SISTEMA DE FLUIDO DE PERFORACION BASE ACEITE

Los sistemas Base Aceite pueden ser Convencionales o Relajados .

APLICACIONES DE LOS FLUIDOS BASE ACEITE Y SINTETICOS

Inhibicin de Lutitas
Pozos de alta temperatura
Lubricidad
Pozos de alto ngulo y de alcance extendido
Contaminantes, minerales, evaporitas y gases cidos
Fluidos de terminacion
Fluidos de rehabilitacin, completacin y empaque.

 Oil muds (or inverts) represent best fluids

for borehole stability in shales.
Method of stability is primarily through
capillary action.
Typically used in long shale sections, very
reactive shales or highly deviated
wellbores.
Not very common in open hole
completions.

The mixture has a water phase surrounded by either oil or

synthetic fluid.

water
droplets

Non- water
phase
(May be diesel, synthetic
or other combinations)

Benefits of Oil Emulsion Water-Base Muds

From 1940s until 1970s, oil was commonly used in water muds.
Benefits attributed to 5 to 20 vol% oil in muds were: ( Rogers book.)
1. Higher ROP
2. Longer bit life,
3. More in-gage hole,
4. Less torque & drag,
5. Less bit balling,
6. Fewer shale problems,
7. Lower density muds.
Clean Water Act (1972) and NPDES permits that followed the CWA
stopped oil discharge into US waters. Sheen test and LC50 Shrimp
bioassay test were introduced to detect oils in muds.
In about 1988, synthetic fluids were developed as spotting fluids, mud
lubricant and as oil substitutes for use in WBMs.
W.F. Rogers, Composition & Properties of Oil-Well Drilling Fluids - Chap. 9
4

Advantages

Borehole stability, especially in shales.

Gauge boreholes.
Good cuttings size.
High level of lubricity.
Stable to contaminants.
Temperature stability.

Disadvantages

Costly, $500.+/m3 for diesel based.

Additional disposal costs.
Possible logging difficulties.
Rig handling and personnel safety.
Poor fluid for coal.

Components
EXTERNAL PHASE:
Diesel & low toxicity oils.
Typically 60-90% by composition.

1.- FASE CONTINUA

Diesel
Aceite Mineral
Aceite Mineral Mejorado

INTERNAL PHASE:
Brines composed of NaCl, CaCl2 or CaNO3.
Concentration of salts vary from 10% to saturated.

2.- FASE ACUOSA

EMULSIFIERS:
1 emulsifier typically a soap, C12 - C20.
Treatment rate of 12 - 20 kg/m3.
2 emulsifier stronger surfactant, treatment rate of 8 - 12
kg/m3.

Soluciones Salinas
Agua Dulce ( AW ) = 1.0
Na Cl ( AW ) = 1.0 0.76 ( 26% - Saturacin )
Ca Cl2 (AW ) = 1.0 0.39 ( 40% - Saturacin )

Components
(continued)
ORGANOPHILIC CLAY:
Amine treated bentonite, hectorite.
Provides rheological viscosity.

LIME:Cal.
Activates 1 emulsifier.
H2S control.

RHEOLOGY MODIFIER:
Arcilla Organoflica
Raises low end rheology.
Minor effects on PV & YP.
Used for hole cleaning & carrying capacity.
( Adivos de control de prdida de filtrado
y control de perdida de circulacin)

ORDEN DE ADICION EN LOS FLUIDOS BASE ACEITE

Y SINTETICOS
MATERIALES
Fluido Base ( Aceite, Oil )
Viscosificadores
Emulsificante
Cal Hidratada
Salmuera
Agente Tensoactivo Humectante
Material Densificante.

 Invert Emulsion fluids give little wall cake, are compatible with

almost all formation hydrocarbons.

Mil-Carb (CaCO3) used for bridging.
Have been built using diesel, mineral oils, and synthetics.
Has all advantages of an invert mud.

Emulsifiers hold water in the oil.

Water may be from 1% to over 50% of liquid phase.
Water contains some type of salt for inhibition.
Tension between the water and oil give much of the viscosity and

fluid loss control to invert muds.

