DJJ 3213 MATERIAL

SCIENCE

CREDIT : 3

LECTURERS
PN TAMIL MOLI LOGANATHAN , JKM (THEORY AND PRACTICAL)
PN DINA IZZATI BINTI HASHIM, JKM (PRACTICAL)

SYNOPSIS
MATERIAL SCIENCE provides students with an understanding of
material science and engineering which emphasizes on atomic and
crystal structure, material properties and behaviour including
material classification and its application in the engineering field.
The topic also covers the processes of metal work used to produce
engineering components and apply basic principles of material
testing and processing through practical.

COURSE LEARNING
OUTCOMES (CLO)
Upon completion of this course, students should be able to:Explain the fundamental of material science including identification
of various types of materials, mechanical behavior, metal production
processes, and various principles of material testing. (C3, PLO1)
Organize appropriately experiments in groups according to the
Standard Operating Procedures. (P4, PLO4)
Demonstrate ability to work in team to complete assigned tasks
during practical work sessions. (A3, PLO7)

TOPICS
INTRODUCTI
ON TO
MATERIAL
SCIENCE
MATERIAL
STRUCTURE
AND
BONDING

MATERIAL
TESTING

HEAT
TREATMENT

MATERI
AL
SCIENC
E

MATERIAL
PROPERTIES
AND
BEHAVIOUR

SOLID
SOLUTION
AND
EQUILIBRIUM
PHASE
DIAGRAM

MATERIAL
PROCESSING

METAL
ALLOYS

PRACTICAL

PRACTICAL

ASSESSMENT
SPECIFICATION TABLE
(AST)

REFERENCES
Main:
Callister, W.D., Material Science and Engineering an Introduction
Additional:
K.G.Budinski & M.K Budinski (1999). Engineering Materials (6th ed).
New Jersey, US:Prentice-Hall.
R.L Timings. (1998). Engineering Materials (2th ed). Singapore:
Longman.
William F. Smith & Javad Hashemi (2009). Foundations of Materials
Science and Engineering (5th edition). McGraw Hill, USA.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
TO MATERIAL SCIENCE
OBJECTIVE :
Explain the fundamental of material science
Identify these following materials classification

Metals
Polymers
Ceramics
Composites
Advanced materials
Biomaterials
Semiconductor
Nanoengineered materials
Smart materials

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
OF MATERIAL SCIENCE
Materials are so important in the development of civilization that we
associate Ages with them.
In the origin of human life on Earth, the Stone Age, people used
only natural materials, like stone, clay, skins, and wood.
When people found copper and how to make it harder by alloying,
the Bronze Age started about 3000 BC.
The use of iron and steel, a stronger material that gave advantage
in wars started at about 1200 BC.
The next big step was the discovery of a cheap process to make
steel around 1850, which enabled the railroads and the building of
the modern infrastructure of the industrial world.

FUNDAMENTAL OF MATERIAL
SCIENCE
Understanding of how materials behave like they do, and why they
differ in properties was only possible with the atomistic
understanding allowed by quantum mechanics, that first explained
atoms and then solids starting in the 1930s.
The combination of physics, chemistry, and the focus on the
relationship between the properties of a material and its
microstructure is the domain of Materials Science.
The development of this science allowed designing materials and
provided a knowledge base for the engineering applications
(Materials Engineering).

FUNDAMENTAL OF MATERIAL
SCIENCE
Material science is primarly concerned with the search for basic
knowledge about the internal structure, properties, and processing
of materials.
A material is defined as a substance (most often a solid, but other
condensed phases can be included) that is intended to be used for
certain applications.
Materials can generally be divided into two classes: crystalline and
non-crystalline.
The traditional examples of materials are metals, semiconductors,
ceramics and polymers.
New and advanced materials that are being developed include
nanomaterials and biomaterials

FUNDAMENTAL OF MATERIAL
SCIENCE
Material science involves investigating the
relationships that exist between the structures and
properties of materials.
The four components of the disciple of materials
science and engineering and their relationship
Processin
g

Structure

Properties

Performan
ce

FUNDAMENTAL OF MATERIAL
SCIENCE
Structure:
At the atomic level: arrangement of atoms in different ways. (Gives different properties
for graphite than diamond both forms of carbon.)
At the microscopic level: arrangement of small grains of material that can be identified
by microscopy. (Gives different optical properties to transparent vs. frosted glass.)
Properties are the way the material responds to the environment. For instance, the
mechanical, electrical and magnetic properties are the responses to mechanical,
electrical and magnetic forces, respectively. Other important properties are thermal
(transmission of heat, heat capacity), optical (absorption, transmission and scattering
of light), and the chemical stability in contact with the environment (like corrosion
resistance).
Processing of materials is the application of heat (heat treatment), mechanical
forces, etc. to affect their microstructure and, therefore, their properties.

FUNDAMENTAL OF MATERIAL
SCIENCE
The purpose of studying material science:
To be able to select a material for a given use based on
considerations of cost and performance.
To understand the limits of materials and the change of their
properties with use.
To be able to create a new material that will have some desirable
properties.

MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATIO
N OF
MATERIALS

METAL

POLYMERS

CERAMICS

COMPOSITES

BIOMATERIALS

ADVANCED
MATERIALS

SEMICONDUCT
OR

NANOENGINEE
RED
MATERIALS

SMART
MATERIALS

MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
Metals:
Materials in this group are composed of one or more metallic
elements (such as iron, aluminum, copper, titanium, gold, and
nickel), and often also nonmetallic elements (for example, carbon,
nitrogen, and oxygen) in relatively small amounts.
A metal is defined as an element with a valence of 1,2,3 (electron
in the outer orbit).
Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. The are quite
strong but deformable and tend to have a lustrous look when
polished.

MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
Metals
Ferrou
s

Non
ferrous

MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
Metals:
Ferrous metals: Materials tha contain ferrite or iron atoms
Non ferrous metals: materials do not contain iron atoms

MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
Polymers:
Plastic are composed of chemical materials such as carbon, silicon,
hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen sulphur and chlorine. These
compositions produce various types of plastic.
a chemical substance made up of a lot of mer or repeating units or
molecules to form a long flexible chain
a material consisting of long molecular chains or networks of lowweight elements to form a single compound

MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
4 types of Polymer structures:

Linear chain polymers

in the form of a long molecular chains

Branched chain polymers

the linear chain with a series of branched

Cross-linked chain polymers

with short links which connected the closer chains together

Network chain polymers:

molecular structure in 3 dimension networks

MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
Properties of polymers
Low strength

Polymers

Good chemical resistance

Good electrical and thermal
insulator
Brittle at low temperature
Lightweight

Thermopla
stic

Thermoset
ting

MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
Ceramics
Ceramic can be define as a combination of one or more metals with a non metallic
element
Examples: glasses, abrasives, clays, and cements
Properties:
Hard and brittle
High melting points
Low thermal expansion
Good chemical resistance
Heat and electrical insulator

MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
Composites
A composite is composed of two (or more) individual materials ( metals,
ceramics, and polymers).
The design goal of a composite is to achieve a combination of properties
that is not displayed by any single material, and also to incorporate the best
characteristics of each of the component materials.
One of the most common and familiar composites is fiberglass, in which
small glass fibers are embedded within a polymeric material (normally an
epoxy or polyester). The glass fibers are relatively strong and stiff (but also
brittle), whereas the polymer is ductile (but also weak and flexible).
Thus, the resulting fiberglass is relatively stiff, strong, flexible, and ductile. In
addition, it has a low density.

MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
Advanced Materials
Materials that are utilized in high-technology applications are sometimes termed
advanced materials.
By high technology we mean a device or product that operates or functions using
relatively intricate and sophisticated principles;
examples include electronic equipment (camcorders, CD/DVD players, etc.),
computers, fiber-optic systems, spacecraft, aircraft, and military rocketry.
These advanced materials are typically traditional materials whose properties have
been enhanced, and, also newly developed, high-performance materials.
Furthermore, they may be of all material types (e.g., metals, ceramics, polymers),
and are normally expensive.

MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
Advanced
Materials

Biomaterials

Semiconduct
or

Nanoenginee
red materials

Smart
materials

MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
Biomaterials
Biomaterials can be derived either from nature or synthesized in the
laboratory using a variety of chemical approaches utilizing metallic
components, polymers, ceramics or composite materials.
Biomaterials are employ in components implanted into the human
body for replacement of diseased or damaged body parts.
These materials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible
with body tissues (i.e., must not cause adverse biological reactions).
All of the above materialsmetals, ceramics, polymers, composites, and
semiconductorsmay be use as biomaterials.

MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
Semiconductor
Semiconductors have electrical properties that are
intermediate between the electrical conductors (metals and
metal alloys) and insulators (ceramics and polymers)
Semiconductors have made possible the advent of integrated
circuitry that has totally revolutionized the electronics and computer
industries.

MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
Nano-engineered materials
The advent of scanning probe microscopes permit
observation of individual atoms and molecules, it has
become possible to manipulate and move atoms and
molecules to form new structures and, thus, design new
materials that built from simple atomic-level constituents
(i.e., materials by design).
This ability to carefully arranged atoms provides
opportunities to develop mechanical, electrical, magnetic,
and other properties that are not otherwise possible. This
bottom-up approached, and the study of the properties
of these materials is termed nanotechnology.

MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
Smart materials
A smart material reacts to its environment all by
itself. The change is inherent to the material and
not a result of some electronics.
The reaction may exhibit itself as a change in volume,
a change in colour or a change in viscosity and this
may occur in response to a change in temperature,
stress, electrical current, or magnetic field.

REFRESH :
Explain the fundamental of material science
Materials classification

REFERENCES
http://www.virginia.edu/bohr/mse209/chapter1.htm
http://youtube.com/watch?v=bobe-r8VCho