011
Scope
Scope
Scope
Scope
Demonstrate LTE air
Verify LTE air interface
interface performance
performance in the field
Friendly user trial
LTE network launch

Flat rate optimized
Baseline: 3GPP R8
Large scale LTE networks

VoIP optimized
Baseline: 3GPP R9
Baseline: 3GPP R8
Features*
Features*
Features*
Inter RAT mobility

Self optimizing network:
Network sharing
S1 Flex
Traffic steering
Self optimizing network:
Intra LTE mobility

MIMO 2 x2
US and EU frequency
bands, e.g. 2100 MHz,
1700/2100 MHz
auto BTS configuration
Additional frequency
bands, e.g. 2600MHz, 700
MHz
Combined or Standalone
MME and SGSN
GW and GGSN
27
auto S1/X2 configuration
Higher order MIMO (4x2,

4x4)
Serving Gateway and PDN
Gateway
*study items
Module Objectives

LTE Summary
28
LTE/SAE key Requirements

User experience ARPU
Investment Protection
Latency
Throughput
-3
Fa
c
tor
2
or
10
ct
Fa
HSPA
LTE
HSPA
Re-use of
Sites and
infrastructure
Backhauling
Frequency bands
LTE
Low cost per Mbyte
Scalable bandwidth
Optimized spectrum usage
Cost per Mbyte
900 MHz
UMTS
GSM
or
900 MHz
3G

29
3.5G
iHSPA
LTE
GSM
LTE
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
user experience
Throughput
Latency
-3
Fa
ct o
r1
0
r2
cto
Fa
HSPA
LTE
HSPA
LTE
Increased Throughput and reduced latency:

drives subscriber uptake
allow for new applications
provide additional revenue streams
30
Low cost per Mbyte
Cost per Mbyte
Low cost per bit:

3G
3.5G
iHSPA
enable cost efficient flat-
LTE
rate pricing models

Decreasing
Flatrate x
Cost per
Mbyte
3G
3.5G
iHSPA
LTE
Traffic (MByte/Month)
Profitable
31
not profitable
drive subscriber uptake
Scalable bandwidth
Urban
2.6 GHz
LTE
UMTS
2.1 GHz
or
2.6 GHz
2.1 GHz
2006
LTE
LTE
UMTS
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
Rural
UMTS
900 MHz GSM
or
2006
LTE
GSM
900 MHz
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
Cost efficient deployment on lower frequency bands supported

32
General Requirements for LTE
Requirements Excerpt
Requirements Input
Demand for higher
data rates
Demand for quality of
service, lower delay
Expected new spectrum
allocations
Request for flexible
bandwidth usage
Demand for reduced
Network complexity
Demand for reduced
Terminal complexity

33
significantly increased downlink bit rates

(>100 Mbps)
significantly increased uplink bit rates (50
Mbps)
increased cell edge bit rates;
low delay;
higher spectrum efficiency;
2G/3G spectrum refarming for LTE
scalable bandwidth per cell (operator
choice);
acceptable Network and Terminal
complexity and costs (lower than
WCDMA)
Flet Network Architecture: 2 nodes
Architecture: one NE in RAN + 1NE in Core
IP Based interfaces
optimization for low speed (0-15 km/h) but
support for high and highest speed (up to
500 km/h);
compatibility with WCDMA;
.
Requirements for LTE Air Interface
OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)

34
HSDPA (Rel6)
Target
SAE/LTE
Peak Bit Rate

(Mbps)
14.4
> 100
144
Spectral
Efficiency
(bps/Hz/s)
0.75
3..4 times
HSDPA
1.84
Cell Edge
Throughput
(bps/Hz/s)
0.006
2..3 times
HSUPA
0.0148
DOWNLINK
UPLINK
SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access)
HSUPA (Rel6)
Target
SAE/LTE
Peak Bit Rate

(Mbps)
5.67
> 50
57
Spectral
Efficiency
(bps/Hz/s)
0.26
2..3 times
HSUPA
0.67
Cell Edge
Throughput
(bps/Hz/s)
0.006
2..3 times
HSUPA
0.015
SC-FDMA is technically close to OFDMA, but is more power efficient

LTE Requirements: Latency

User Plane Latency
cell
IP Network
Gateway
< 5 ms (unloaded condition)
Control Plane Latency

ACTIVE
IDLE
(no resources)
Resource
Allocated
No resource
< 100 ms

35
< 50 ms
LTE Requirements Summary

1.- Simplify the RAN:
- Reduce the number of different types of RAN nodes, and their
complexity.
- Minimize the number of RAN interface types.
2.- Increase throughput.
3.- Reduce latency (which is a prerequisite for CS replacement).
4.- Improve spectrum efficiency.
5.- Provide greater flexibility with regard to the frequency bands in which the
system may be deployed (Frequency Refarming)
6.- Migrate to a PS only domain in the core network.
7.- Provide efficient support for a variety of different services. Traditional CS
services will be supported via VOIP, etc.
8.- Minimise the presence of single points of failure in the network above the
eNBs.
9.- Support inter-working with existing 3G systems and non-3GPP specified
systems in order to support handover to/from these systems.
A more detailed list of the requirements and objectives for LTE can be found
in [TR25.913].
36
Module Objectives