Synthetics: PAOs, LAOs, IOs & LPs

Syn replaces Oil in the jargon of new age mud technology.
Syns are manufactured from known purity starting chemicals
(Esters, Ethers, Diethers, PAOs, LAOs, IOs, LPs, LABs etc..)
Oils are fractions of crude oil, which can contain toxic components,
e.g. aromatics. Highly refined oils are less toxic than diesel oil.
Family of Olefin Polymers
Ethylene, CH2=CH2 is simplest olefin, and starting material for
making the family of olefin polymers (oligomers).
Catalysts control the reaction path in making various olefins.
LAO - Linearalphaolefins... Straight chain with = bond at end.
IO - Isomerized Olefin LAOis modified by moving = bond toward
center of carbon chain, which changes its physical properties.
PAO - Polyalphaolefin... Branched structure with = on one branch
Hydrogenated PAO* H added, removing = to make it more stable.
LP - Linear Paraffin*... H added to LAO, removing the = bond.
13
* LP and hydrogenated PAO are no longer olefins after H is added.

Family of Olefin Oligomers

LAO
IO
PAO

C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C=C

C20H40 Dimer

C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C=C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C

C 20H40 Dimer

C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C

C20H40

Dimer

C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C=C

PAOs have better lubricity properties than LAOs or IOs.

PAOs are not limited to low viscosity, as are current LAOs and IOs.
PAOs are more expensive than LAOs and IOs
PAOs and IOs have lower pour point than LAOs.
PAOs are less water soluble than LAOs and IOs - Hence:
PAOs generally give more favorable LC50 than LAOs or IOs.
LAOs and IOs are now used in syn-base (oil-base) muds.

PAOs are the base fluids in CoastaLube and Coastal Spot

.

1. Growcock, F.B. Operational Limits of Synthetic Drilling Fluids, D & C, Sept., 1996
2. Freidheim, J.E. Second Generation Synthetic Drilling Fluids, JPT, July, 1997.
3. Burke C.J. & Veil, J.A. Synthetic-based drilling fluids have many environmental pluses
14
O&GJ, Nov. 27, 1995

Polyalphaolefins
AICHE New Orleans Spring 1996 Synthetic Lube Conference
Paper by Gregg M. Skledar (Chevron Oronite)
PAO Manufacturing Overview:
Ethylene, CH2=CH2 is oligomerized to LAOs by catalytic process.
Next, LAOs are polymerized into PAOs of 2, 3, 4 n monomer units.
Example of 10-carbon LAO below:
n C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C=C
1-decene (LAO)
H
C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C
PAO of n monomers
C n
H
Finally, the PAO is distilled into various viscosity grades: 2, 4, 6 up to 100 centistokes. Each
has specific applications in industry.
15

Gas Chromatogram of PAO Oligomers

Comparison with Mineral Oil
(Hypothetical View of GC Plots)

Trimers

Detector Response

PAO

Mineral Oil

Tetramers
Dimers
Pentamers
Hexamers
16

PAO Base Fluids for Industrial Purposes

2 cSt

Lower viscosilty for

Syn-Base Drilling
Fluids

4 cSt

6 cSt

8 cSt

10 cSt

40 cSt

100 cSt

Higher viscosity for

WBM lubricant
and Spotting Fluid

cSt = viscosity in centistokes

17

Principal PAO Grades and Properties

Used for lubricant and spotting Fluid

Viscosity, cSt
at 100oC
1.7 4 6 8 100
at 40oC
5 18 31 46 1400
at -40oC
260 2500
7600
18,000 ---- Pour Point, oF -100
-100
-90 -70 -5
Flash Point, oF 320 430 475 500 550
Fire Point, oF
360 480 520 555 620
Evaporation, wt%* 100 11 4 3 2
Lubricity
Better lubricity with higher viscosity
Toxicity
Lower aquatic toxicity with higher viscosity
* Evaporation test: 6.5 hrs at 400oF
18

Applications of PAO
Transportation:
Crankcase Oils *
Gear Oils
Transmission Fluids
EP Greases *
Shock Absorbers
Fuel Additives

Aviation/Aerospace:
Piston Engine Oils *
Hydraulic Fluids
Low Temp Greases
Dielectric Fluids **

Industrial:
Heat Transfer Fluid ***
Compressor Oil
Gas Turbine Lubes
Gels for Optical
Cosmetics ****
Metal Working
Textile Manufacture
*
**Lubricity
Purity & Inertness
*** High Temp Stability
**** Health Safety
19

Summary of PAOs
Key Features - Pertaining to Drilling Fluid Usage:
Fluidity at low temperature
**
Stability at high temperature **
Compatibility w/ other HCs
**
Low volatility at high temp.
**
Hydrolytic (water) stability
***
Compatibility w/ elastomers ***
Full range of viscosities
****
Low toxicity
*****
Excellent lubricity
*****
Strong oil-wetting characteristics *****
20

Function of Brine
Provides viscosity as an emulsified particle
in oil.
Also aids in viscosity characteristics of
clays & modifiers.
Aids in stability by:
1. Sucking water out of shale.
2. Not allowing water into shale.

