INSTRUMENT

TRANSFORMER
-An Over view.
P.K.PATTANAIK
E & MR Divn. OPTCL
Bhubaneswar , ODISHA

Electrical Concepts and Theories

Skeleton Chart

Instrument Transformers
Instrument

Transformers

Current Transformers (CT)

Voltage Transformers, Potential Transformer (VT,
PT)
VT/PTs are

again of two types

Magnetic/ Inductive Voltage Transformers

(MVT/IVT)
Capacitor Voltage Transformers (CVT)

Field Instrument Transformers

Classification of CT
On the basis of winding
(Wound type)
(Bar type)
Bushing type
Ring type

On the basis of application

Measuring current transformer
Protection current transformer
Protection current transformer ( Special Purpose)
Single ratio multiple core transformer
Multiple ratio, multiple curent transformer

On the basis of insulation used

Air support
Dry type
Oil insulated
SF6 filled

General Description of Outdoor

Current Transformers

Outdoor CTs are basically of 3 types of

Dead Tank with U (Hair Pin) shaped

Dead Tank with Eye Bolt primary

Live Tank or Inverted primary CT

Different types of CT

Different types of CT (Contd..)

Live Tank CT

Live Tank CT Contd

1. Top cover
2. Oil level indicator
3. Oil expansion device
4.

Metal box LV screen and

cores

5. Bar-type or wound type

primary
6.

Paper-oil insulation

7.

Porcelain insulator

8.

LV screens

9.

Secondary terminal box

10. Base

Dead Tank CT Hair Pin Shape

Dead Tank CT U Shape

1.

Dome

2.
Nitrogen filling
valve
3.

Primary terminal

4.

Collar

5.
Porcelain
insulator
6.
Primary
conductor with
insulation
7.

Adaptor cylinder

8.

Secondary cores

9.

Base

10.

Oil drain plug

Dead Tank CT Eye Bolt Shape

1. Oil filling plug
2. Dome
3. Nitrogen filling
valve
4. Collar
5. Primary terminal
6. Porcelain insulator
7. Insulated primary
8. Cover plate for tank
9. Tank
10. Secondary cores

Eye bolt design

Eye Bolt Active Part Manufacturing

Primary conductor (1,2 or 4 turns)

Primary steel pipe

Paper insulation

Seconday cores

Eye Bolt Design

Active Part Manufacturing

Magnetic Voltage Transformer

Capacitive Voltage Transformer (CVT)

Oil expansion device

Capacitor elements
Capacitor column
Insulating oil
Insulator flange

Secondary terminal box

Inductance
MV Transformer
Damping circuit

Combined CT and PT unit

Optic Fiber CT

Application of Instrument Transformers

Current Transformer Principle

Current sensor

I2
I1

Current Transformer Principle

Current sensor
Multiple secondary

I2

I1

I2

Voltage Transformer Principle

Voltage sensor
Magnetic circuit (core)
Primary
Windings
U1

Secondary
Windings
U2

CVT Principle

CT Circuit Connection Principle

Polarity

and connection.
Star connection circuit

IR = I , angle( 0 )
IY = I, angle (-120)
IB = I, angle (120)
IR+ IY+ IB= IN

CT Circuit Connection Principle

Delta

Connection Circuit (D11)

IR = I , angle( 0 ) ,
IY = I, angle (-120)
IB = I, angle (120),
IR+ IY+ IB= IN = 0
I1 = ( IR-IY) = 3 I, angle
(30 ),
I2 = ( IY-IB) = 3 I, angle
( -90 ),
I3 = ( IB-IR) = 3 I, angle
( 150 ),

CT Circuit Connection Principle

Delta

Connection Circuit (D1)

IR = I , angle( 0 ) ,
IY = I, angle (-120)
IB = I, angle (120),
IR+ IY+ IB= IN = 0
I1 =( Iy-IR) =3 I, angle(150 ),
I2 = ( IB-IY) = 3 I,angle
( 90 ),
I3 = ( IR-IB) = 3 I,angle (
-30 ),

CT Ratio Connection Principle

Ratio by primary control

P1

Connection Sequence

C2

Prim

C4

C1

(C1 + C2),
(C3 + C4)
(C5 + C6)

C6

C3
C5

P1

S1

S2

Seco

Current
Ratio

S1 S2

Lowest
(CTR1 )

(P1 + C1),
S1 S2
(C2 + C3+C4 +
C5)
(P2 + C6)

Middle
(2 CTR1

(P1 +C1 + C3+ C5) S1 S2

(P2 +C2 + C4+ C6)

Highest
(4CTR1

CT Ratio Connection Principle Contd..

Ratio by Secondary control

CT Ratio Connection Principle Contd..

Ratio by Both control

Mathematical Analysis for CTR

CTR due to Primary Link Control

Mathematical Analysis for CTR Contd..

CTR due to Secondary Link Control

Terms and Definitions used in CT

Current ratio error:- It is the ratio of difference of

transformation ratio to the actual ratio in CT

Phase angle error:- The angular displacement

between Secondary current and primary
current
Composite error :- The current in the circuit
contains harmonic waves, for which the error
due to different wave forms becomes
composite.
Accuracy Limiting Factor:- It is the factor of over
current above the rated current which determines
the capability of CT to maintain the error at such a
condition.
Meaning 0f 5P10:- indicates that the 5%

Terms and Definitions used in CT

ISF (Instrument Safety Factor) :- limit of
allowable primary current to flow in it up
to which the instrument can work safely.
Minimum Knee Point Voltage (Vk)
It is the point over and above which,
increase of 10% in excitation voltage
causes increment of exciting current of
50%
Maximum Excitation Current (Imag):- The
current required to identify the knee point
voltage
Rated Burden: -The loads connected on

CT
FAILURES

CT FAILURES

Violent failure due to arcing

CT under Flames

Reasons of CT Failures
Moisture

entry into solid insulation

Wrinkles in aluminium grading
Opening of secondary winding
Opening of tan delta point
Dielectric failure due to pre-mature
ageing
Other dielectric failures due to improper
wrapping of paper, improper flux
distribution etc.

CVT Name Plate and meaning of terms

CVT Failures

EMU Tank Transformer winding shorted

Failure of Bellow

Rusting of Coupling bolt and

moisture entry

Rusting of EMU Tank

Reasons for Failure of CVTs

WRINKLES

ON ALUMINUM FOIL
POOR SOLDERING QUALITY
POOR QUALITY OF PAPER (LOCAL
SOURCE)
PINHOLES IN BELLOWS
SNAPPING OF BELLOW CONNECTION
OVERHEATING OF DAMPING RESISTOR
SHORTING OF TRANSFORMER CORES
FAILURES OF FR CIRCUIT COMPONENTS
RUSTING OF COUPLING BOLTS (BETWEEN
FLANGE AND EMU TANK)
RUSTING OF FLANGE

Reasons for Failure of CVTs

LOOSENESS OF CORE BOLTS

SNAPPING OF CONNECTION BETWEEN PRIMARY

WINDING AND COMPENSATING REACTOR

FAILURE OF VARISTORS PROVIDED IN

SECONDARY

ENTRY OF MOISTURE IN CAPACITOR STACKS

MOISTURE ENTRY DUE TO POOR GASKET

QUALITY

Application of CT connection

Examples of CT/PT Circuit

Examples of PT Circuit

CONCLUSION
Current and Potential Transformers
are the sensors for electrical system
and play the most vital role for
protection and measurement
principle.