LTE Summary
37
Network Architecture Evolution

3GPP Rel 6 / HSPA
Internet
Node B
RNC
3GPP Rel 7 / HSPA
SGSN
GGSN
SGSN
GGSN
Internet
Node B
RNC
3GPP Rel 7 / Internet HSPA
Direct tunnel
SGSN
GGSN
Internet
Node B
(RNC Funct.)
3GPP Rel 8 / LTE
Direct tunnel
MME
SAE GW
Internet
Evolved Node B
38
Direct tunnel
Network Architecture Evolution User plane

Flat architecture = 2 Nodes Architecture
Single network element in radio network
Single network element in core network
HSPA
(3GPP
R6)
GGSN
HSPA direct
tunnel (3GPP
R7)
GGSN
Internet-HSPA and LTE

Same Architecture
Different Transport and Air
Interface technologies
I-HSPA
(3GPP
R7)
GGSN
LTE
(3GPP
R8)
SAE GW
SGSN
RNC
Node-B
39
RNC
Node-B
Node-B with
RNC functions
eNode-B
Module Objectives

LTE Summary
40
LTE/SAE Key Features

EPS ( Evolved Packet System ) /
SAE ( System Architecture Evolution ) /
LTE ( Long Term Evolution )
EUTRAN
( Evolved UTRAN )
EPC ( Evolved Packet Core )
IP Network
IP Network
IP Network
OFDMA/SC-FDMA
MIMO ( beam-forming/
spatial multiplexing)
Evolved Node B /
No RNC
PS Domain only,
No CS Domain
HARQ
IP Transport Layer
IP Transport Layer
Scalable bandwidth
UL/DL resource
scheduling
QoS Aware
(1.4, 3, 5, 10, .. 20 MHz)

41
QoS Aware
3GPP (GTP) or
IETF (MIPv6)
Self Configuration
Prepared for
Non-3GPP Access
LTE/SAE Key Features Air Interface 1/3

OFDMA
Downlink multiplexing
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Acces
Receiver complexity is at a reasonable level
it supports various modulation schemes from BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM to 64
QAM.
SC-FDMA
Uplink multiplexing
Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access, a variant of OFDMA
The advantage against OFDMA to have a lower PAPR (Peak-to-Average
Power Ratio) meaning less power consumption and less expensive RF
amplifiers in the terminal.

42

MIMO
Multiple Input Multiple Output (also called beam-forming or smart antennas)
LTE will support MIMO as option,
It describes the possibility to have multiple transmitter and receiver
antennas in a system.
Up to four antennas can be used by a single LTE cell (gain: spatial
multiplexing)
MIMO is considered to be the core technology to increase spectral
efficiency.
HARQ
Hybrid Automatic Retransmission on reQuest
HARQ has already been used for HSDPA and EUL.
HARQ especially increases the performance (delay and throughput) for cell
edge users.
HARQ simply implements a retransmission protocol on layer 1/layer 2 that
allows to send retransmitted blocks with different coding than the first one.
43

Scalable bandwidth
LTE air interface allows to drive cells with 1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10MHz
& 20 MHz.
This gives the required flexibility for operators to use spectrum allocations
not available to a non-scalable wide-band or ultra-wide-band system.

44
LTE/SAE Key Features EUTRAN 1/2

Evolved NodeB
No RNC is provided anymore
The evolved Node Bs take over all radio management functionality.
This will make radio management faster and hopefully the network
architecture simpler
IP transport layer
EUTRAN exclusively uses IP as transport layer
UL/DL resource scheduling
In UMTS physical resources are either shared or dedicated
Evolved Node B handles all physical resource via a scheduler and assigns
them dynamically to users and channels
This provides greater flexibility than the older system
45
LTE/SAE Key Features EUTRAN 2/2

QoS awareness
The scheduler must handle and distinguish different quality of service
classes
Otherwise real time services would not be possible via EUTRAN
The system provides the possibility for differentiated service
Self configuration
Currently under investigation
Possibility to let Evolved Node Bs configure themselves
It will not completely substitute the manual configuration and optimization.