Practical Aspects to
Oil-Based Muds
Remember why using oil-based muds; have
sufficient mud weight.
Will drill fast if density < 1020 kg/m3.
Rheologies are typically poorer than water-based
muds.
Terrible fluid for drilling coal.
Plan for completion and stimulation.

ROP Studies of PAO-Based Lube

in Water-Base Mud

Objective: Study Effects of PAO on ROP

Experimental:
Full Scale Laboratory Drilling Apparatus
Computerized Control/Data Acquisition
Experienced Rig Technicians
Controlled Drilling Parameters
Used Shale Type That Causes Bit Balling
Used Mud Type Often Used in Shale Sections
Published: Oil & Gas Journal, April 21, 1997

24

ROP Test Parameters

Constant Parameters:

Bit Type/Size/Cutters: M333/6.5/26 x 1/2

Bit Nozzles/Area:
3 x 12/32-in./0.33 in2
Bit Rotation:
120 rpm
WOB Increments:
3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 kLbs
Rock Type:
Catoosa Shale (Oklahoma)
Mud Wt/ Type:
11.7 - 11.4 ppg/ Freshwater, Bentonite

Variable Parameters:
Test No.
1
2
3
4
5
6

Flow Rate Mud Weight HP/Sq. in Vol % Lube

250
11.7
2.43 0
300
250
300
250
200

11.7
11.5
11.5
11.4
11.4

4.20
2.43
4.14
2.38
1.22

0
3.0
3.0
6.0
6.0

25

Catalytic Cracking of Naphtha

Propylene

Palm Kernel Oil

Ethylene
(Polymer Grade)

Oil Industry

Dodecanoic
Acid (55%)

2-Ethylhexanol
(45%)

Oligomerization

Food Industry

Plastics

PAO, LAO

Isomerization

Ester

ISO-TEQ
26

Fig. 1 - Test #1: ROP & Torque with "Below Average"

Hydraulics (250 GPM = HSI = 2.4) and 0 vol% Lube in Mud
140

ROP, Ft/Hr & Torque, Ft-Lbs (100)

120

100

80

60

Bit Balling
40

ROP

ROP/WOB = 3.1 Ft/Hr/kLb

20

Bit Torque
0
0

10

15

20

25

WOB, kLbs

27

Fig. 2 - Test #2: ROP & Torque with "Average" Hydraulics

(300 GPM = HSI = 4.2) and 0 vol% Lube in Mud
140

ROP, Ft/Hr & Torque, Ft-Lbs (100)

120

100

ROP
80

60

ROP/WOB =7.1 Ft/Hr/kLbs

40

Bit Torque
20

0
0

10

15

20

25

WOB, kLbs

28

Fig. 3 - Test #3: ROP & Torque with "Below Average"

Hydraulics (250 GPM = HSI = 2.4) and 3 vol% Lube in Mud
140

120

ROP, Ft/hr & Torque, Ft-Lbs (100)

ROP
100

80

60

ROP/WOB = 6.0 Ft/Hr/kLbs

40

Bit Torque
20

0
0

10

15

20

25

WOB, kLbs

29

Fig. 4 - Test #4: ROP & Torque with "Average" Hydraulics

(300 GPM = HSI = 4.2) and with 3 vol% Lube in Mud
140

ROP, Ft/Hr & Torque, Ft-Lbs (100)

120

100

ROP
80

ROP/WOB = 8.0 Ft/Hr/kLbs

60

40

Bit Torque
20

0
0

10

15

20

25

WOB, kLbs

30

Fig. 5 - Test #5: ROP & Torque with "Below Average"

Hydraulics (250 GPM = HSI = 2.4) and 6 vol% Lube in Mud
140

120
ROP, Ft/Hr & Torque, Ft-Lbs (100)

ROP
100

80

ROP/WOB = 6.7 Ft/Hr/kLbs

60

40

Bit Torque

20

0
0

10

15

20

25

WOB, kLbs

31

Fig. 6 - Test #6: ROP & Torque with "Very Poor" Hydraulics
(200 GPM = HSI = 1.2) and with 6 vol% Lube in Mud
140

