CONTROL

SYSTEMS
Prepared By:
Precious Mae S. Layag
Catherine A. Matining
Ivan J. Mejico

Block Diagrams
Of
Control System

What is Block Diagram?

Block Diagram
It is a shorthand, pictorial
representation of the cause-effect
relationship between the input and output of
a system.

Block Diagram Cont

Input

Output

BLOCK

Examples:
Input

Output
Control
System

Y=

Block Diagram Cont

Input A

Input B

Output

Block Diagram Cont

Input A

Output

Input B

Summing
Point

C
Examples:

A+ B

A +B+C

Block Diagram Cont

x
x
x

x
Take-off Point

x
x

Take-off Point

Block Diagrams
Of
Continuous Feedback
Control System

BASIC CONFIGURATION OF CLOSED

LOOP (FEEDBACK)
Control
Reference Input

Actuating
(Error)
Signal

Primary
Feedback
Signal

Disturbance

Signal or
Manipulated
Feed Forward Variable
Plant
(Control)
Or Process
Elements
FORWARD PATH

Feedback
Elements
FEEDBACK PATH

Controlled
Output

BASIC CONFIGURATION OF CLOSED

LOOP (FEEDBACK)
Control
Actuating
(Error)
Signal

Reference Input

e= r

r
b

Primary
Feedback
Signal

Disturbance

Signal or
Manipulated
Feed Forward Variable
Plant
(Control)
Or Process
Elements

g1

u or m

FORWARD PATH

g2

Feedback
Elements

FEEDBACK PATH

Controlled
Output

Terminology of a Closed-Loop Block Diagram

Reference input r external signal applied to the
feedback control system.
Actuating (or Error) Signal- is the reference input
signal r plus or minus the primary feedback signal
b.

Terminology of a Closed-Loop Block

Diagram Cont.
Feed forward (control) Elements g1 are the components of
the forward path that generate the control signal u or m
applied to the plant.
Control Signal u or Manipulated Signal m is the output
signal of the feed forward element g 1 applied as input to the
plant g2

Terminology of a Closed-Loop Block

Diagram Cont.
Plant or Process g2 - is the system, subsystem,
process or object controlled by the feedback
control system
Forward Path is the transmission path from the
summing point to the controlled output c.

Terminology of a Closed-Loop Block

Diagram Cont.
Controlled Output c is the output variable of the
plant, under the control of feedback control system
Feedback Path is the transmission path from the
controlled output c back to the summing point

Terminology of a Closed-Loop Block

Diagram Cont.
Feedback Element h establish the functional
relationship between the controlled output c and the
primary feedback signal b.
Primary feedback signal b is the function of
controlled output c

Terminology of a Closed-Loop Block

Diagram Cont.
Negative Feedback the summing point is a
subtractor
e=rb
Positive Feedback - the summing point is an adder
e=r+b

Block Diagram of Discrete-Time

Control System

What is Discrete-Time Control System?

It is one having discrete-time signals or
components at one or more points in the
system.

Block Diagram of Discrete-Time Control

System
Discrete-Time
Control
System
Discrete-Time
Discrete-Time

Input

Output

Sampler is a device which coverts

continuous-time signal into a discrete-time
signal

Hold converts the discrete-time output of

a sampler into a particular kind of continuous
- time or analog signal

Zero-Order
Hold

Clock

A/D

Digital
Process

D/A

COMPUTER-CONTROLLED SYSTEM
Includes a computer as the primary control
element

Clock

A/D

Digital
Process

D/A

Plant/
Process

Clock

A/D

Digital
Process

Controller

D/A

Plant/
Process

SUPPLEMENTARY TERMINOLOGY
Transducer a device which converts one
energy form into another

Example of Transducer
Position
Input
v

Voltage
Output
Potentiometer

Reference
Input

Command
Transducer

Transducer

Feedback
Transducer

SERVOMECHANISM
- a power-amplifying feedback control system

REGULATORS
- a feedback control system in which the
reference input or command is constant for
long period of time