46
LTE/SAE Key Features EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
Packet Switched Domain only

No circuit switched domain is provided
If CS applications are required, they must be implemented via IP
Only one mobility management for the UE in LTE.
3GPP (GTP) or IETF (MIPv6) option
The EPC can be based either on 3GPP GTP protocols (similar to PS
domain in UMTS/GPRS) or on IETF Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6)
Non-3GPP access
The EPC will be prepared also to be used by non-3GPP access networks
(e.g. LAN, WLAN, WiMAX, etc.)
This will provide true convergence of different packet radio access system

47
Module Objectives

LTE Summary
48
Multiple Access Methods

TDMA
Time Division
User 2
User 1
User 3
User ..
OFDMA
FDMA
CDMA
Frequency Division
Code Division
Frequency Division
Orthogonal subcarriers
f
49
s
e
d
co
OFDM Air I/F - The beauties of LTE

TX
Fast Link Adaptation
due to channel behaviour
scalable
64QAM
Modulation
RX
Tx
MIMO
Channel
Rx
Advanced Scheduling
Time & Freq.
Short TTI = 1 ms
Transmission
time interval
ARQ Automatic
Repeat Request
DL: OFDMA
UL: SC-FDMA
OFDM is the state-of-the-art and most efficient and robust air interface
50
Module Objectives

LTE Summary
51

Is a collaboration agreement that was established in
December 1998. The collaboration agreement brings
together a number of telecommunications standards
bodies :ARIB, CCSA, ETSI, ATIS, TTA, and TTC.
More in www.3gpp.org
Next Generation Mobile Networks. Is a group of mobile
operators, to provide a coherent vision for technology
evolution beyond 3G for the competitive delivery of
broadband wireless services.
More in www.ngmn.org
LSTI
52
LTE/SAE Trial Initiative. Is was founded in may 2007

by a group of leading telecommunications companies.
Its aim is to prove the potential and benefits that the
LTE technology can offer.
Network Architecture
TS 23.401
TS 23.402
TR 23.882
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for Long Term Evolution (LTE) access
3GPP System Architecture Evolution (SAE): Architecture enhancements for non-3GPP accesses
3GPP system architecture evolution (SAE): Report on technical options and conclusions
Evolved Packet Core
TR 29.803
TR 29.804
3GPP System Architecture Evolution (SAE): CT WG4 aspects

3GPP System Architecture Evolution (SAE): CT WG3 aspects
Evolved UTRAN
TS 36.101
TS 36.104
TS 36.141
TS 36.201
TS 36.211
TS 36.212
TS 36.213
TS 36.214
TS 36.300
TS 36.302
TS 36.304
TS 36.306
TS 36.321
TS 36.322
TS 36.323
TS 36.331
TS 36.401
TS 36.410
TS 36.411
TS 36.412
TS 36.413
TS 36.414
TS 36.420
TS 36.421
TS 36.422
TS 36.423
TS 36.424
TS 36.508
TS 36.521-1
TS 36.521-2
TS 36.523-1
TS 36.523-2
TS 36.523-3
TR 36.801
TR 36.803
TR 36.804
TR 36.938
TR 36.942
User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception

Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception
Base Station (BS) conformance testing
Physical layer; General description
Physical channels and modulation
Multiplexing and channel coding
Physical layer procedures
Physical layer; Measurements
EUTRAN Overall description; Stage 2
Services provided by the physical layer
User Equipment (UE) procedures in idle mode
User Equipment (UE) radio access capabilities
Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specification
Radio Link Control (RLC) protocol specification
Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) specification
Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol specification
Architecture description
S1 general aspects and principles
S1 layer 1
S1 signalling transport
S1 Application Protocol (S1 AP)
S1 data transport
X2 general aspects and principles
X2 layer 1
X2 signalling transport
X2 Application Protocol (X2AP)
X2 data transport
Common test environments for User Equipment (UE) conformance testing
User Equipment (UE) conformance specification Radio transmission and reception Part 1: conformance testing
User Equipment (UE) conformance specification Radio transmission and reception Part 2: ICS
User Equipment (UE) conformance specification; Part 1: Protocol conformance specification
User Equipment (UE) conformance specification; Part 2: ICS
User Equipment (UE) conformance specification; Part 3: ATS
Measurement Requirements
User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception
Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception
Improved network controlled mobility between LTE and 3GPP2/mobile WiMAX radio technologies
Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Radio Frequency (RF) system scenarios
3GPP LTE/SAE
Specification
Series

53
NGMN Consortium

54
LSTI (LTE-SAE Trial Initiative)

- joint test bed for LTE worldwide
.. active parties within LSTI

LSTI initiatives goals/objectives
Schedule & Program Office:
demonstrate feasibility and

capabilities of 3GPP LTE-SAE
technology under real world
conditions. Indoor & outdoor tests
2007
2008
Test of OFDM Air Interface
accelerate development of 3GPP

specification by identifying
shortcomings out of test phases
reduce risk of market introduction of

new LTE-SAE technology
IODT
2010
Proof of Concept
Test of basic
functions
Interoperability
IOT
Friendly customer
trials
Public Relation work

