By: Group E

November 25th 2002

Do you have any idea?

How many valves are there in the McMaster
Boiler House??

450!

Agenda

Introduction
Valve Selection
Types of valves and actuators
Valve Sizing
Valve Arrangements
Troubleshooting
Safety Issues
Economics

Valve Selection
VALVE BODY

ACTUATOR

=
CONTROL VALVE!

Types of Valves
Gate

Diaphragm

Globe

Butterfly
Valve

McKetta, John J., Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1997

Types of Actuators
Diaphragm

Electric

Piston

Hydraulic

McKetta, John J., Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1997

Selection of Valves
exercise
Butterfly Valve
feed

product

Source: http://www.chemicals-technology.com/contractor_images

air
fuel

Source: http://www.chemeng.mcmaster.ca/courses/che4n4/SafetyEngineering/Safety_HAZOP_2002.ppt

Selection of Valves

Source: http://www.yorkland.net/valves.htm

Valve Sizing
The 6 Steps to Sizing a Valve are:
1. Define the System
2. Define a maximum allowable pressure drop for
the valve
3. Calculate the valve characteristic
4. Preliminary valve selection
5. Check the Cv and stroke percentage at the
minimum flow
6. Check the gain across applicable flow rates
Adapted from http://www.cheresources.com

Valve Sizing
Step 1. Define the System
Imagine a system pumping water from one
tank to another through a piping system:
total pressure drop = 150 psi
The fluid is water at 70 0F
Design flow rate of 150 gpm, operating flow rate of
110 gpm, and a minimum flow rate of 25 gpm
The pipe diameter is 3 inches

Valve Sizing
Step 2. Define a maximum allowable pressure drop
for the valve
A valve should be designed to use 10-15% of the total pressure
drop or 10 psi, whichever is greater.
What would the pressure drop over the valve be in OUR system??

15 psi!

Valve Sizing
Step 3. Calculate the valve characteristic

For our system,

Therefore, the flow charactertistic for this system is 39

Note that this Cv is with the valve at 100% open

Valve Sizing
Step 4. Preliminary valve selection
The calculated Cv should not be used directly to choose the valve.
The Cv value should be used as a guide in the valve selection, not a
hard and fast rule. Some other considerations are:
a. Never use a valve that is less than half the pipe size
b. Avoid using the lower 10% and upper 20% of the valve stroke.
The valve is much easier to control in the 10-80% stroke range.

Valve Sizing
Step 4. Preliminary valve selection

For our case, it appears the 2 inch valve will work well for our Cv
value.

Valve Sizing
Step 5. Check the Cv and stroke percentage at the
minimum flow
Is your system more likely to operate closer to the maximum
flowrates more often than the minimum flowrates? Or is it more
likely to operate near the minimum flowrate for extended
periods of time?
It's difficult to find the perfect valve, but you should find one
that operates well most of the time.

Valve Sizing
Step 5. Check the Cv and stroke percentage at the
minimum flow
What is the Cv value at our minimum flow rate?
Will the valve weve chosen be acceptable?

Valve Sizing
Step 5. Check the Cv and stroke percentage at the
minimum flow
Cv = 6.5
What stroke is associated with this Cv?

A stroke of ~35%! This is good!

Valve Sizing
Step 6. Check the gain across applicable flow rates

For our system,

Flow (gpm)

Stroke (%)

Cv Values

25
110
150

35
73
85

6.5
28
39

Change in flow
(gpm)

Change in Stroke
(%)

110-25 = 85

73-35 = 38

150-110 = 40

85-73 = 12

Therefore, our gains are: Gain #1 = 85/38 = 2.2

Gain #2 = 40-12 = 3.3

Valve Sizing
Step 6. Check the gain across applicable flow rates
The difference between the gain values should be less than 50% of
the higher value, but the gain should never be less than 0.50.
For our system,
50% of the higher value is 0.5 x 3.3 = 1.65
The difference between the gains is 3.3 2.2 = 1.1
The gain is greater than 0.5
Therefore, the valve we selected seems OKAY!

Valve Arrangements
1. Series

2. Parallel

3. Series & Parallel

4. Bypass

5. Double block & Bleed

Examples Workshop

pH Control Example
Base
What type of Valve
arrangement is applicable?
Acid
CSTR

pH

Volume of Base

Troubleshooting

Common Symptoms
Valve will not respond to signal.
Sticky Valve
Sluggish Valve
Jumpy Valve
Rotary valve does not rotate
refer to Handout for detailed analysis

Safety

Power Failure
Fluid Forces
Thermal Expansion
Electrical Hazards
Hazards Peculiar to
the Process

Economics

Pounds

2000
1800

Butterfly

1600

Segment Ball

1400

Eccentic Rotary Plug

1200

Globe

1000
800
600
400
200
0
1

Size (inches)