ROP, Ft/Hr & Torque, Ft-Lbs (100)

120

100

ROP

80

60

ROP/WOB = 5.7 Ft/Hr/kLbs

40

Bit Torque
20

0
0

10

15

20

25

WOB, kLbs

32

Fig. 7 - ROP at 250 GPM (HSI = 2.4) "Below Average"

Hydraulics, Comparing 0%, 3% and 6 vol% Lube in Mud
120.0

Test #3
Test #5

Rate of Penetration, Ft/hr

100.0

80.0

6% C-Lube

ROP/WOB = 6.7 ft/hr / klbs

ROP/WOB = 6.0 ft/hr / klbs

3% C-Lube

60.0

0% C-Lube

40.0

Test #1
20.0

ROP/WOB = 3.1 ft/hr / klbs

0.0
0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

Weight on Bit, klbs

33

Fig. 8 - ROP at 300 GPM (HSI = 4.2) "Average"

Hydraulics, Comparing 0 and 3 vol% Lube in Mud
120.0

100.0

Rate of Penetration, Ft/hr

Test # 4
80.0
3% C-Lube

ROP/WOB = 8.0 ft/hr / klbs

Test # 2

0% C-Lube

60.0

ROP/WOB = 7.1 ft/hr / klbs

40.0

20.0

0.0
0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

Weight on Bit, klbs

34

Fig. 9 - ROP at 200 GPM (HSI = 1.2) with 6 vol% Lube in mud
as Compared to ROP at 250 GPM (HSI = 2.4) with 0% Lube
80.0
70.0

Test #6; 200 GPM

Rate of Penetration, Ft/hr

60.0

ROP/WOB = 5.7 ft/hr / klbs

50.0

200 & 6% C-Lube

250 & 0% C-Lube

40.0
30.0

Test #1; 250 GPM

20.0

ROP/WOB = 3.1 ft/hr / klbs

10.0
0.0
0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

Weight on Bit, klbs

35

ORDEN DE ADICION EN LOS FLUIDOS BASE ACEITE

Y SINTETICOS

MATERIALES
Fluido Base ( Aceite, Oil )
Viscosificadores
Emulsificante
Cal Hidratada
Salmuera
Agente Tensoactivo Humectante
Material Densificante.

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PROBLEMAS DE FLUIDOS BASE ACEITE Y SINTETICOS

Viscosidad Insuficiente
Viscosidad Excesiva
Contaminacin de Slidos
Flujos de Agua Salada
Slidos Humectados por agua
Dixido de Carbono ( CO2 )
Sulfuro de Hidrgeno ( H2S )
Sales Masivas y Filones de Sal
Asentamiento y Sedimentacin de Barita
Prdidas de Circulacin.

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PROBLEMAS DE FLUIDOS BASE ACEITE Y SINTETICOS

VISCOSIDAD INSUFICIENTE
Sedimentacin de la Barita
Limpieza Inadecuada del Pozo
TRATAMIENTO
Aada Viscosificadores Arcilla, Polmero,
Modificadores Reolgicos.
Aada Agua ( Salmuera ).
Someter la Salmuera al Esfuerzo de Corte.

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PROBLEMAS DE FLUIDOS BASE ACEITE Y SINTETICOS

VISCOSIDAD EXCESIVA
Slidos Alto Contenido, Finos, Humectados por agua.
Alto Contenido de Agua
Inestabilidad a las Temperaturas Elevadas
Gases Acidos
Sobretratamiento con Viscosificadores
TRATAMIENTO
Eliminar / Diluir Slidos
Reducir el Contenido de Agua
Aadir Emulsificante, Agente Humectante, Cal, Aumentar el peso
del lodo.
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PROBLEMAS DE FLUIDOS BASE ACEITE Y SINTETICOS

CONTAMINACION DE SOLIDOS
Alta Viscosidad
Revoque Espeso
TRATAMIENTO
Temblorinas de malla mas fina
Centrfuga
Diluir con fluidos base y aadir Emulsificante.
Agente Humectante.
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PROBLEMAS CON FLUIDOS BASE ACEITE Y SINTETICOS

