Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
components
3rd class meeting.
RESISTORS
Remember...
+ Or Resistor
Promote + Or Promotor
Simulate + Or Simulator
Etc.....
Resist
Resistors
Resistors
Resistors
Variable
resistors
are called
potentiometers
There is a fixed
value of resistance
between two
terminals
The moving part of
the potentiometer is
called the wiper
Resistors
Four
band resistor
colour code
1st band provides the
first digit of the code
2nd band provides the
second digit of the code
3rd band is the
multiplier
4th band indicates the
tolerance value
Resistors
Resistor colour code calculation
2
7
x10
+/-5%
CAPACITORS
d Qd
Circuit
V E ds dx
0
0 0 A
symbol for a
To get a large capacitance,
capacitor:
Q
A
0
C
C
make the area large and the
V
d
spacing small
Energy in a Capacitor
Suppose you have a capacitor with charge q already
q C V
on it, and you try to add a small additional charge dq to
it, where dq is small. How much energy would this
take?
q
The side with +q has a higher potential
+q
Moving the charge there takes energy
dq q
C 2C
2C
q 0
0
0
2
2
Q C V
2
U
Q
U
2C
2
Q C V
2C
2
V Ad
2 d
2 Ad
2
V
E
d
d
u E
1
2 0
Dielectrics in Capacitors
+
bigger the capacitance
+ + +
Its hard to put things close together
+
unless you put something between them
+ + +
When they get charged, they are also very
+
+ +
attracted to each other
+
Placing an insulating material a dielectric
+ + +
+
This partly cancels the electric field
+
+ +
0 A
Small field means smaller potential
C
+
d
difference
1
C = Q/V, so C gets bigger too
Choosing a dielectric
What makes a good dielectric?
Have a high dielectric constant
The combination 0 is also called , the
permittivity
Must be a good insulator
Otherwise charge will slowly bleed away
Have a high dielectric strength
The maximum electric field at which the
insulator suddenly (catastrophically)
becomes a conductor
There is a corresponding breakdown voltage
where the capacitor fails
0 A
C
d
Capacitors
Types of capacitors
The dielectric material
determines the type of
capacitor
Common types of
capacitors are:
Mica
Ceramic
Plastic film
Capacitors
Some
capacitors are
polarised, they can
only be connected
one way around
Electrolytic
capacitors are
polarised
Capacitors
Variable
capacitors are
used in communication
equipment, radios,
televisions and VCRs
They can be adjusted by
consumers by tuning
controls
Trimmers are internal
adjusted capacitors
that a consumer cannot
adjust
Capacitors
These
variable
capacitors would be
difficult to squeeze
into your mobile
phone and iPod
Current technology
uses semi-conductor
variable capacitors
called varactors
(varicaps)
INDUCTORS
Inductors
Generally
http://bzupages.com/f231/energy-stored-inductor-uzma-noreen-group6-p
Symbols
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_1/chpt_15/1.h
tml
Solenoid
Energy Storage
The
B
field
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Circuit_Theory/Mutual_Indu
ctance
If the
Sign Convention
di
vL L
dt
t1
1
iL vL dt
L to
p L vL iL LiL iL dt
to
t1
t1
diL
w L
iL dt L iL diL
dt
to
to
Inductors
Stores
energy in an magnetic
field created by the electric
current flowing through it.
Inductor opposes change in current
flowing through it.
Current through an inductor is
continuous; voltage can be
discontinuous.
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/Electricity%20-%20Basic%20Navy%20Training%20C
ourses/electricity%20-%20basic%20navy%20training%20courses%20-%20chapter%2012.htm
Calculations of L
For a solenoid (toroidal inductor)
N A N r o A
L
Wire
Unfortunately, even bare
wire has inductance.
7
L ln 4 1 2 x10 H
d
Properties of an Inductor
Acts
An
Properties of a Real
Inductor
Real
inductors do dissipate
energy due resistive losses in the
length of wire and capacitive
coupling between turns of the
wire.
DIODE
Si
+4
Si
+4
Si
+4
Si
+4
Si
+4
Si
+4
Si
+4
Si
+4
Si
+4
N-Type Material
N-Type
Material:
+4
+4
+4
+4
+5
+4
+4
+4
+4
P-Type Material
P-Type Material:
+4
+4
+4
+4
+3
+4
+4
+4
+4
The PN Junction
Steady State1
Metallurgical
Na Junction
-
ionized
acceptors
Nd
+
+
+
+
+
Space
+
- Charge
Region
ionized
donors
E-Field
+
h+ drift
+
= h+ diffusion
e- diffusion
_
=e- drift
The PN Junction
Steady State
Metallurgical
Na Junction
ionized
acceptors
Nd
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
- Charge
Space
Region +
-
E-Field
+
h+ drift
ionized
donors
_
== h+ diffusion
e- diffusion
==e- drift
Space Charge Region: Also called the depletion region. This region
includes the net positively and negatively charged regions. The space
charge region does not have any free carriers. The width of the space
charge region is denoted by W in pn junction formulas.
Metallurgical Junction: The interface where the p- and n-type materials
meet.
Na & Nd: Represent the amount of negative and positive doping in
number of carriers per centimeter cubed. Usually in the range of 10 15 to
1020.
(Rs~0)
+
Applied
Electric Field
I
+
Vapplied
The pn junction is considered biased when an external voltage is applied.
There are two types of biasing: Forward bias and Reverse bias.
These are described on then next slide.
Vapplied > 0
Reverse Bias:
Vapplied < 0
Properties of Diodes
Figure 1.10 The Diode Transconductance Curve2
ID
(mA)
VD = Bias Voltage
ID = Current through
Diode. ID is Negative
for Reverse Bias and
Positive for Forward
Bias
IS
VBR
IS = Saturation Current
~V
(nA)
VD
VBR = Breakdown
Voltage
V = Barrier Potential
Voltage
Properties of Diodes
The Shockley Equation
The transconductance curve on the previous slide is characterized by the
following equation:
ID = IS(eVD/VT 1)
As described in the last slide, ID is the current through the diode, IS is the
saturation current and VD is the applied biasing voltage.
VT is the thermal equivalent voltage and is approximately 26 mV at room
temperature. The equation to find VT at various temperatures is:
q
k = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K
VT = kT
T = temperature in Kelvin
q = 1.6 x 10-19 C
is the emission coefficient for the diode. It is determined by the way the
diode is constructed. It somewhat varies with diode current. For a silicon
diode is around 2 for low currents and goes down to about 1 at higher
currents