55
2009
Trials
PR
Module Objectives

LTE Summary
56
Overview of LTE/SAE design benefits

Flat Overall Architecture
2-node architecture
All-IP
Improved Radio Principles
peak data rates [Mbps ]: 173 DL , 58 UL
Scalable BW: 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz
Short latency: 10 20 ms
New Core Architecture
Simplified Protocol Stack
Simple, more efficient QoS

57
Access
Core
LTE BTS
(eNodeB)
MME/GW
OFDMA in DL
SC-FDMA in UL
eUtran
IMS
HLR/HS
S
RF Modulation:
RAN
Control
MME
GW
Comparison of Throughput and Latency

Max. peak data rate**
300
50
Downlink
Uplink
250
Mbps
60
MHz/cell
350
200
150
40
Average call throughput (macro cell, 20 MHz**

Downlink
Uplink
30
20
100
10
50
0
HSPA R6
HSPAevo (Rel.
7/8, 2x2
MIMO)
LTE 2x20 MHz

(2x2 MIMO
HSPA R6, 4
carriers
(5MHz)
LTE 2x20
MHz (4x4
MIMO
Latency (Rountrip delay)*
HSPAevo Rel8,
4 carriers
(5MHz)
LTE (2x2
MIMO), 20 MHz
carrier
LTE 4x4 MIMO,

20 MHz carrier
VoIP capacity
70
GSM/
EDGE
Calls/MHz/cell
60
HSPA
Rel6
HSPAevo
(Rel8)
LTE
min max
50
40
30
20
Downlink
Uplink
g
n
i
m r
o
C
e
t
La
10
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200 ms
DSL (~20-50 ms, depending on operator)

* Server near RAN
58
HSPA R6
** LTE values acc. to 3GPP R1-072580 case 1
(macro cell, full buffer, 500m ISD)
LTE
Module Objectives

LTE Summary
59
Review Questionnaire (1/3)

1.- What is latest estimation for LTE to become a commertial
system?
2008
2010
2014
2.- One of the LTE advantages is the Flat Architecture; it
means:
Less nodes in the network
No hierachical network structure
User plane/control plane splitted

60

3.- LTE decreases Latency times comparing with HSPA Rel.
6 by a factor of..
2
10
100
4.- LTE increases Bit rates comparing with HSPA Rel. 6 by a
factor of..
2
10
100

61

5.- Name the Network Elements managing the User Plane in
the LTE Packet Switch Core Network:
MME + SAE GW
SGSN + MME
SAE GW
6.- LTE is standarised by the 3GPP. What is the
specifications series describing the Evolved UTRAN
(EUTRAN)?
23 series
29 series
36 series
62
Thank you

63

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LTE/SAE Overview

LTE Fundamentals Course

For public use IPR applies

Presentation / Author / Date / Document Number

Nokia Siemens Networks Academy

For public use IPR applies

Presentation / Author / Date / Document Number

Understand the reasons driving to the LTE project

Presentation / Author / Date / Document Number

Understand the reasons driving to the LTE project

Presentation / Author / Date / Document Number

A little bit of History

Presentation / Author / Date / Document Number

The way to LTE: 3 main 3G Drawbacks

Presentation / Author / Date / Document Number

The way to the Long-Term Evolution (LTE): a 3GPP

For public use IPR applies

Presentation / Author / Date / Document Number

What are the LTE challenges?

The Users expectation

..leads to the operators challenges

Best price, transparent flat rate

reduce cost per bit

Devices & applications drive

Reduction of network cost is

Presentation / Author / Date / Document Number

Revenues and Traffic

Price per Mbyte has to be reduced to remain

Source: Light Reading (adapted)

For public use IPR applies

Presentation / Author / Date / Document Number

LTE - Enabler for cost efficient flatrate

Decrease of cost per bit due to:

For public use IPR applies

Presentation / Author / Date / Document Number

LTE = Long Term Evolution

A true global roaming technology

Peak data rates of

173 Mbps/58 Mbps

Low latency 10-20

Enhanced consumer experience

Easy to introduce on any

For public use IPR applies

Presentation / Author / Date / Document Number

Understand the reasons driving to the LTE project

Presentation / Author / Date / Document Number

Current alternatives for wireless data transmission

For public use IPR applies

Presentation / Author / Date / Document Number

HSDPA (High Speed

History and Future of Wireless

< 200 kbps

For public use IPR applies

Presentation / Author / Date / Document Number

LTE has Highest Efficiency HSPA R7 and WiMAX

Presentation / Author / Date / Document Number

The right solution for each segment

Broad terminal eco system

Fixed or mobile network operators with WiMAX

Mainstream; 3G evolution leverage large

High data security and QoS

Device eco system started to evolve

Quick and cost-effective upgrade