FLUJO DE AGUA SALADA
Aumento de % Agua, Disminucin de la relacin Aceite/Agua
Alta Viscosidad
Slidos Humectados por agua
Estabilidad Elctrica mas baja
Agua en el filtrado APAT
TRATAMIENTO
Emulsificante y Cal
Agente Humectante para densificar o slidos humectados por
Agua Barita para ajustar el peso y parar el influjo.
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PROBLEMAS DE FLUIDOS BASE ACEITE Y SINTETICOS

SOLIDOS HUMECTADOS POR AGUA

Mayor Viscosidad
Menor Estabilidad Elctrica
Aspecto granuloso
Sedimentacin
Taponamiento de la mallas de las temblorinas
Prueba
TRATAMIENTO
Si la fase de salmuera est saturada de sal, aada agua dulce.
Agente Humectante.
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PROBLEMAS DE FLUIDOS BASE ACEITE Y SINTETICOS

DIOXIDO DE CARBONO ( CO2 )

Disminucin de la Alcalinidad
Disminucin del contenido de cal
Disminucin de la Estabilidad Elctrica
TRATAMIENTO
Aadir Cal para mantener un exceso.
Aumentar el peso del lodo para controlar el influjo.

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PROBLEMAS DE FLUIDOS BASE ACEITE Y SINTETICOS

SULFURO DE HIDROGENO ( H2 S )
Sulfuros detectados en el Tren de Gas de Garrett
Disminucin de la Alcalinidad
Disminucin del contenido de cal
Disminucin de la Estabilidad Elctrica
El lodo puede volverse negro
TRATAMIENTO
Aadir Cal para mantener un exceso
Secuestrante de Zinc Inorgnico.
Aumentar el peso del lodo para controlar el influjo.
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PROBLEMAS CON FLUIDOS BASE ACEITE Y SINTETICOS

SALES MASIVAS Y FILONES DE SAL
Las sales despus de la saturacin, pueden resultar en un
problema de slidos de baja gravedad especfica.
Ca Cl2 y Mg Cl2 de la formacin pueden causar la
Humectacin por agua de los slidos.
Pegadura por Flujo Plstico ( No diferencial )
TRATAMIENTO
Desplazar el espacio anular desde la barrena hasta el punto
libre con agua dulce.
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PROBLEMAS DE FLUIDOS BASE ACEITE Y SINTETICOS

ASENTAMIENTO / SEDIMENTACION DE BARITA
Asentamiento, pesos desiguales de lodo durante la circulacin
desde el fondo hacia arriba despus de los viajes.
TRATAMIENTO
Aumente la Viscosidad a baja velocidad de corte.
Exceso de agente humectante , aada arcilla organoflica y
polmero. No aadir agente humectante.

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Presencia de Barita Humectada por agua indicada por las

pruebas, aadir Agente Humectante.

PROBLEMAS DE FLUIDOS BASE ACEITE Y SINTETICOS

PERDIDA DE CIRCULACION
La compresibilidad aumenta la densidad en el fondo del pozo,
aumentando la posibilidad de fracturacin de la formacin.
Los materiales de prdida de circulacin (LCM) pueden romper
la Emulsin tales como las Fibras.
TRATAMIENTO
Mica. Mix II, Cscara de nueces.
Inyeccin Inversa de arcilla organofilica
( Arcilla Organoflica en Agua Sin Cemento )
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PROBLEMAS CON FLUIDOS BASE ACEITE Y SINTETICOS

DESPLAZAMIENTO
Reunirse, Comunicar, Organizar.
Acondicionar el lodo a desplazar a la viscosidad ms baja y
el fluido desplazador a la viscosidad ms alta.
No comenzar el desplazamiento hasta que todo el fluido
desplazador est en el sitio.
El espaciador debera cubrir 150 300 m. de Espacio Anular.
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PROBLEMAS DE FLUIDOS BASE ACEITE Y SINTETICOS

DESPLAZAMIENTO ( Continuacin )
Bombear a una tasa de bombeo constante.
No parar la circulacin una vez que se ha iniciado el desplazamiento.
Hacer girar / Reciprocar la tubera.
Colocar la barrena al fondo del pozo cuando el lodo base aceite
se separa de la barrera.
Cambie las mallas.
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PROBLEMAS DE FLUIDOS BASE ACEITE Y SINTETICOS

DESPLAZAMIENTO ( Continuacin )
Aadir agente humectante.
Monitorear la Estabilidad Electrica.

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